Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technolog...Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technology is well represented,including by microblade technology.Lithic miniaturization has been identified in South China,though this technological feature has received little research attention in comparison to the north.Here,we examine three miniaturized lithic assemblages in South China,ranging from the terminal Pleistocene to middle Holocene.To examine technological variations in lithic miniaturization,the three assemblages were subject to comparative quantitative analyses,including principal component analysis(PCA),K-means clustering and the Zingg system.The three sites were found to exhibit varied temporal and geographic patterns of lithic miniaturization across South China,potentially related to fluctuating climatic conditions and changes in population dynamics since the Late Pleistocene.展开更多
Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding...Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding modern human origins and evolution through extensive fieldwork,fossil and artifact discoveries,and cutting-edge ancient molecular analysis.The new fossil findings from Hualongdong,Xuchang,the first report on Harbin,and the reevaluations of previously found fossils like Xujiayao revealed high population diversity in East Asia during the late Middle Pleistocene,implying multiple evolutionary lineages linked to modern humans,Neanderthals,or Denisovans.Different species names were proposed for these unique fossils.Discoveries from Zhiren Cave and Fuyan Cave refreshed our knowledge of modern human emergence in China,sparking debates between the“Recent African Origin”and“Multiregional Evolution”hypothesis.Additionally,new archaeological evidence from Nwya Devu and Xiamabei highlighted human adaptations to extreme climates and technological innovations.Genomic studies further revealed complex patterns of modern human dispersal,admixture,and adaptation in China,especially in the past 40,000 years.The first mitochondrial DNA of Denisovan outside Denisova Cave was successfully extracted from the sediments on the Plateau,suggesting the long-term occupation of this population in this area.展开更多
The Initial Upper Paleolithic(IUP)is a chrono-cultural phase corresponding with the onset of systematic production of pointed blades in various regions in Eurasia.This phenomenon is often conceived to correlate with t...The Initial Upper Paleolithic(IUP)is a chrono-cultural phase corresponding with the onset of systematic production of pointed blades in various regions in Eurasia.This phenomenon is often conceived to correlate with the MIS 3 modern human expansion.Originally defined after the site Boker Tachtit in the Negev Desert,Israel,the Levantine IUP is composed of two consecutive superimposed lithic industries.The lower,named Emiran,is characterized with bidirectional blade technology,whereas the upper industry with unidirectional blades.Until recently the chronology of Boker Tachtit was insecure but new radiometric ages have shown that the Emiran is contemporaneous with the local Late Mousterian,thus supporting the assumption of this industry being imported.Similar technological features and chronological proximities between Boker Tachtit and assemblages from the Nile Valley and southern Arabia suggest the early Boker Tachtit inhabitants may have originated from these regions.The Emiran industry developed in Boker Tachtit into a later variant,the unidirectional industry,but it also expanded northward to central Europe and north-central Asia.The later variant acted in a similar manner as it developed locally into the early Ahmarian techno-complex but also expanded into the northern Levant and the Balkans.It is proposed the IUP phase featured at least two dispersal events.The first is the expansion from the Nile Valley/Arabia to the Levant from where it expanded rapidly to central Europe and north-central Asia.The second dispersal occurred slightly later and began in the southern Levant from where it spread to the northern Levant and the Balkans.展开更多
This paper presents a monolithic approach to the thermal fluidstructure interaction （FSI） with nonconforming interfaces. The thermal viscous flow is governed by the Boussinesq approximation and the incompressible Na...This paper presents a monolithic approach to the thermal fluidstructure interaction （FSI） with nonconforming interfaces. The thermal viscous flow is governed by the Boussinesq approximation and the incompressible NavierStokes equations. The motion of the fluid domain is accounted for by an arbitrary LagrangianEulerian （ALE） strategy. A pseudosolid formulation is used to manage the deformation of the fluid do main. The structure is described by the geometrically nonlinear thermoelastic dynamics. An efficient data transfer strategy based on the Gauss points is proposed to guarantee the equilibrium of the stresses and heat along the interface. The resulting strongly coupled set of nonlinear equations for the fluid, solution procedure. A numerical example efficiency of the methodology. structure, and heat is solved by a monolithic is presented to demonstrate the robustness and展开更多
Archaeologists call the long period between the appearance of human beings and the emergence of agriculture the Old Stone Age.The Paleolithic period accounts for more than 99.9 percent of the total length of human his...Archaeologists call the long period between the appearance of human beings and the emergence of agriculture the Old Stone Age.The Paleolithic period accounts for more than 99.9 percent of the total length of human history.展开更多
