License assisted access(LAA) was proposed as a solution to the challenge of satisfying high throughput requirement in cellular network with limited licensed band. LAA uses long term evolution(LTE) carrier aggregation ...License assisted access(LAA) was proposed as a solution to the challenge of satisfying high throughput requirement in cellular network with limited licensed band. LAA uses long term evolution(LTE) carrier aggregation technique to combine licensed and unlicensed bands, specifically 5 GHz Wi Fi band, in order to achieve high data rates. However, LAA has several critical concerns for services provision on 5 GHz unlicensed band. In this article, an overview of the techniques concerning the coexistence of LTE and Wi Fi on the same unlicensed band is presented. We first present several general approaches including power control of LTE evolved Node B(e NB), carrier selection, LTE duty cycling, self clear to send(CTS) and request to send/CTS(RTS/CTS), and listen before talk(LBT). Then, we focus on LBT techniques for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence and discuss how LBT based coexistence solutions can dynamically respond to the variations in network load and ensure fair coexistence in a distributed manner. Based on the LBT mechanism, we also present a fairness-aware LAA-WiF i coexisting scheme with TXOP(transmitted in a single transmission opportunity) backoff for LAA e NB. Finally, the performances of various LBT solutions for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence are evaluated using Markov chain analytical model.展开更多
Objective To analyze the status and problems of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises in China, and to put forward suggestions for improving licensed pharmacists’ abilities. Methods Literature rev...Objective To analyze the status and problems of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises in China, and to put forward suggestions for improving licensed pharmacists’ abilities. Methods Literature review and questionnaire survey were used to analyze the basic status of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises and fishbone diagram was used to find out the problems. Results and Conclusion Pharmaceutical retail enterprises have the following problems when they employ pharmacists, such as lack of assessment system, too general incentive policies. The causes of problems lie in four aspects, including system, environment, pharmacy and pharmacists. As to the above problems, the government should make policies to encourage and regulate enterprises to explore remote prescription service through Internet. Furthermore, pharmaceutical retail enterprises can take the advantage of Internet to develop a comprehensive performance appraisal system for licensed pharmacists. The assessment information platform will reflect the true level of pharmacists and enhance their professional value.展开更多
As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licen...As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licensing industry in China,China Toy and Juvenile Products Association(CTJPA)conducted a professional survey and issued the China Licensing Industry Report2018earlier this year.展开更多
Objective To study the current status of licensed pharmacists in China,and to make suggestions for the sound development of regulation authorities and licensed pharmacists.Methods Literature review and data research w...Objective To study the current status of licensed pharmacists in China,and to make suggestions for the sound development of regulation authorities and licensed pharmacists.Methods Literature review and data research were conducted to analyze the status of examinations,registration,academic qualification and professional composition of licensed pharmacists.And SWOT method was used to analyze the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats for the development of licensed pharmacists.Results and Conclusion Licensed pharmacists have such advantages and opportunities as professionalism,favorable policies,and continuous expansion of market demand.However,they also face disadvantages and threats,such as low service capacity,weak service awareness and low social status.According to the results of SWOT analysis,it is suggested that the government should make use of the advantages of artificial intelligence to build a regulatory information platform and a public platform for electronic prescriptions.Meanwhile,a national accreditation agency for continuing education should be established,and academic exchanges between regional licensed pharmacists and physicians must be organized regularly.Besides,licensed pharmacists can use mobile phones and other information devices to keep abreast of national policy and new medical information.Therefore,their services will be recognized by the public,thus to protect the drug safety for the public.展开更多
