In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the sur...In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the survey data from farmers in a poverty-stricken village in Western China,the impact of deviation of central town on farmers'livelihood strategies is analyzed.The results indicate that farmers exhibit spatial heterogeneity in their livelihood strategies.Those with low deviation show a strong inclination towards working in urban areas,while those with high deviation tend to integrate into rural industries.The deviation of central town influences farmers'livelihood strategies through the information effect,which is also affected by the level of rural infrastructure and public services,labor force structure and assistance policies.The obtained results are expected to provide guidance for promoting the integration of farmers into the urban-rural economic cycle based on sustainable livelihoods and connecting poverty alleviation with rural revitalization.展开更多
Investigation and analysis of the current status of farmers'livelihood capital and promptly discovering and solving problems in farmers'livelihood development are of great practical significance for optimizing...Investigation and analysis of the current status of farmers'livelihood capital and promptly discovering and solving problems in farmers'livelihood development are of great practical significance for optimizing farmers'livelihood strategies and enhancing farmers'livelihood sustainable development capability.Based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis,taking Yangshan County as an example,this paper uses field surveys,questionnaires and interviews to summarize and analyze the current status and characteristics and main problems of local farmers'livelihood capitals on the basis of the data of 628 farmer samples.It proposes countermeasures for future development of farmers'livelihoods.Implementing these strategies will be helpful for improving the livelihoods capital structure of farmers'and enhancing their sustainable development capability.展开更多
Livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource utilization are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals;however,most farm households either randomly select or just imitate livelihood strategies ...Livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource utilization are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals;however,most farm households either randomly select or just imitate livelihood strategies being practiced in other areas.As the livelihoods of farm households are vulnerable to several challenges in ecologically fragile areas,identifying the livelihood strategies of farm households in arid and semi-arid areas will help for promoting both livelihood security and environmental conservation.Hence,in this study,we constructed a sustainable evaluation index system for the livelihood of farmers in the Loess Plateau region of China by conducting field research and interviews.We employed the composite index method to measure the livelihood capital and the livelihood strategies chosen by farmers,and then analyzed the resource endowment of farmers under different livelihood strategies using logistic regression and structural equation modeling.The results revealed that under the combined influences of livelihood capital and government policy,farm households in the Loess Plateau region selected agro-dependent,agro-pastoral,agro-industrial,non-agricultural livelihood strategies.The key factors influencing the selection of these household livelihood strategies included the household labor capacity,the farmland owned per household,the number of livestock,and the grassland forage-supply ratio.The grassland forage-supply ratio was a crucial factor influencing the choice between agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood strategies.In this context,the grassland forage-supply ratio increased with the stocking rate.However,once the stocking rate exceeded 56.5 sheep/hm^(2),the grassland forage-supply ratio no longer increased rapidly under the agriculture-based livelihood strategy.The strategy of ecological resource conservation and moderate utilization based on the quality and quantity of natural resources ensures win-win benefits for the environment and human well-being in arid and semi-arid areas.Moderate grazing therefore has the potential to improve farmers’livelihoods without causing grassland degradation.These results contribute to the synergistic co-adaptation of livelihood improvement and ecological conservation in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
Cropland abandonment has been a widespread phenomenon in mountainous areas due to the increasing number of natural disasters and the massive migration of rural labor in the process of rapid urbanization.Land transfer ...Cropland abandonment has been a widespread phenomenon in mountainous areas due to the increasing number of natural disasters and the massive migration of rural labor in the process of rapid urbanization.Land transfer is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring food security and fostering rural revitalization.How to promote land transfer in mountainous areas remains a challenging but important task.Nevertheless,there is a dearth of research examining land transfers among farm households that specifically address mountainous regions,and the influence of grassroots governance and geographic location has not been thoroughly elucidated within this particular context.Based on 895household samples collected in Dabie Mountainous Area in China,this study employs binary and ordinal logistic regression models to provide a more comprehensive analysis on land transfers among rural households and the determinants,including the decision to transfer land,the existence of land transfer rents,the channel of land transfer,the duration of the transfer,the pre-transfer cultivation situation,and the level of satisfaction with the land transfer rent.The findings reveal that grassroots governance,geographic location,livelihood capital,and demographic factors significantly influence land transfers among rural households.Specifically,villagers'public participation positively affects land transfer participation(β=0.235,p<0.05),while the operation of village