The field investigation of the present situation of ancient and famous tress in Lingering Garden was conducted, the results showed that there were 18 trees, belonging to 13 species, 12 genera and 10 families. The tree...The field investigation of the present situation of ancient and famous tress in Lingering Garden was conducted, the results showed that there were 18 trees, belonging to 13 species, 12 genera and 10 families. The trees’ ages were between 100 years old and 330 years old; 14 trees (accounting for 77.78% of the total trees) required regular management, 2 trees (accounting for 11.11%) required bole antiseptic protection, 1 tree (accounting for 5.56% of the total plants) required protection for its trunk, and 1 tree (accounting for 5.56%) required bole antiseptic protection and rejuvenation. According to the survey results, the monitoring and early warning standard grades were divided, its reasons were analyzed, and finally, the relative protection and restoration countermeasures were put forward.展开更多
By introducing stories of the garden owners' obsession to stones and their contributions to the stone culture of the garden, the long and continuous history and rich culture of Lingering Garden was highlighted. Th...By introducing stories of the garden owners' obsession to stones and their contributions to the stone culture of the garden, the long and continuous history and rich culture of Lingering Garden was highlighted. There are abundant and various stones in the garden, rich in texture, shape and color, while the multiple-layered and multiple-perspective appreciation of stones is an important part of its stones culture. Furthermore, unusual histories of these stones greatly enrich the cultural connotations of the garden.展开更多
Coevolutionary arms races between brood parasites and hosts provide tractable systems for understanding antagonistic coevolution in nature;however,little is known about the fate of frontline antiparasite defenses when...Coevolutionary arms races between brood parasites and hosts provide tractable systems for understanding antagonistic coevolution in nature;however,little is known about the fate of frontline antiparasite defenses when the host“wins”the coevolutionary arms race.By recreating bygone species interactions,using artificial parasitism experiments,lingering defensive behaviors that evolved in the context of parasitism can be understood and may even be used to identify the unknown agent of parasitism past.Here we present the first study of this type by evaluating lingering“frontline”nest defenses that have evolved to prevent egg laying in a former brood parasite host.The Australian reed warbler Acrocephalus australis is currently not parasitized but is known to exhibit fine-tuned egg discrimination—a defensive behavior indicative of a past brood parasite–host arms race and common in closely related parasitized species.Here,using 3D-printed models of adult brood parasites,we examined whether the Australian reed warbler also exhibits frontline defenses to adult brood parasites,and whether we could use these defenses to identify the warbler’s“ghost of parasitism past.”Our findings provide evidence that the Australian reed warbler readily engages in frontline defenses that are considered adaptive specifically in the context of brood parasitism.However,individuals were unable to discriminate between adults of different brood parasite species at their nest.Overall,our results demonstrate that despite a relaxation in selection,defenses against brood parasitism can be maintained across multiple stages of the host’s nesting cycle,and further suggest that,in accordance with previous findings,that learning may be important for fine-tuning frontline defense.展开更多
Pressured by a slowdown in exports, cost increases and dwindling returns to manufacturing investments, China's manufacturing capital has begun to shift to the real-estate and stock markets. As a matter of fact, th...Pressured by a slowdown in exports, cost increases and dwindling returns to manufacturing investments, China's manufacturing capital has begun to shift to the real-estate and stock markets. As a matter of fact, the stock market had already felt a shock a couple of years ago when top domestic manufacturers like Midea, Gree, TCL and LMZ started to invest their idle capital in the real-estate and stock markets. Investments of manufacturing capital in both the real estate and stock markets have increased fluid capital and pushed up the value of both markets. Booms in both markets have in turn guaranteed investment returns of manufacturing capital, which further increased the stock market valuations of manufacturing capital. Such a cycle has created interest chains between listed manufacturers, the stock market and the real-estate market. Along with the ups and downs of the stock and real-estate markets, manufacturing capital now faces a dilemma: to escape or to persist? Where should it escape? When can the markets be profitable again? Just like the classic Shakespearean question: to be or not to be, that is the question.展开更多
In the hands of chef Bai Changji, tofu （soybean curd） alone can be turned out to be a banquet of more than 200 kinds of cuisine. Even the bean dregs after making tofu will be cooked into dishes.
