Urbanisation is the key factor underpinning and catalysing changes in food systems, environmental quality, climate change and agriculture livelihoods in the overall urban ecosystem setting and its sustainability. The ...Urbanisation is the key factor underpinning and catalysing changes in food systems, environmental quality, climate change and agriculture livelihoods in the overall urban ecosystem setting and its sustainability. The paper explores Dar es Salaam, a rapidly expanding city in Sub-Saharan Africa, and shows that urban agriculture provides urban ecosystem services and contributes to environmental sustainability. The interconnections of environmental justice, urban ecosystem services and climate change and variability found eminent feature that influence land governance, productivity and aesthetic value of the city. The study reaffirms the pivotal role urban agriculture which plays to enhance community health services and access to resources, with important implications on urban environmental sustainability and redistributive spatial land use planning policies and practices. The process of urbanisation, forms of urban agriculture and government strategies for enhanced urban food systems in the city economy have been highlighted. Equally, the process triggers the transformation of settlements from rural in character to modernity with an augmented land use conflicts. The results suggests that with increasing population, a clear spatial land use planning and management strategy is required to overcome the challenges and enhanced food systems and urban environmental sustainability in rapidly urbanizing cities like Dar es Salaam in Sub-Saharan Africa.展开更多
文摘Urbanisation is the key factor underpinning and catalysing changes in food systems, environmental quality, climate change and agriculture livelihoods in the overall urban ecosystem setting and its sustainability. The paper explores Dar es Salaam, a rapidly expanding city in Sub-Saharan Africa, and shows that urban agriculture provides urban ecosystem services and contributes to environmental sustainability. The interconnections of environmental justice, urban ecosystem services and climate change and variability found eminent feature that influence land governance, productivity and aesthetic value of the city. The study reaffirms the pivotal role urban agriculture which plays to enhance community health services and access to resources, with important implications on urban environmental sustainability and redistributive spatial land use planning policies and practices. The process of urbanisation, forms of urban agriculture and government strategies for enhanced urban food systems in the city economy have been highlighted. Equally, the process triggers the transformation of settlements from rural in character to modernity with an augmented land use conflicts. The results suggests that with increasing population, a clear spatial land use planning and management strategy is required to overcome the challenges and enhanced food systems and urban environmental sustainability in rapidly urbanizing cities like Dar es Salaam in Sub-Saharan Africa.
文摘研究受限空间内过头作业人员疲劳特征,以避免疲劳累积和降低事故风险。设计了典型受限空间内过头作业试验,测量20名被试在不同受限空间高度(120 cm、140 cm)和不同工作面(侧面、顶面、正面)下的表面肌电(Surface Electromyogram,sEMG)信号和心率变异性(Heart Rate Variability,HRV)信号,记录主观疲劳评分,并对数据进行分析。结果表明:受限空间内过头作业疲劳累积明显;右肩膀和右前臂主观疲劳评分最高;左上斜方肌、右上斜方肌、右中三角肌、右冈上肌、右冈下肌和右肱桡肌中位频率(Median Frequency,MF)下降显著,右中三角肌MF下降幅度最大;相邻RR间期均值(RR mean)降低,低频成分(Low Frequency,LF)和低频高频比值(Ratio of Low Frequency to High Frequency,LF/HF)均上升;与120 cm高度相比,140 cm高度下全身及5个身体部位主观疲劳评分更高,6个肌群MF下降斜率更大,RR mean下降幅度以及LF、LF/HF上升幅度更大;工作面对主观疲劳评分、各肌群MF及HRV指标影响不显著,但正面工作面除右肱桡肌外5个肌群均疲劳累积显著,侧面和顶面工作面右上斜方肌、右中三角肌和右冈上肌3个肌群疲劳累积显著。