rules and regulations negatively impacts it(β=-0.296,p<0.05).Village cadre satisfaction positively influences both land transfer rent(β=0.274,p<0.05)and rent satisfaction(β=0.303,p<0.05).Improved civil relations in the village correlate with lower land transfer rent(β=-0.511,p<0.05),while a better social atmosphere is associated with higher satisfaction with transfer rent(β=0.575,p<0.01).Households at higher elevations tend to prefer government-mediated land transfers with longer durations.The distances to the township and county centers have contrasting effects on land transfer rent,but their impacts on participation in land transfer,choice of transfer channel,and duration are consistent.The study also found that different types of livelihood capital,as well as the demographic characteristics of households,significantly affect various aspects of land transfer.These empirical findings can inform policymaking to promote more efficient land transfers in mountainous region.展开更多
To mitigate ecological degradation and improve human well-being,the Chinese Government has implemented the largest disaster resettlement program from 2011 to 2020.Ankang Prefecture,as one of the key regions in Shaanxi...To mitigate ecological degradation and improve human well-being,the Chinese Government has implemented the largest disaster resettlement program from 2011 to 2020.Ankang Prefecture,as one of the key regions in Shaanxi Province where this largescale resettlement program was performed,has provided a model for observing and evaluating the impact of the resettlement project,both within Shaanxi Province and across other regions of China.As a place where a number of protection and development policies converge,the economic and social development of Ankang is confronted with multiple constraints.Measuring livelihood resilience and further evaluating its impact in this region is key to the delivery and output of disaster resettlement programs to improve human well-being.We attempted to empirically examine the significance and impact of livelihood resilience in the context of disaster resettlement.This study expanded the social–ecological system resilience theory to examine rural household livelihood systems.We used the spatial vector method and 657 field research data collected in July 2021 from Ankang Prefecture to measure the livelihood resilience of rural households and elucidate both general and specific aspects.The sustainable household well-being(SHWB)of rural households was measured in five dimensions concerning the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA)report.In econometrics,we used coarsened exact matching(CEM)to stratify the sample and reduce the computational bias.We then applied group regression to test the effect of livelihood resilience on SHWB empirically.The findings indicate that:(1)livelihood resilience is significantly and positively related to SHWB,and it is conducive to the level of well-being;(2)disaster resettlement has a negative effect on SHWB;(3)energy and medical facilities in resettlement infrastructure and services play active roles in SHWB.These results have policy implications for strengthening livelihood resilience and improving human well-being and important implications for livelihood development in rural areas across China and other developing nations.展开更多
Social networks are vital for building the livelihood resilience of rural households.However,the impact of social networks on rural household livelihood resilience remains em-pirically underexplored,and most existing ...Social networks are vital for building the livelihood resilience of rural households.However,the impact of social networks on rural household livelihood resilience remains em-pirically underexplored,and most existing studies do not disaggregate social networks into different dimensions,which limits the understanding of specific mechanisms.Based on 895 household samples collected in China's Dabie Mountains and structural equation modeling,this paper explored the pathway to enhance livelihood resilience through social networks by dis-aggregating it into five dimensions:network size,interaction intensity,social cohesion,social support,and social learning.The results indicate that:(1)Livelihood assets,adaptive capacity and safety nets significantly contribute to livelihood resilience,whereas sensitivity negatively affects it.Accessibility to basic services has no significant relationship with livelihood resilience in the study area.(2)Social networks and their five dimensions positively impact livelihood re-silience,with network support having the greatest impact.Therefore,both the government and rural households should recognize and enhance the role of social networks in improving liveli-hood resilience under frequent disturbances.These findings have valuable implications for mitigating the risks of poverty recurrence and contributing to rural revitalization.展开更多
Vietnam,with its twenty-eight coastal provinces,is one of the nations most profoundly affected by the adverse impacts of climate change(CC).These provinces face severe challenges as they contend with the escalating ef...Vietnam,with its twenty-eight coastal provinces,is one of the nations most profoundly affected by the adverse impacts of climate change(CC).These provinces face severe challenges as they contend with the escalating effects of CC,including rising sea levels,typhoons,flooding,and droughts.In this context,this article aims to assess the vulnerability of households'livelihoods in Quang Nam Province by applying the Livelihood Vulnerability Index(LVI)developed by Hahn et al.,along with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change framework(LVI-IPCC).The study utilises five sources of household capital—human,social,physical,natural,and financial—to construct its indices.The data for this article is based on a survey of 200 households.The research methodology combines both quantitative and qualitative methods,including questionnaire interviews,in-depth interviews,and focus group discussions.The research period spans from 2021 to 2023.The study results revealed that the household LVI was 0.371,while the LVI-IPCC was 0.086,highlighting the critical need for access to food and clean water,which scored 0.458 and 0.351,respectively.The research underscores how CC significantly affects the livelihoods of coastal communities,particularly in sectors such as fishing,aquaculture,and agriculture.The study concludes that CC poses significant challenges to the livelihoods of coastal communities in Quang Nam Province and that adaptation measures are necessary to support these communities.The research highlights the importance of livelihood diversification,job transformation,and improving knowledge and skills to enhance the resilience of coastal communities to CC.展开更多