Objective To explore the influencing factors on job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy,and to provide a reference for improving the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in China.Methods Thro...Objective To explore the influencing factors on job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy,and to provide a reference for improving the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in China.Methods Through literature research and satisfaction questionnaire,349 licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy were investigated.Then,the influencing factor equation model was constructed by factor analysis and structural equation method.Results and Conclusion The overall adaptation of the structural equation model was well established.The job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy was closely related to interpersonal relationship,work characteristics,good management,salary and growth opportunity,and it was not significantly correlated with job environment.Therefore,work characteristics influenced most,followed by salary.Five key factors affecting the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy are summarized in this paper.It is suggested to adjust corresponding key factors such as work characteristics and salary,so as to improve job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in the same industry.展开更多
Objective To study the main problems existing in the current licensed pharmacists system in China. Methods The relevant literature was searched, and the differences of licensed pharmacists system at home and abroad we...Objective To study the main problems existing in the current licensed pharmacists system in China. Methods The relevant literature was searched, and the differences of licensed pharmacists system at home and abroad were compared. Results and Conclusion By comparison, it is found that there are obvious differences in the management system, access system and continuing education of licensed pharmacists between China and foreign countries. In order to improve the system of licensed pharmacists in China, the supervision of licensed pharmacists should be strengthened by introducing relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. Besides, the admittance criteria of licensed pharmacists should be enhanced, and the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists should be optimized as well.展开更多
Objective To innovate the mode and method of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists.Methods The importance of continuing education for licensed pharmacists was analyzed to find problems and counterme...Objective To innovate the mode and method of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists.Methods The importance of continuing education for licensed pharmacists was analyzed to find problems and countermeasures by means of literature research.Results and Conclusion There are such problems in the current continuing education of licensed pharmacists as lack of strong policy and regulation support,emphasis on theory and the lack of practical training,lack of systematic and effective supervision.The author analyzed the above problems and put forward some suggestions for them.To strengthen the continuing education of licensed pharmacists,it is necessary to improve relevant laws and regulations,enhance the supervision and management of continuing education of licensed pharmacists,improve the content of continuing education of licensed pharmacists and increase practical training.展开更多
Objective To improve the level of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and the licensed pharmacists and relevant experts were interviewed.Then the present...Objective To improve the level of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and the licensed pharmacists and relevant experts were interviewed.Then the present situation and problems of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China were analyzed,and some suggestions for more effective implementation of continuing education for licensed pharmacists were put forward.Results and Conclusion In terms of policy,the corresponding laws and regulations should be issued to ensure the licensed pharmacists to have the opportunity of continuing education.As to practical operation,the form of continuing education should be more diversified,and the content should focus on the professional orientation and job demand.展开更多
Background Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions pose a severe safety concern among the pediatric population.We aimed to summarize the up-to-date evidence on the extent,reasons,and consequences of off-label and unlic...Background Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions pose a severe safety concern among the pediatric population.We aimed to summarize the up-to-date evidence on the extent,reasons,and consequences of off-label and unlicensed drugs in hospitalized pediatric patients.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,SCOPUS,Web of Science and Google Scholar between 1990 and 2020 in which the last search was conducted on 12 February 2021.We included studies with the following inclusion criteria:(1)observational studies in design;(2)target population was hospitalized pediatric patients whether admitted in the intensive care unit or in the general ward;(3)study reporting the prevalence of off-label,unlicensed prescriptions or both;and(4)published in English.Results A total of 47 studies were eligible for inclusion.The proportion of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from 7.4%to 99.5%and 0.1%to 74.4%,respectively.The most frequent category of off-label prescriptions was prescription outside the age range,with the most commonly reported reason for off-label prescriptions being the lack of information specifically for pediatrics on the drug information leaflets.The consequences of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from minor and bearable skin reactions to debilitating renal failure,risking deaths.Conclusions Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions are extensive and require progressively meditative interventions.However,the pediatric population is currently a“therapeutic orphan”.Unless adequate pediatric clinical trials and licensed drugs become available,off-label and unlicensed drug prescription should not entirely be banned but rather promoted in an organized manner.展开更多