“Urban lingering??implies an extended stay of users in urban public spaces,which has physical,emotional,and social benefits.In recent times,lingering in public spaces has been increasingly taken over by sedentary lif...“Urban lingering??implies an extended stay of users in urban public spaces,which has physical,emotional,and social benefits.In recent times,lingering in public spaces has been increasingly taken over by sedentary lifestyles and the growing influence of social media.Hence,this paper attempts to identify the key factors contributing to urban lingering in public spaces to enhance users'experiences during their stay.For this,contributing factors to urban lingering were identified from literature and measured in five selected recreational public spaces in Bhopal City,the capital of Madhya Pradesh in India.Relationships between Lingering Factor(LF)and contributing factors were then established for male and female users.Public Participatory Geographic Information System(PPGIS)and questionnaire surveys were employed for spatial mapping and perception modeling.The findings of primary surveys indicate that the feeling of safety,parking availability,pleasing design,and memorability of the public space together strongly influence LF across all user groups(R^(2)=0.47,p value<0.05).Data revealed that for male users,adequately sized spaces and lighting contribute to their lingering behavior(R^(2)=0.56,p value<0.05),whereas for female users,accessibility and activities in public spaces are significant contributors to their lingering(R^(2)=0.48,p value<0.05).The differences in the contributing factors to urban LF between male and female users confirm that users'needs in public spaces thus present variation in preferences across space and the presented approach could be considered in planning infrastructure policies to enhance overall wellbeing.展开更多
Visual depth(distance)perception is a fundamental aspect of environmental cognition,as it allows people to judge the spatial scale of their surroundings.However,estimating the depth of classical Chinese gardens is cha...Visual depth(distance)perception is a fundamental aspect of environmental cognition,as it allows people to judge the spatial scale of their surroundings.However,estimating the depth of classical Chinese gardens is challenging,especially from static viewpoints that frame the scenery.Previous studies have examined how the internal components of the scenery frame affect depth perception.Still,the role of the frame and its peripheral information as environmental background have been largely overlooked.This study investigates how depth perception at viewpoints is influenced by viewing position displacement,frame geometry,and environmental context.The authors created nine stimulus materials in a cave virtual reality environment(three image treatments×three positions).Seventy-one participants were asked to evaluate depth perception using the magnitude estimation and adjustment methods.Their eye movement behavior was also recorded using an eye-movement instrument(SensoMotoric Instruments(SMI)eye-tracking glasses,120 Hz).The results showed that participants could perceive spatial depth differences between viewing positions even when the internal viewpoint displacement was small;frame shape did not significantly affect depth perception and gaze behavior;and peripheral visual information of the frame enhanced depth perception significantly.Moreover,the form of the environmental background,especially the position of the scenery window,strongly guided the participants'gaze.These findings suggest that ambient visual information significantly impacts environmental experience,which landscape designers should consider.展开更多
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.Here,we identify Lingerer(Lig)as a growth suppressor using RNAi modifyi...The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.Here,we identify Lingerer(Lig)as a growth suppressor using RNAi modifying screen in Drosophila melanogaster.Loss of lig increases organ size and upregulates bantam(ban)and the expression of the Hippo pathway target genes,while overexpression of lig results in diminished ban expression and organ size reduction.We demonstrate that Lig C-terminal exhibits dominant-negative function on growth and ban expression,and thus plays an important role in organ size control and ban regulation.In addition,we provide evidence that both Yki and Mad are essential for Lig-induced ban expression.We also show that Lig regulates the expression of the Hippo pathway target genes partially via Yorkie.Moreover,we find that Lig physically interacts with and requires Salvador to restrict cell growth.Taken together,we demonstrate that Lig functions as a critical growth suppressor to control organ size via ban and Hippo signaling.展开更多
文摘The field investigation of the present situation of ancient and famous tress in Lingering Garden was conducted, the results showed that there were 18 trees, belonging to 13 species, 12 genera and 10 families. The trees’ ages were between 100 years old and 330 years old; 14 trees (accounting for 77.78% of the total trees) required regular management, 2 trees (accounting for 11.11%) required bole antiseptic protection, 1 tree (accounting for 5.56% of the total plants) required protection for its trunk, and 1 tree (accounting for 5.56%) required bole antiseptic protection and rejuvenation. According to the survey results, the monitoring and early warning standard grades were divided, its reasons were analyzed, and finally, the relative protection and restoration countermeasures were put forward.
文摘By introducing stories of the garden owners' obsession to stones and their contributions to the stone culture of the garden, the long and continuous history and rich culture of Lingering Garden was highlighted. There are abundant and various stones in the garden, rich in texture, shape and color, while the multiple-layered and multiple-perspective appreciation of stones is an important part of its stones culture. Furthermore, unusual histories of these stones greatly enrich the cultural connotations of the garden.
文摘Coevolutionary arms races between brood parasites and hosts provide tractable systems for understanding antagonistic coevolution in nature;however,little is known about the fate of frontline antiparasite defenses when the host“wins”the coevolutionary arms race.By recreating bygone species interactions,using artificial parasitism experiments,lingering defensive behaviors that evolved in the context of parasitism can be understood and may even be used to identify the unknown agent of parasitism past.Here we present the first study of this type by evaluating lingering“frontline”nest defenses that have evolved to prevent egg laying in a former brood parasite host.The Australian reed warbler Acrocephalus australis is currently not parasitized but is known to exhibit fine-tuned egg discrimination—a defensive behavior indicative of a past brood parasite–host arms race and common in closely related parasitized species.Here,using 3D-printed models of adult brood parasites,we examined whether the Australian reed warbler also exhibits frontline defenses to adult brood parasites,and whether we could use these defenses to identify the warbler’s“ghost of parasitism past.”Our findings provide evidence that the Australian reed warbler readily engages in frontline defenses that are considered adaptive specifically in the context of brood parasitism.However,individuals were unable to discriminate between adults of different brood parasite species at their nest.Overall,our results demonstrate that despite a relaxation in selection,defenses against brood parasitism can be maintained across multiple stages of the host’s nesting cycle,and further suggest that,in accordance with previous findings,that learning may be important for fine-tuning frontline defense.