The study offers a conceptual framework illuminating sustainable rural development by a continuous cycling interplay among five interdependent systems,physical,social,economic,knowledge,and creative.The framework is a...The study offers a conceptual framework illuminating sustainable rural development by a continuous cycling interplay among five interdependent systems,physical,social,economic,knowledge,and creative.The framework is applied to analyze the livelihood transition in the economic system and conversion of traditional knowledge in the creative system for farm households engaged in large cardamom cultivation in Northern mountainous region in Vietnam.This study used a probit model to examine a data set comprising 300 households and confirmed that factors within the social and physical systems(such as labor,access to information,social networks,land use,and transportation infrastructure)determined livelihood transition to tourism employment within the economic system.In addition,the conversion of traditional knowledge in the creative system was found to be contingent upon non-farm employment and credit capital in the economic system,as well as traditional knowledge and knowledge exchange in the knowledge system.This study demonstrates how the sustainable development of rural agriculture can be achieved by converting traditional knowledge and transferring livelihood,contributing to attain Sustainable Development Goals 2(Zero Hunger)and SDG 12(Responsible Consumption and Production).展开更多
To reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in rural areas,it is crucial to explore the impact of labor mobility on the sustainable livelihoods in mountainous regions.Here,based on a questionnaire survey of ...To reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in rural areas,it is crucial to explore the impact of labor mobility on the sustainable livelihoods in mountainous regions.Here,based on a questionnaire survey of farmers and in-depth interview data in the area of the Qinling-Daba Mountains of China in 2021,we analyzed the characteristics of labor mobility,with livelihood capital as the entry point,discussed the impact of labor mobility on farmers’sustainable livelihood using propensity score matching(PSM).The res-ults showed that labor mobility was common in the Qinling-Daba Mountains area,with some form of labor mobility in 61.97%of households.The majority of households had only male mobility,and labor mobility tended to be small in scale,low in frequency,yet permanent and over long distances.Labor mobility had a significantly positive impact on farmers in mountainous regions,increasing the livelihood sustainability of rural households by 7.83%.However,the impact of labor mobility on different livelihood capital was differ-ent,which had the greatest improvement on financial capital,followed by social capital,although it weakened natural capital to some extent.Except for high-frequency mobility,the comprehensive impact of other types of labor mobility was positive.Among them,medi-um-scale mobility,seasonal mobility,inter-provincial mobility,and low-frequency mobility had more pronounced positive effects on farmers’sustainable livelihoods.Our study provided a reference to guide policy on rural migration,with the aim of providing support for the sustainable development of mountainous villages.展开更多
Agricultural drought,a prolonged disaster with widespread impacts,exerts tremendous pressure on farm household activities,agricultural production,and economic development.The western region of Jilin Province,China,loc...Agricultural drought,a prolonged disaster with widespread impacts,exerts tremendous pressure on farm household activities,agricultural production,and economic development.The western region of Jilin Province,China,located in a semi-arid zone,where persistents drought exacerbates ecological fragility.With a larger proportion of its population living in rural areas,the life and production activities of households are particularly susceptible to drought-related challenges.This study focuses on the western part of Jilin Province,utilizing remote sensing data to calculate the temperature vegetation dryness index(TVDI)as a soil moisture monitoring indicator for drought assessment.The livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)and the improved LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)index are employed to comprehensively assess the livelihood vulnerability of communes in the region and the impact of drought conditions on farmers'livelihood vulnerability.The results reveal a spatial trend of increasing drought severity from northeast to southwest,with temporally minor fluctuations observed in drought levels from 2005 to 2022.Livelihood vulnerability results indicate significant spatial and temporal variations,with education,health,food,and water playing key roles.Correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between TVDI and LVI,highlighting the detrimental impact of drought on farmers'livelihoods.The study aims to provide a scientific foundation for managing livelihood vulnerability in the western part of Jilin Province and similar arid areas.Additionally,it seeks to offer strategic recommendations for policymakers to mitigate the adverse effects of drought,thereby reducing farmers'vulnerability and fostering sustainable socio-economic development.展开更多