The paleoenvironmental changes and adaptation strategies of hominins during the Late Pleistocene are crucial for understanding the evolution,dispersal,and behavioral shifts of early modern humans.Despite South China&#...The paleoenvironmental changes and adaptation strategies of hominins during the Late Pleistocene are crucial for understanding the evolution,dispersal,and behavioral shifts of early modern humans.Despite South China's significance as a nexus for hominin dispersal and handaxe technology diffusion,quantitative reconstructions of paleoenvironments linked to archaeological records remain scarce.The Sandinggai site(96.6-13.3 ka BP)in central South China,with its well-preserved stratigraphy and abundant lithic artefacts,is notable for providing valuable insights.In this study,quantitative reconstruction of the vegetation succession and climate change sequences at the site was conducted using palynological and isotopic data.The results indicated a shift from a warm-temperate evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest to a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest,with the climate transitioning from warm and humid to cooler and drier conditions.During the early phase,an increase in lithic production suggested favorable conditions for hominin survival.In the later phase,decreased lithic production and the replacement of large handaxe tools by smaller flake tools,indicated that hominins adapted to the cooler,drier climate and more open landscapes through lithic miniaturization.These findings highlight the environment-driven adaptation of lithic technology and hominin behavior,thereby shedding light on human survival adaptation strategies.展开更多
Hinterland intermountain basins and northern and southern piedmonts of the Qinling Mountains accumulated a large amount of loess during the Pleistocene. The loess strata not only record local paleogeographic and paleo...Hinterland intermountain basins and northern and southern piedmonts of the Qinling Mountains accumulated a large amount of loess during the Pleistocene. The loess strata not only record local paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental changes, but also contain rich hominin fossils and Paleolithic remains. In the northern piedmont of the Qinling Mountains and the lower valley of the South Luohe River, the loess strata have multi loess-paleosol sequences with aeolian loess continuously accumulating during glacial and interglacial cycles. In contrast to the northern piedmont, loess stratigraphy in the hinterland intermountain basins of the Qinling Mountains is relatively thin and contains finer loess particles. In this "mini" type of loess stratum, the density of Paleolithic remain generally is higher than the Loess Plateau in the north of the Qinling Mountains. Based on stratigraphic, chronological, and lithic artifacts analysis in recent years, it appears that the regional lithic assemblage belongs to the Oldowan(Mode I) lithic industry, and it is dominated by choppers, cores, flakes, and simple retouched flake tools from 1.15 to 0.6 Ma. Paleolithic open-air sites such as Gongwangling and Chenjiawo in the Lantian area, Shangbaichuan and Liuwan in the Luonan Basin, Qiaojiayao in the Lushi Basin, Longgangsi and Yaochangwan in the Hanzhong Basin, Guanmiao in the Ankang Basin, and the Yunxian Man Site in the Yunxian Basin are representative sites in the region; from 400 to 250 ka, the Longyadong cave site in the Luonan Basin inherited the characteristics of the local Mode I lithic industry, the stone assemblage is made up of cores, flakes, and small retouched flake tools, such as scrapers, points, and burins; during the period from 250 to 50 ka, bi-facially retouched Acheulean tools(Model II), such as hand-axes, picks, and cleavers, were commonly found in the Qinling Mountains region. The emergence of a large number of Model II artifacts indicates that local lithic industries went through a major transition process. Zhanghuokou, Guoyuan, and Huaishuping sites in the Luonan Basin, Diaozhai, Ganyu, Laochihe, and Xiehu sites in the Lantian area, Hejialiang site in the Hanzhong Basin are representative sites in this period; to the turn of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, it may also exist a small flake-retouched tools lithic industry in the piedmonts of the northern and southern sides of the Qinling Mountains. The lithic assemblages in different stages of the Qinling Mountains region reflect the hominin behavioral changes and the development of lithic technology during the Pleistocene.展开更多
Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were ...Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42177424,No.42488201Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.2020074National Key Research and Development Projects,No.2022YFF0801502。
文摘Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technology is well represented,including by microblade technology.Lithic miniaturization has been identified in South China,though this technological feature has received little research attention in comparison to the north.Here,we examine three miniaturized lithic assemblages in South China,ranging from the terminal Pleistocene to middle Holocene.To examine technological variations in lithic miniaturization,the three assemblages were subject to comparative quantitative analyses,including principal component analysis(PCA),K-means clustering and the Zingg system.The three sites were found to exhibit varied temporal and geographic patterns of lithic miniaturization across South China,potentially related to fluctuating climatic conditions and changes in population dynamics since the Late Pleistocene.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(YSBR-019)+1 种基金the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.23&ZD268)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42072033).