Zhang Bo is a legend in his own right:at the age of 52,he obtained his pilot’s license;at 54,he became the first Chinese citizen to circumnavigate the globe by air;and at 57,he completed his second round-the-world fl...Zhang Bo is a legend in his own right:at the age of 52,he obtained his pilot’s license;at 54,he became the first Chinese citizen to circumnavigate the globe by air;and at 57,he completed his second round-the-world flight.展开更多
In order to promote the development of the mineral industry in their countries,Tanzania and Uganda have revised their mining acts in recent years,and the reform of the mineral rights licensing system is one of the key...In order to promote the development of the mineral industry in their countries,Tanzania and Uganda have revised their mining acts in recent years,and the reform of the mineral rights licensing system is one of the key points.This paper is intended to make a comparative analysis of the two countries’mineral rights licensing systems in terms of the main body of approval,approval time,approval information,approval conditions and application fees.Through comparison,it can be seen that the two countries focus on the role of the government in the mineral rights licensing,jurisdiction is more centralized,access system is fairer,the review is more stringent,and the provisions are clearer and more concise.On the whole,Tanzania’s mineral rights licensing system is more detailed and standardized than Uganda’s,and is more operational in practice.In addition to exploring the advantages of the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,this paper also summarizes and analyzes the shortcomings of the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,how to verify the review of information in the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,how to effectively supervise the activities after licensing,and how to continue to deepen the reform of the two countries’ministries of mines and minerals,which are responsible for the important task of strengthening the administrative capacity and improving the efficiency of the administration,is still an important issue that deserves continuous and in-depth study for the two countries.For both countries,this is still a topic that deserves continuous and in-depth research.Through the comparative analysis of the Tanzanian and Ugandan mineral rights licensing systems,this paper clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences between the two systems as well as their advantages and disadvantages,which can provide decision-making references for relevant mining investments and help investors more comprehensively assess the legal environment,policy risks and operating costs of mining development in the two countries,so as to optimize their investment strategies and reduce compliance risks.展开更多
In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In re...In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.展开更多
As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pa...As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pat⁃ent system to better support green innovations,establishing what is known as a green patent regime.While extensive empirical research highlights the significance of China's green patent regime in achieving environmental sustainabil⁃ity,there is a noticeable lack of normative studies on enhancing its efficacy.This work aims to fill this gap by conduct⁃ing a normative study using doctrinal analysis and proposing that transparency and accessibility are key factors in evaluating the effectiveness of a green patent regime.Through a doctrinal analysis of China's green patent legislation and regulations,this work assesses the legal rights conferred by this regime and identifies how these rights are con⁃strained by substantive and procedural norms.The findings reveal significant limitations to the transparency and acces⁃sibility of China's green patent regime and propose improvements.These recommendations offer insights for policymak⁃ers in China and other countries.The doctrinal analysis conducted in this research could stimulate further theoretical discussion in the field of sustainable development and intellectual property law.Moreover,it might enlighten more hy⁃potheses for future empirical studies.展开更多
If you are asked what requires you to win a lottery and costs RMB 168,it may not be a car license plate,but a fridge magnet.Collecting fridge magnets has quietly become a popular culture in recent years.Many young peo...If you are asked what requires you to win a lottery and costs RMB 168,it may not be a car license plate,but a fridge magnet.Collecting fridge magnets has quietly become a popular culture in recent years.Many young people have more demand for fridge magnets than for refrigerators.The empty refrigerator covered with fridge magnets has become a trend.People with no idea how to choose souvenirs regard the fridge magnets as the best gifts,allowing this seemingly inconspicuous small product to create a billion-yuan market.展开更多