In the information age,the movement of livelihood factors between urban and rural areas,particularly involving farmers in rural tourism destinations,has stimulated the spatial revitalization and functional renewal of ...In the information age,the movement of livelihood factors between urban and rural areas,particularly involving farmers in rural tourism destinations,has stimulated the spatial revitalization and functional renewal of these destinations,thereby facilitating the advancement of rural revitalization.The examination of livelihood strategy selection among farmers in rural tourist destinations during the information age is a critical scientific inquiry for the sustainable development of rural tourism.This research holds substantial significance for enhancing the livelihood capabilities of farmers and contributing to the revitalization of rural industries.This study utilizes Xijiang Miao Village as a case study to conduct an in-depth analysis of farmers’livelihood strategy selection through the application of the entropy evaluation method and the binary logistic regression model.The findings indicate that the robust development of rural tourism has led to significant alterations in the original composition of livelihood capital in tourist destinations.Currently,four distinct types of livelihoods have been identified:agricultural-based,migrantwork-oriented,tourism-specialized,and tourism-supplemented.Due to the uneven distribution of livelihood capital,the predominant livelihood modes for farmers in rural tourism destinations remain the agricultural-based and tourism-supplemented types.Human capital and economic capital are the primary factors influencing the strategic choices made by farmers.In this context,a livelihood selection strategy for farmers in rural tourist destinations,specifically in Xijiang Miao Village,is proposed,taking into account the background of rural informatization.展开更多
The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed...The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.展开更多
Methods of participatory rural appraisal and mathematical statistics were adopted to study livelihood diversification, livelihood strategy and farmland use of the four types of farmers in Xinping County of Yuanjiang d...Methods of participatory rural appraisal and mathematical statistics were adopted to study livelihood diversification, livelihood strategy and farmland use of the four types of farmers in Xinping County of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley with field survey data. The results showed as follows： firstly, as farmers are transforming from pure agriculture to non-agriculture, their agricultural livelihood diversification index will decrease, while non-agricultural livelihood diversification index will increase. In term of livelihood activities, pure agricultural farmers are exclusively engaged in agricultural activities, agricultural-dominant and non-agricultural-dominant farmers are engaged in both agricultural and non-agricultural ones, while non-agricultural farmers are basically engaged in off-farm activities. Secondly, as for crops planted, pure agricultural and agricultural-dominant farmers tend to choose those crops with more investment,shorter growth period and higher value, meanwhile non-agricultural-dominant farmers tend to choose crops with less investment, simpler management and longer growth period. Thirdly, to cope with current problems in farming, pure agricultural farmers will adopt measures such as changing planting structure, maintaining or expanding planting scale, increasing planting investment and renting in more land to promote the development of farming; agriculture-dominant farmers will adopt measures such as changing planting structure, reducing planting scale, maintaining planting investment, renting in and taking back the leased land as well as engaging in non-agricultural activities to overcome the difficulties faced; while non-agricultural-dominant farmers will adopt measures such as reducing both planting scale and investment,changing planting structure and engaging in farmland transfer as well as various offfarm activities to avoid livelihood risks.展开更多
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversi- fication is a key sustainable development issue. ...Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversi- fication is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, live- lihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.展开更多
This study examined livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in Keerma village, located in Jinchuan County, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal,...This study examined livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in Keerma village, located in Jinchuan County, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal, investigation of households＇ plots and statistical methods, 63 households and 272 cropland plots were systemically investigated and sampled. The results show： （1） Different types of household have variety livelihood strategies, portfolio and income. Livelihood diversification and introducing and expanding off-farm activities can be the future trend, whereas, adverse natural environment, socio-economic conditions and peasants＇ capabilities together affect sustainable livelihood and land use. （2） Each livelihood strategy has its own impact on land use, mainly affecting land use type and land use intensi- fication level. （3） Diversification into off-farm activities could be the key of building sustainable livelihood and the essential approach of realizing sustainable land use in the region.展开更多
Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data...Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.展开更多
文摘In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the survey data from farmers in a poverty-stricken village in Western China,the impact of deviation of central town on farmers'livelihood strategies is analyzed.The results indicate that farmers exhibit spatial heterogeneity in their livelihood strategies.Those with low deviation show a strong inclination towards working in urban areas,while those with high deviation tend to integrate into rural industries.The deviation of central town influences farmers'livelihood strategies through the information effect,which is also affected by the level of rural infrastructure and public services,labor force structure and assistance policies.The obtained results are expected to provide guidance for promoting the integration of farmers into the urban-rural economic cycle based on sustainable livelihoods and connecting poverty alleviation with rural revitalization.