文摘Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding modern human origins and evolution through extensive fieldwork,fossil and artifact discoveries,and cutting-edge ancient molecular analysis.The new fossil findings from Hualongdong,Xuchang,the first report on Harbin,and the reevaluations of previously found fossils like Xujiayao revealed high population diversity in East Asia during the late Middle Pleistocene,implying multiple evolutionary lineages linked to modern humans,Neanderthals,or Denisovans.Different species names were proposed for these unique fossils.Discoveries from Zhiren Cave and Fuyan Cave refreshed our knowledge of modern human emergence in China,sparking debates between the“Recent African Origin”and“Multiregional Evolution”hypothesis.Additionally,new archaeological evidence from Nwya Devu and Xiamabei highlighted human adaptations to extreme climates and technological innovations.Genomic studies further revealed complex patterns of modern human dispersal,admixture,and adaptation in China,especially in the past 40,000 years.The first mitochondrial DNA of Denisovan outside Denisova Cave was successfully extracted from the sediments on the Plateau,suggesting the long-term occupation of this population in this area.
文摘The Initial Upper Paleolithic(IUP)is a chrono-cultural phase corresponding with the onset of systematic production of pointed blades in various regions in Eurasia.This phenomenon is often conceived to correlate with the MIS 3 modern human expansion.Originally defined after the site Boker Tachtit in the Negev Desert,Israel,the Levantine IUP is composed of two consecutive superimposed lithic industries.The lower,named Emiran,is characterized with bidirectional blade technology,whereas the upper industry with unidirectional blades.Until recently the chronology of Boker Tachtit was insecure but new radiometric ages have shown that the Emiran is contemporaneous with the local Late Mousterian,thus supporting the assumption of this industry being imported.Similar technological features and chronological proximities between Boker Tachtit and assemblages from the Nile Valley and southern Arabia suggest the early Boker Tachtit inhabitants may have originated from these regions.The Emiran industry developed in Boker Tachtit into a later variant,the unidirectional industry,but it also expanded northward to central Europe and north-central Asia.The later variant acted in a similar manner as it developed locally into the early Ahmarian techno-complex but also expanded into the northern Levant and the Balkans.It is proposed the IUP phase featured at least two dispersal events.The first is the expansion from the Nile Valley/Arabia to the Levant from where it expanded rapidly to central Europe and north-central Asia.The second dispersal occurred slightly later and began in the southern Levant from where it spread to the northern Levant and the Balkans.