Wearing helmetswhile riding electric bicycles can significantly reduce head injuries resulting fromtraffic accidents.To effectively monitor compliance,the utilization of target detection algorithms through traffic cam...Wearing helmetswhile riding electric bicycles can significantly reduce head injuries resulting fromtraffic accidents.To effectively monitor compliance,the utilization of target detection algorithms through traffic cameras plays a vital role in identifying helmet usage by electric bicycle riders and recognizing license plates on electric bicycles.However,manual enforcement by traffic police is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Traditional methods face challenges in accurately identifying small targets such as helmets and license plates using deep learning techniques.This paper proposes an enhanced model for detecting helmets and license plates on electric bicycles,addressing these challenges.The proposedmodel improves uponYOLOv8n by deepening the network structure,incorporating weighted connections,and introducing lightweight convolutional modules.These modifications aim to enhance the precision of small target recognition while reducing the model’s parameters,making it suitable for deployment on low-performance devices in real traffic scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an mAP@0.5 of 91.8%,showing an 11.5%improvement over the baselinemodel,with a 16.2%reduction in parameters.Additionally,themodel achieves a frames per second(FPS)rate of 58,meeting the accuracy and speed requirements for detection in actual traffic scenarios.展开更多
Incense in China-Cultural Convergence and Ethnic Integration in the Perspective of Incense.Incense has witnessed the thousands of years of civilization of the Chinese nation,accompanied by the fostering of the Chinese...Incense in China-Cultural Convergence and Ethnic Integration in the Perspective of Incense.Incense has witnessed the thousands of years of civilization of the Chinese nation,accompanied by the fostering of the Chinese cultural spirit and the formation of philosophical thoughts.The cover story is written by Qin Yanchun,a researcher from the Institute of Chinese Culture of the Chinese National Academy of Arts,who tells us the story of various spices such as Liquidambar orientalis from the"Western Regions",and the cultural convergence and ethnic integration of people of different times in the perspective of spices,incense set,incense products and other license materials.展开更多
The development of scientific inquiry and research has yielded numerous benefits in the realm of intelligent traffic control systems, particularly in the realm of automatic license plate recognition for vehicles. The ...The development of scientific inquiry and research has yielded numerous benefits in the realm of intelligent traffic control systems, particularly in the realm of automatic license plate recognition for vehicles. The design of license plate recognition algorithms has undergone digitalization through the utilization of neural networks. In contemporary times, there is a growing demand for vehicle surveillance due to the need for efficient vehicle processing and traffic management. The design, development, and implementation of a license plate recognition system hold significant social, economic, and academic importance. The study aims to present contemporary methodologies and empirical findings pertaining to automated license plate recognition. The primary focus of the automatic license plate recognition algorithm was on image extraction, character segmentation, and recognition. The task of character segmentation has been identified as the most challenging function based on my observations. The license plate recognition project that we designed demonstrated the effectiveness of this method across various observed conditions. Particularly in low-light environments, such as during periods of limited illumination or inclement weather characterized by precipitation. The method has been subjected to testing using a sample size of fifty images, resulting in a 100% accuracy rate. The findings of this study demonstrate the project’s ability to effectively determine the optimal outcomes of simulations.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and parsing ability of GPT 4.0 for Japanese medical practitioner qualification examinations in a multidimensional way to investigate its response accuracy and comprehensiveness to me...Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and parsing ability of GPT 4.0 for Japanese medical practitioner qualification examinations in a multidimensional way to investigate its response accuracy and comprehensiveness to medical knowledge.Methods:We evaluated the performance of the GPT 4.0 on Japanese Medical Licensing Examination(JMLE)questions(2021–2023).Questions are categorized by difficulty and type,with distinctions between general and clinical parts,as well as between single-choice(MCQ1)and multiple-choice(MCQ2)questions.Difficulty levels were determined on the basis of correct rates provided by the JMLE Preparatory School.The accuracy and quality of the GPT 4.0 responses were analyzed via an improved Global Qualily Scale(GQS)scores,considering both the chosen options and the accompanying analysis.Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-square tests were used to examine performance across exam years,question difficulty,type,and choice.GPT 4.0 ability was evaluated via the GQS,with comparisons made via the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis test.Results:The correct response rate and parsing ability of the GPT4.0 to the JMLE questions reached the qualification level(80.4%).In terms of the accuracy of the GPT4.0 response to the JMLE,we found significant differences in accuracy across both difficulty levels and option types.According to the GQS scores for the GPT 4.0 responses to all the JMLE questions,the performance of the questionnaire varied according to year and choice type.Conclusion:GTP4.0 performs well in providing basic support in medical education and medical research,but it also needs to input a large amount of medical-related data to train its model and improve the accuracy of its medical knowledge output.Further integration of ChatGPT with the medical field could open new opportunities for medicine.展开更多
基金supported in part by Joint Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (SRFDP) and Research Grants Council Earmarked Research Grants (RGC ERG) with Grant 20130142140002National Science Foundation of China with Grants 61531011 and 61471163Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei in China with Grant 2016CFA009
文摘License assisted access(LAA) was proposed as a solution to the challenge of satisfying high throughput requirement in cellular network with limited licensed band. LAA uses long term evolution(LTE) carrier aggregation technique to combine licensed and unlicensed bands, specifically 5 GHz Wi Fi band, in order to achieve high data rates. However, LAA has several critical concerns for services provision on 5 GHz unlicensed band. In this article, an overview of the techniques concerning the coexistence of LTE and Wi Fi on the same unlicensed band is presented. We first present several general approaches including power control of LTE evolved Node B(e NB), carrier selection, LTE duty cycling, self clear to send(CTS) and request to send/CTS(RTS/CTS), and listen before talk(LBT). Then, we focus on LBT techniques for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence and discuss how LBT based coexistence solutions can dynamically respond to the variations in network load and ensure fair coexistence in a distributed manner. Based on the LBT mechanism, we also present a fairness-aware LAA-WiF i coexisting scheme with TXOP(transmitted in a single transmission opportunity) backoff for LAA e NB. Finally, the performances of various LBT solutions for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence are evaluated using Markov chain analytical model.
文摘Objective To analyze the status and problems of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises in China, and to put forward suggestions for improving licensed pharmacists’ abilities. Methods Literature review and questionnaire survey were used to analyze the basic status of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises and fishbone diagram was used to find out the problems. Results and Conclusion Pharmaceutical retail enterprises have the following problems when they employ pharmacists, such as lack of assessment system, too general incentive policies. The causes of problems lie in four aspects, including system, environment, pharmacy and pharmacists. As to the above problems, the government should make policies to encourage and regulate enterprises to explore remote prescription service through Internet. Furthermore, pharmaceutical retail enterprises can take the advantage of Internet to develop a comprehensive performance appraisal system for licensed pharmacists. The assessment information platform will reflect the true level of pharmacists and enhance their professional value.
文摘As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licensing industry in China,China Toy and Juvenile Products Association(CTJPA)conducted a professional survey and issued the China Licensing Industry Report2018earlier this year.
文摘Objective To study the current status of licensed pharmacists in China,and to make suggestions for the sound development of regulation authorities and licensed pharmacists.Methods Literature review and data research were conducted to analyze the status of examinations,registration,academic qualification and professional composition of licensed pharmacists.And SWOT method was used to analyze the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats for the development of licensed pharmacists.Results and Conclusion Licensed pharmacists have such advantages and opportunities as professionalism,favorable policies,and continuous expansion of market demand.However,they also face disadvantages and threats,such as low service capacity,weak service awareness and low social status.According to the results of SWOT analysis,it is suggested that the government should make use of the advantages of artificial intelligence to build a regulatory information platform and a public platform for electronic prescriptions.Meanwhile,a national accreditation agency for continuing education should be established,and academic exchanges between regional licensed pharmacists and physicians must be organized regularly.Besides,licensed pharmacists can use mobile phones and other information devices to keep abreast of national policy and new medical information.Therefore,their services will be recognized by the public,thus to protect the drug safety for the public.