基金Supported by Guangdong Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(GD24CGL18&GD23CGL02).
文摘Investigation and analysis of the current status of farmers'livelihood capital and promptly discovering and solving problems in farmers'livelihood development are of great practical significance for optimizing farmers'livelihood strategies and enhancing farmers'livelihood sustainable development capability.Based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis,taking Yangshan County as an example,this paper uses field surveys,questionnaires and interviews to summarize and analyze the current status and characteristics and main problems of local farmers'livelihood capitals on the basis of the data of 628 farmer samples.It proposes countermeasures for future development of farmers'livelihoods.Implementing these strategies will be helpful for improving the livelihoods capital structure of farmers'and enhancing their sustainable development capability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1300802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130717)the“Light of the West”Cross Team-Key Laboratory Cooperative Research Project(A314021402-1912).
文摘Livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource utilization are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals;however,most farm households either randomly select or just imitate livelihood strategies being practiced in other areas.As the livelihoods of farm households are vulnerable to several challenges in ecologically fragile areas,identifying the livelihood strategies of farm households in arid and semi-arid areas will help for promoting both livelihood security and environmental conservation.Hence,in this study,we constructed a sustainable evaluation index system for the livelihood of farmers in the Loess Plateau region of China by conducting field research and interviews.We employed the composite index method to measure the livelihood capital and the livelihood strategies chosen by farmers,and then analyzed the resource endowment of farmers under different livelihood strategies using logistic regression and structural equation modeling.The results revealed that under the combined influences of livelihood capital and government policy,farm households in the Loess Plateau region selected agro-dependent,agro-pastoral,agro-industrial,non-agricultural livelihood strategies.The key factors influencing the selection of these household livelihood strategies included the household labor capacity,the farmland owned per household,the number of livestock,and the grassland forage-supply ratio.The grassland forage-supply ratio was a crucial factor influencing the choice between agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood strategies.In this context,the grassland forage-supply ratio increased with the stocking rate.However,once the stocking rate exceeded 56.5 sheep/hm^(2),the grassland forage-supply ratio no longer increased rapidly under the agriculture-based livelihood strategy.The strategy of ecological resource conservation and moderate utilization based on the quality and quantity of natural resources ensures win-win benefits for the environment and human well-being in arid and semi-arid areas.Moderate grazing therefore has the potential to improve farmers’livelihoods without causing grassland degradation.These results contribute to the synergistic co-adaptation of livelihood improvement and ecological conservation in arid and semi-arid areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42371315,41901213)the Humanities and Social Sciences General Research Program of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.23YJC790141)。
文摘Cropland abandonment has been a widespread phenomenon in mountainous areas due to the increasing number of natural disasters and the massive migration of rural labor in the process of rapid urbanization.Land transfer is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring food security and fostering rural revitalization.How to promote land transfer in mountainous areas remains a challenging but important task.Nevertheless,there is a dearth of research examining land transfers among farm households that specifically address mountainous regions,and the influence of grassroots governance and geographic location has not been thoroughly elucidated within this particular context.Based on 895household samples collected in Dabie Mountainous Area in China,this study employs binary and ordinal logistic regression models to provide a more comprehensive analysis on land transfers among rural households and the determinants,including the decision to transfer land,the existence of land transfer rents,the channel of land transfer,the duration of the transfer,the pre-transfer cultivation situation,and the level of satisfaction with the land transfer rent.The findings reveal that grassroots governance,geographic location,livelihood capital,and demographic factors significantly influence land transfers among rural households.Specifically,villagers'public participation positively affects land transfer participation(β=0.235,p<0.05),while the operation of village rules and regulations negatively impacts it(β=-0.296,p<0.05).Village cadre satisfaction positively influences both land transfer rent(β=0.274,p<0.05)and rent satisfaction(β=0.303,p<0.05).Improved civil relations in the village correlate with lower land transfer rent(β=-0.511,p<0.05),while a better social atmosphere is associated with higher satisfaction with transfer rent(β=0.575,p<0.01).Households at higher elevations tend to prefer government-mediated land transfers with longer durations.The distances to the township and county centers have contrasting effects on land transfer rent,but their impacts on participation in land transfer,choice of transfer channel,and duration are consistent.The study also found that different types of livelihood capital,as well as the demographic characteristics of households,significantly affect various aspects of land transfer.These empirical findings can inform policymaking to promote more efficient land transfers in mountainous region.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71803149 and No.72271142)the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Science Research Youth Fund Project(Grant No.22YJCZH110 and No.22XJC630007)+4 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M721904)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023JCYB607 and No.2024JC-YBQN-0758)the Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023R290)the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2025KG-YBXM-113)the Scientific Research Program Funded by The research institute of new urbanization and human settlement in Shaanxi Province of XAUAT(Grant No.2023SCZH14)。