文摘Pressured by a slowdown in exports, cost increases and dwindling returns to manufacturing investments, China's manufacturing capital has begun to shift to the real-estate and stock markets. As a matter of fact, the stock market had already felt a shock a couple of years ago when top domestic manufacturers like Midea, Gree, TCL and LMZ started to invest their idle capital in the real-estate and stock markets. Investments of manufacturing capital in both the real estate and stock markets have increased fluid capital and pushed up the value of both markets. Booms in both markets have in turn guaranteed investment returns of manufacturing capital, which further increased the stock market valuations of manufacturing capital. Such a cycle has created interest chains between listed manufacturers, the stock market and the real-estate market. Along with the ups and downs of the stock and real-estate markets, manufacturing capital now faces a dilemma: to escape or to persist? Where should it escape? When can the markets be profitable again? Just like the classic Shakespearean question: to be or not to be, that is the question.
文摘In the hands of chef Bai Changji, tofu （soybean curd） alone can be turned out to be a banquet of more than 200 kinds of cuisine. Even the bean dregs after making tofu will be cooked into dishes.
基金supported by a Seminar Series Award from the Urban Studies Foundation,grant reference USFSSA-230303。
文摘“Urban lingering??implies an extended stay of users in urban public spaces,which has physical,emotional,and social benefits.In recent times,lingering in public spaces has been increasingly taken over by sedentary lifestyles and the growing influence of social media.Hence,this paper attempts to identify the key factors contributing to urban lingering in public spaces to enhance users'experiences during their stay.For this,contributing factors to urban lingering were identified from literature and measured in five selected recreational public spaces in Bhopal City,the capital of Madhya Pradesh in India.Relationships between Lingering Factor(LF)and contributing factors were then established for male and female users.Public Participatory Geographic Information System(PPGIS)and questionnaire surveys were employed for spatial mapping and perception modeling.The findings of primary surveys indicate that the feeling of safety,parking availability,pleasing design,and memorability of the public space together strongly influence LF across all user groups(R^(2)=0.47,p value<0.05).Data revealed that for male users,adequately sized spaces and lighting contribute to their lingering behavior(R^(2)=0.56,p value<0.05),whereas for female users,accessibility and activities in public spaces are significant contributors to their lingering(R^(2)=0.48,p value<0.05).The differences in the contributing factors to urban LF between male and female users confirm that users'needs in public spaces thus present variation in preferences across space and the presented approach could be considered in planning infrastructure policies to enhance overall wellbeing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52408006,52038007)。
文摘Visual depth(distance)perception is a fundamental aspect of environmental cognition,as it allows people to judge the spatial scale of their surroundings.However,estimating the depth of classical Chinese gardens is challenging,especially from static viewpoints that frame the scenery.Previous studies have examined how the internal components of the scenery frame affect depth perception.Still,the role of the frame and its peripheral information as environmental background have been largely overlooked.This study investigates how depth perception at viewpoints is influenced by viewing position displacement,frame geometry,and environmental context.The authors created nine stimulus materials in a cave virtual reality environment(three image treatments×three positions).Seventy-one participants were asked to evaluate depth perception using the magnitude estimation and adjustment methods.Their eye movement behavior was also recorded using an eye-movement instrument(SensoMotoric Instruments(SMI)eye-tracking glasses,120 Hz).The results showed that participants could perceive spatial depth differences between viewing positions even when the internal viewpoint displacement was small;frame shape did not significantly affect depth perception and gaze behavior;and peripheral visual information of the frame enhanced depth perception significantly.Moreover,the form of the environmental background,especially the position of the scenery window,strongly guided the participants'gaze.These findings suggest that ambient visual information significantly impacts environmental experience,which landscape designers should consider.
基金This work is supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2010CB912101,2012CB945001,2011CB943902)the‘Strategic Priority Research Program’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA01010406)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31171394,31371462).
文摘The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.Here,we identify Lingerer(Lig)as a growth suppressor using RNAi modifying screen in Drosophila melanogaster.Loss of lig increases organ size and upregulates bantam(ban)and the expression of the Hippo pathway target genes,while overexpression of lig results in diminished ban expression and organ size reduction.We demonstrate that Lig C-terminal exhibits dominant-negative function on growth and ban expression,and thus plays an important role in organ size control and ban regulation.In addition,we provide evidence that both Yki and Mad are essential for Lig-induced ban expression.We also show that Lig regulates the expression of the Hippo pathway target genes partially via Yorkie.Moreover,we find that Lig physically interacts with and requires Salvador to restrict cell growth.Taken together,we demonstrate that Lig functions as a critical growth suppressor to control organ size via ban and Hippo signaling.