文摘Objective To explore the influencing factors on job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy,and to provide a reference for improving the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in China.Methods Through literature research and satisfaction questionnaire,349 licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy were investigated.Then,the influencing factor equation model was constructed by factor analysis and structural equation method.Results and Conclusion The overall adaptation of the structural equation model was well established.The job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy was closely related to interpersonal relationship,work characteristics,good management,salary and growth opportunity,and it was not significantly correlated with job environment.Therefore,work characteristics influenced most,followed by salary.Five key factors affecting the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy are summarized in this paper.It is suggested to adjust corresponding key factors such as work characteristics and salary,so as to improve job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in the same industry.
文摘Objective To study the main problems existing in the current licensed pharmacists system in China. Methods The relevant literature was searched, and the differences of licensed pharmacists system at home and abroad were compared. Results and Conclusion By comparison, it is found that there are obvious differences in the management system, access system and continuing education of licensed pharmacists between China and foreign countries. In order to improve the system of licensed pharmacists in China, the supervision of licensed pharmacists should be strengthened by introducing relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. Besides, the admittance criteria of licensed pharmacists should be enhanced, and the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists should be optimized as well.
文摘Objective To innovate the mode and method of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists.Methods The importance of continuing education for licensed pharmacists was analyzed to find problems and countermeasures by means of literature research.Results and Conclusion There are such problems in the current continuing education of licensed pharmacists as lack of strong policy and regulation support,emphasis on theory and the lack of practical training,lack of systematic and effective supervision.The author analyzed the above problems and put forward some suggestions for them.To strengthen the continuing education of licensed pharmacists,it is necessary to improve relevant laws and regulations,enhance the supervision and management of continuing education of licensed pharmacists,improve the content of continuing education of licensed pharmacists and increase practical training.
文摘Objective To improve the level of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and the licensed pharmacists and relevant experts were interviewed.Then the present situation and problems of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China were analyzed,and some suggestions for more effective implementation of continuing education for licensed pharmacists were put forward.Results and Conclusion In terms of policy,the corresponding laws and regulations should be issued to ensure the licensed pharmacists to have the opportunity of continuing education.As to practical operation,the form of continuing education should be more diversified,and the content should focus on the professional orientation and job demand.
文摘Background Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions pose a severe safety concern among the pediatric population.We aimed to summarize the up-to-date evidence on the extent,reasons,and consequences of off-label and unlicensed drugs in hospitalized pediatric patients.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,SCOPUS,Web of Science and Google Scholar between 1990 and 2020 in which the last search was conducted on 12 February 2021.We included studies with the following inclusion criteria:(1)observational studies in design;(2)target population was hospitalized pediatric patients whether admitted in the intensive care unit or in the general ward;(3)study reporting the prevalence of off-label,unlicensed prescriptions or both;and(4)published in English.Results A total of 47 studies were eligible for inclusion.The proportion of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from 7.4%to 99.5%and 0.1%to 74.4%,respectively.The most frequent category of off-label prescriptions was prescription outside the age range,with the most commonly reported reason for off-label prescriptions being the lack of information specifically for pediatrics on the drug information leaflets.The consequences of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from minor and bearable skin reactions to debilitating renal failure,risking deaths.Conclusions Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions are extensive and require progressively meditative interventions.However,the pediatric population is currently a“therapeutic orphan”.Unless adequate pediatric clinical trials and licensed drugs become available,off-label and unlicensed drug prescription should not entirely be banned but rather promoted in an organized manner.
文摘Zhang Bo is a legend in his own right:at the age of 52,he obtained his pilot’s license;at 54,he became the first Chinese citizen to circumnavigate the globe by air;and at 57,he completed his second round-the-world flight.