文摘To mitigate ecological degradation and improve human well-being,the Chinese Government has implemented the largest disaster resettlement program from 2011 to 2020.Ankang Prefecture,as one of the key regions in Shaanxi Province where this largescale resettlement program was performed,has provided a model for observing and evaluating the impact of the resettlement project,both within Shaanxi Province and across other regions of China.As a place where a number of protection and development policies converge,the economic and social development of Ankang is confronted with multiple constraints.Measuring livelihood resilience and further evaluating its impact in this region is key to the delivery and output of disaster resettlement programs to improve human well-being.We attempted to empirically examine the significance and impact of livelihood resilience in the context of disaster resettlement.This study expanded the social–ecological system resilience theory to examine rural household livelihood systems.We used the spatial vector method and 657 field research data collected in July 2021 from Ankang Prefecture to measure the livelihood resilience of rural households and elucidate both general and specific aspects.The sustainable household well-being(SHWB)of rural households was measured in five dimensions concerning the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA)report.In econometrics,we used coarsened exact matching(CEM)to stratify the sample and reduce the computational bias.We then applied group regression to test the effect of livelihood resilience on SHWB empirically.The findings indicate that:(1)livelihood resilience is significantly and positively related to SHWB,and it is conducive to the level of well-being;(2)disaster resettlement has a negative effect on SHWB;(3)energy and medical facilities in resettlement infrastructure and services play active roles in SHWB.These results have policy implications for strengthening livelihood resilience and improving human well-being and important implications for livelihood development in rural areas across China and other developing nations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371315,No.41901213。
文摘Social networks are vital for building the livelihood resilience of rural households.However,the impact of social networks on rural household livelihood resilience remains em-pirically underexplored,and most existing studies do not disaggregate social networks into different dimensions,which limits the understanding of specific mechanisms.Based on 895 household samples collected in China's Dabie Mountains and structural equation modeling,this paper explored the pathway to enhance livelihood resilience through social networks by dis-aggregating it into five dimensions:network size,interaction intensity,social cohesion,social support,and social learning.The results indicate that:(1)Livelihood assets,adaptive capacity and safety nets significantly contribute to livelihood resilience,whereas sensitivity negatively affects it.Accessibility to basic services has no significant relationship with livelihood resilience in the study area.(2)Social networks and their five dimensions positively impact livelihood re-silience,with network support having the greatest impact.Therefore,both the government and rural households should recognize and enhance the role of social networks in improving liveli-hood resilience under frequent disturbances.These findings have valuable implications for mitigating the risks of poverty recurrence and contributing to rural revitalization.
基金supported by the"Vietnam Sea for the Goals of National Defence and National Development"project managed by the Office of the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences。
文摘Vietnam,with its twenty-eight coastal provinces,is one of the nations most profoundly affected by the adverse impacts of climate change(CC).These provinces face severe challenges as they contend with the escalating effects of CC,including rising sea levels,typhoons,flooding,and droughts.In this context,this article aims to assess the vulnerability of households'livelihoods in Quang Nam Province by applying the Livelihood Vulnerability Index(LVI)developed by Hahn et al.,along with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change framework(LVI-IPCC).The study utilises five sources of household capital—human,social,physical,natural,and financial—to construct its indices.The data for this article is based on a survey of 200 households.The research methodology combines both quantitative and qualitative methods,including questionnaire interviews,in-depth interviews,and focus group discussions.The research period spans from 2021 to 2023.The study results revealed that the household LVI was 0.371,while the LVI-IPCC was 0.086,highlighting the critical need for access to food and clean water,which scored 0.458 and 0.351,respectively.The research underscores how CC significantly affects the livelihoods of coastal communities,particularly in sectors such as fishing,aquaculture,and agriculture.The study concludes that CC poses significant challenges to the livelihoods of coastal communities in Quang Nam Province and that adaptation measures are necessary to support these communities.The research highlights the importance of livelihood diversification,job transformation,and improving knowledge and skills to enhance the resilience of coastal communities to CC.