文摘This paper presents a monolithic approach to the thermal fluidstructure interaction （FSI） with nonconforming interfaces. The thermal viscous flow is governed by the Boussinesq approximation and the incompressible NavierStokes equations. The motion of the fluid domain is accounted for by an arbitrary LagrangianEulerian （ALE） strategy. A pseudosolid formulation is used to manage the deformation of the fluid do main. The structure is described by the geometrically nonlinear thermoelastic dynamics. An efficient data transfer strategy based on the Gauss points is proposed to guarantee the equilibrium of the stresses and heat along the interface. The resulting strongly coupled set of nonlinear equations for the fluid, solution procedure. A numerical example efficiency of the methodology. structure, and heat is solved by a monolithic is presented to demonstrate the robustness and
文摘Archaeologists call the long period between the appearance of human beings and the emergence of agriculture the Old Stone Age.The Paleolithic period accounts for more than 99.9 percent of the total length of human history.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42471185,No.T2192952National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFF0801502。
文摘The paleoenvironmental changes and adaptation strategies of hominins during the Late Pleistocene are crucial for understanding the evolution,dispersal,and behavioral shifts of early modern humans.Despite South China's significance as a nexus for hominin dispersal and handaxe technology diffusion,quantitative reconstructions of paleoenvironments linked to archaeological records remain scarce.The Sandinggai site(96.6-13.3 ka BP)in central South China,with its well-preserved stratigraphy and abundant lithic artefacts,is notable for providing valuable insights.In this study,quantitative reconstruction of the vegetation succession and climate change sequences at the site was conducted using palynological and isotopic data.The results indicated a shift from a warm-temperate evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest to a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest,with the climate transitioning from warm and humid to cooler and drier conditions.During the early phase,an increase in lithic production suggested favorable conditions for hominin survival.In the later phase,decreased lithic production and the replacement of large handaxe tools by smaller flake tools,indicated that hominins adapted to the cooler,drier climate and more open landscapes through lithic miniaturization.These findings highlight the environment-driven adaptation of lithic technology and hominin behavior,thereby shedding light on human survival adaptation strategies.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05130201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41472026 & 41472138)the One Hundred Talent Person Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-BR-24)
文摘Hinterland intermountain basins and northern and southern piedmonts of the Qinling Mountains accumulated a large amount of loess during the Pleistocene. The loess strata not only record local paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental changes, but also contain rich hominin fossils and Paleolithic remains. In the northern piedmont of the Qinling Mountains and the lower valley of the South Luohe River, the loess strata have multi loess-paleosol sequences with aeolian loess continuously accumulating during glacial and interglacial cycles. In contrast to the northern piedmont, loess stratigraphy in the hinterland intermountain basins of the Qinling Mountains is relatively thin and contains finer loess particles. In this "mini" type of loess stratum, the density of Paleolithic remain generally is higher than the Loess Plateau in the north of the Qinling Mountains. Based on stratigraphic, chronological, and lithic artifacts analysis in recent years, it appears that the regional lithic assemblage belongs to the Oldowan(Mode I) lithic industry, and it is dominated by choppers, cores, flakes, and simple retouched flake tools from 1.15 to 0.6 Ma. Paleolithic open-air sites such as Gongwangling and Chenjiawo in the Lantian area, Shangbaichuan and Liuwan in the Luonan Basin, Qiaojiayao in the Lushi Basin, Longgangsi and Yaochangwan in the Hanzhong Basin, Guanmiao in the Ankang Basin, and the Yunxian Man Site in the Yunxian Basin are representative sites in the region; from 400 to 250 ka, the Longyadong cave site in the Luonan Basin inherited the characteristics of the local Mode I lithic industry, the stone assemblage is made up of cores, flakes, and small retouched flake tools, such as scrapers, points, and burins; during the period from 250 to 50 ka, bi-facially retouched Acheulean tools(Model II), such as hand-axes, picks, and cleavers, were commonly found in the Qinling Mountains region. The emergence of a large number of Model II artifacts indicates that local lithic industries went through a major transition process. Zhanghuokou, Guoyuan, and Huaishuping sites in the Luonan Basin, Diaozhai, Ganyu, Laochihe, and Xiehu sites in the Lantian area, Hejialiang site in the Hanzhong Basin are representative sites in this period; to the turn of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, it may also exist a small flake-retouched tools lithic industry in the piedmonts of the northern and southern sides of the Qinling Mountains. The lithic assemblages in different stages of the Qinling Mountains region reflect the hominin behavioral changes and the development of lithic technology during the Pleistocene.
基金supported by the One Hundred Talent Person Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-BR-24)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05130201 and XDA05120704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41072122 and 41202127)
文摘Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.