基金Shenzhen Polytechnic University’s Key Scientific Research Project,The Field Exploitation of Shenzhen Enterprises’Investment in Africa and the Prevention and Control of Legal Risks(Project No.:6024310006S)。
文摘In order to promote the development of the mineral industry in their countries,Tanzania and Uganda have revised their mining acts in recent years,and the reform of the mineral rights licensing system is one of the key points.This paper is intended to make a comparative analysis of the two countries’mineral rights licensing systems in terms of the main body of approval,approval time,approval information,approval conditions and application fees.Through comparison,it can be seen that the two countries focus on the role of the government in the mineral rights licensing,jurisdiction is more centralized,access system is fairer,the review is more stringent,and the provisions are clearer and more concise.On the whole,Tanzania’s mineral rights licensing system is more detailed and standardized than Uganda’s,and is more operational in practice.In addition to exploring the advantages of the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,this paper also summarizes and analyzes the shortcomings of the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,how to verify the review of information in the two countries’mineral rights licensing system,how to effectively supervise the activities after licensing,and how to continue to deepen the reform of the two countries’ministries of mines and minerals,which are responsible for the important task of strengthening the administrative capacity and improving the efficiency of the administration,is still an important issue that deserves continuous and in-depth study for the two countries.For both countries,this is still a topic that deserves continuous and in-depth research.Through the comparative analysis of the Tanzanian and Ugandan mineral rights licensing systems,this paper clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences between the two systems as well as their advantages and disadvantages,which can provide decision-making references for relevant mining investments and help investors more comprehensively assess the legal environment,policy risks and operating costs of mining development in the two countries,so as to optimize their investment strategies and reduce compliance risks.
基金Hierarchical Identification and Cross-Layer Correlation of Key Core Technologies from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Structure (National Social Science Fund of China, 24BTQ067)Chongqing Education Commission (CEC) Funding:Research on the Co-governance Mechanism of Patent Quality Based on the Dual-Filter Perspective(24SKGH213)Chongqing Graduate Education and Teaching Funding:Research on the Interdisciplinary Law of Intellectual Property and Optimization of Graduate Talent Training Mode(yjg213122)。
文摘In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No:2022YFC3303000)。
文摘As the world transitions to a more environment-friendly and sustainable global economy,innovations in green technology are playing a crucial role.Recognizing this,China,along with many other nations,is adapting its pat⁃ent system to better support green innovations,establishing what is known as a green patent regime.While extensive empirical research highlights the significance of China's green patent regime in achieving environmental sustainabil⁃ity,there is a noticeable lack of normative studies on enhancing its efficacy.This work aims to fill this gap by conduct⁃ing a normative study using doctrinal analysis and proposing that transparency and accessibility are key factors in evaluating the effectiveness of a green patent regime.Through a doctrinal analysis of China's green patent legislation and regulations,this work assesses the legal rights conferred by this regime and identifies how these rights are con⁃strained by substantive and procedural norms.The findings reveal significant limitations to the transparency and acces⁃sibility of China's green patent regime and propose improvements.These recommendations offer insights for policymak⁃ers in China and other countries.The doctrinal analysis conducted in this research could stimulate further theoretical discussion in the field of sustainable development and intellectual property law.Moreover,it might enlighten more hy⁃potheses for future empirical studies.
文摘If you are asked what requires you to win a lottery and costs RMB 168,it may not be a car license plate,but a fridge magnet.Collecting fridge magnets has quietly become a popular culture in recent years.Many young people have more demand for fridge magnets than for refrigerators.The empty refrigerator covered with fridge magnets has become a trend.People with no idea how to choose souvenirs regard the fridge magnets as the best gifts,allowing this seemingly inconspicuous small product to create a billion-yuan market.
基金supported by the Ningxia Key Research and Development Program(Talent Introduction Special Project)Project(2022YCZX0013)North Minzu University 2022 School-Level Scientific Research Platform“Digital Agriculture Enabling Ningxia Rural Revitalization Innovation Team”(2022PT_S10)+1 种基金Yinchuan City University-Enterprise Joint Innovation Project(2022XQZD009)Ningxia Key Research and Development Program(Key Project)Project(2023BDE02001).