文摘The study offers a conceptual framework illuminating sustainable rural development by a continuous cycling interplay among five interdependent systems,physical,social,economic,knowledge,and creative.The framework is applied to analyze the livelihood transition in the economic system and conversion of traditional knowledge in the creative system for farm households engaged in large cardamom cultivation in Northern mountainous region in Vietnam.This study used a probit model to examine a data set comprising 300 households and confirmed that factors within the social and physical systems(such as labor,access to information,social networks,land use,and transportation infrastructure)determined livelihood transition to tourism employment within the economic system.In addition,the conversion of traditional knowledge in the creative system was found to be contingent upon non-farm employment and credit capital in the economic system,as well as traditional knowledge and knowledge exchange in the knowledge system.This study demonstrates how the sustainable development of rural agriculture can be achieved by converting traditional knowledge and transferring livelihood,contributing to attain Sustainable Development Goals 2(Zero Hunger)and SDG 12(Responsible Consumption and Production).
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42371313,41971268)。
文摘To reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in rural areas,it is crucial to explore the impact of labor mobility on the sustainable livelihoods in mountainous regions.Here,based on a questionnaire survey of farmers and in-depth interview data in the area of the Qinling-Daba Mountains of China in 2021,we analyzed the characteristics of labor mobility,with livelihood capital as the entry point,discussed the impact of labor mobility on farmers’sustainable livelihood using propensity score matching(PSM).The res-ults showed that labor mobility was common in the Qinling-Daba Mountains area,with some form of labor mobility in 61.97%of households.The majority of households had only male mobility,and labor mobility tended to be small in scale,low in frequency,yet permanent and over long distances.Labor mobility had a significantly positive impact on farmers in mountainous regions,increasing the livelihood sustainability of rural households by 7.83%.However,the impact of labor mobility on different livelihood capital was differ-ent,which had the greatest improvement on financial capital,followed by social capital,although it weakened natural capital to some extent.Except for high-frequency mobility,the comprehensive impact of other types of labor mobility was positive.Among them,medi-um-scale mobility,seasonal mobility,inter-provincial mobility,and low-frequency mobility had more pronounced positive effects on farmers’sustainable livelihoods.Our study provided a reference to guide policy on rural migration,with the aim of providing support for the sustainable development of mountainous villages.
基金Under the auspices of Basic Construction Funds of Jilin Province in 2024 and 2023(No.2024C021-3,2023C030-1)Foundation of the Education Department of Jilin Province(No.JJKH20250317KJ)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42071223,42471223)。
文摘Agricultural drought,a prolonged disaster with widespread impacts,exerts tremendous pressure on farm household activities,agricultural production,and economic development.The western region of Jilin Province,China,located in a semi-arid zone,where persistents drought exacerbates ecological fragility.With a larger proportion of its population living in rural areas,the life and production activities of households are particularly susceptible to drought-related challenges.This study focuses on the western part of Jilin Province,utilizing remote sensing data to calculate the temperature vegetation dryness index(TVDI)as a soil moisture monitoring indicator for drought assessment.The livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)and the improved LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)index are employed to comprehensively assess the livelihood vulnerability of communes in the region and the impact of drought conditions on farmers'livelihood vulnerability.The results reveal a spatial trend of increasing drought severity from northeast to southwest,with temporally minor fluctuations observed in drought levels from 2005 to 2022.Livelihood vulnerability results indicate significant spatial and temporal variations,with education,health,food,and water playing key roles.Correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between TVDI and LVI,highlighting the detrimental impact of drought on farmers'livelihoods.The study aims to provide a scientific foundation for managing livelihood vulnerability in the western part of Jilin Province and similar arid areas.Additionally,it seeks to offer strategic recommendations for policymakers to mitigate the adverse effects of drought,thereby reducing farmers'vulnerability and fostering sustainable socio-economic development.