文摘Wearing helmetswhile riding electric bicycles can significantly reduce head injuries resulting fromtraffic accidents.To effectively monitor compliance,the utilization of target detection algorithms through traffic cameras plays a vital role in identifying helmet usage by electric bicycle riders and recognizing license plates on electric bicycles.However,manual enforcement by traffic police is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Traditional methods face challenges in accurately identifying small targets such as helmets and license plates using deep learning techniques.This paper proposes an enhanced model for detecting helmets and license plates on electric bicycles,addressing these challenges.The proposedmodel improves uponYOLOv8n by deepening the network structure,incorporating weighted connections,and introducing lightweight convolutional modules.These modifications aim to enhance the precision of small target recognition while reducing the model’s parameters,making it suitable for deployment on low-performance devices in real traffic scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an mAP@0.5 of 91.8%,showing an 11.5%improvement over the baselinemodel,with a 16.2%reduction in parameters.Additionally,themodel achieves a frames per second(FPS)rate of 58,meeting the accuracy and speed requirements for detection in actual traffic scenarios.
文摘Incense in China-Cultural Convergence and Ethnic Integration in the Perspective of Incense.Incense has witnessed the thousands of years of civilization of the Chinese nation,accompanied by the fostering of the Chinese cultural spirit and the formation of philosophical thoughts.The cover story is written by Qin Yanchun,a researcher from the Institute of Chinese Culture of the Chinese National Academy of Arts,who tells us the story of various spices such as Liquidambar orientalis from the"Western Regions",and the cultural convergence and ethnic integration of people of different times in the perspective of spices,incense set,incense products and other license materials.
文摘The development of scientific inquiry and research has yielded numerous benefits in the realm of intelligent traffic control systems, particularly in the realm of automatic license plate recognition for vehicles. The design of license plate recognition algorithms has undergone digitalization through the utilization of neural networks. In contemporary times, there is a growing demand for vehicle surveillance due to the need for efficient vehicle processing and traffic management. The design, development, and implementation of a license plate recognition system hold significant social, economic, and academic importance. The study aims to present contemporary methodologies and empirical findings pertaining to automated license plate recognition. The primary focus of the automatic license plate recognition algorithm was on image extraction, character segmentation, and recognition. The task of character segmentation has been identified as the most challenging function based on my observations. The license plate recognition project that we designed demonstrated the effectiveness of this method across various observed conditions. Particularly in low-light environments, such as during periods of limited illumination or inclement weather characterized by precipitation. The method has been subjected to testing using a sample size of fifty images, resulting in a 100% accuracy rate. The findings of this study demonstrate the project’s ability to effectively determine the optimal outcomes of simulations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974355,No.82172524).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and parsing ability of GPT 4.0 for Japanese medical practitioner qualification examinations in a multidimensional way to investigate its response accuracy and comprehensiveness to medical knowledge.Methods:We evaluated the performance of the GPT 4.0 on Japanese Medical Licensing Examination(JMLE)questions(2021–2023).Questions are categorized by difficulty and type,with distinctions between general and clinical parts,as well as between single-choice(MCQ1)and multiple-choice(MCQ2)questions.Difficulty levels were determined on the basis of correct rates provided by the JMLE Preparatory School.The accuracy and quality of the GPT 4.0 responses were analyzed via an improved Global Qualily Scale(GQS)scores,considering both the chosen options and the accompanying analysis.Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-square tests were used to examine performance across exam years,question difficulty,type,and choice.GPT 4.0 ability was evaluated via the GQS,with comparisons made via the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis test.Results:The correct response rate and parsing ability of the GPT4.0 to the JMLE questions reached the qualification level(80.4%).In terms of the accuracy of the GPT4.0 response to the JMLE,we found significant differences in accuracy across both difficulty levels and option types.According to the GQS scores for the GPT 4.0 responses to all the JMLE questions,the performance of the questionnaire varied according to year and choice type.Conclusion:GTP4.0 performs well in providing basic support in medical education and medical research,but it also needs to input a large amount of medical-related data to train its model and improve the accuracy of its medical knowledge output.Further integration of ChatGPT with the medical field could open new opportunities for medicine.