基金Sponsored by Science and Technology Project of Qiandongnan Prefecture“The Integration Effect of Green‘Culture-Tourism’Industry in Qiandongnan Prefecture and Its Enhancement Mechanism”(202305)Science and Technology Project of Qiandongnan Prefecture“Construction and Empirical Study of an Integration Model for Tourism and Culture Industry in Qiandongnan from the Perspective of Quality Development”(2022084).
文摘In the information age,the movement of livelihood factors between urban and rural areas,particularly involving farmers in rural tourism destinations,has stimulated the spatial revitalization and functional renewal of these destinations,thereby facilitating the advancement of rural revitalization.The examination of livelihood strategy selection among farmers in rural tourist destinations during the information age is a critical scientific inquiry for the sustainable development of rural tourism.This research holds substantial significance for enhancing the livelihood capabilities of farmers and contributing to the revitalization of rural industries.This study utilizes Xijiang Miao Village as a case study to conduct an in-depth analysis of farmers’livelihood strategy selection through the application of the entropy evaluation method and the binary logistic regression model.The findings indicate that the robust development of rural tourism has led to significant alterations in the original composition of livelihood capital in tourist destinations.Currently,four distinct types of livelihoods have been identified:agricultural-based,migrantwork-oriented,tourism-specialized,and tourism-supplemented.Due to the uneven distribution of livelihood capital,the predominant livelihood modes for farmers in rural tourism destinations remain the agricultural-based and tourism-supplemented types.Human capital and economic capital are the primary factors influencing the strategic choices made by farmers.In this context,a livelihood selection strategy for farmers in rural tourist destinations,specifically in Xijiang Miao Village,is proposed,taking into account the background of rural informatization.
文摘The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.
基金Supported by the National Social Science Foundation(13BMZ059)the Training Program for Young and Middle-aged Backbone Teachers of Yunnan University(XT412003)~~
文摘Methods of participatory rural appraisal and mathematical statistics were adopted to study livelihood diversification, livelihood strategy and farmland use of the four types of farmers in Xinping County of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley with field survey data. The results showed as follows： firstly, as farmers are transforming from pure agriculture to non-agriculture, their agricultural livelihood diversification index will decrease, while non-agricultural livelihood diversification index will increase. In term of livelihood activities, pure agricultural farmers are exclusively engaged in agricultural activities, agricultural-dominant and non-agricultural-dominant farmers are engaged in both agricultural and non-agricultural ones, while non-agricultural farmers are basically engaged in off-farm activities. Secondly, as for crops planted, pure agricultural and agricultural-dominant farmers tend to choose those crops with more investment,shorter growth period and higher value, meanwhile non-agricultural-dominant farmers tend to choose crops with less investment, simpler management and longer growth period. Thirdly, to cope with current problems in farming, pure agricultural farmers will adopt measures such as changing planting structure, maintaining or expanding planting scale, increasing planting investment and renting in more land to promote the development of farming; agriculture-dominant farmers will adopt measures such as changing planting structure, reducing planting scale, maintaining planting investment, renting in and taking back the leased land as well as engaging in non-agricultural activities to overcome the difficulties faced; while non-agricultural-dominant farmers will adopt measures such as reducing both planting scale and investment,changing planting structure and engaging in farmland transfer as well as various offfarm activities to avoid livelihood risks.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China, No.2005CB422006 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40601006
文摘Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversi- fication is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, live- lihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40471009 No.40601006 National Basic Research Program of China, No.2005CB422006 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank involved Department concerned of Jinchuan County Government and Archives Bureau for supplying the Sha＇er Township Government Agriculture Statistic Annals and other assistance, Mr. Yang Zulie from Jinchuan County, Mr. Gao Zhigui and Lei Yongmao from Keerma Village for their help during the field surveys.
文摘This study examined livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in Keerma village, located in Jinchuan County, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal, investigation of households＇ plots and statistical methods, 63 households and 272 cropland plots were systemically investigated and sampled. The results show： （1） Different types of household have variety livelihood strategies, portfolio and income. Livelihood diversification and introducing and expanding off-farm activities can be the future trend, whereas, adverse natural environment, socio-economic conditions and peasants＇ capabilities together affect sustainable livelihood and land use. （2） Each livelihood strategy has its own impact on land use, mainly affecting land use type and land use intensi- fication level. （3） Diversification into off-farm activities could be the key of building sustainable livelihood and the essential approach of realizing sustainable land use in the region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41161140352, 41471092)
文摘Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.
