In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication...In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.展开更多
This article discusses the survival rate of fractional age and the net premium liability reserve for fractional age based on theα-power death hypothesis(specifically divided into cases of paying once a year and payin...This article discusses the survival rate of fractional age and the net premium liability reserve for fractional age based on theα-power death hypothesis(specifically divided into cases of paying once a year and paying m times a year),combined with the specific data of the life table with the help of R language and Actuarial software such as crystal ball compares the specific data fitted by theα-power hypothesis with the three traditional hypotheses,and finally concludes that the use of theα-power death hypothesis can improve the accuracy of fitting the fractional age survival rate and the life insurance net premium liability preparation The prediction accuracy of gold,this conclusion will provide a more accurate idea for all insurance companies and social institutions to calculate the fractional age net premium liability reserve.展开更多
Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in th...Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in the local legislation,due to a lack of systematic analysis.To address this gap,this paper employs the interview method to empirically examine the formation process,as well as the techniques for establishing legal liability in local legislation,with the aim of revealing the primary legislative techniques for formulating legal liability clauses in local legislation and their application principles.Drawing from these empirical findings and analytical insights,the research demonstrates that the legal liability-setting techniques in local legislation tend to exhibit a weak coherence with regard to logic and a strong policy orientation.These issues potentially create tension with the legal norms’demands for certainty,abstraction,and completeness.Therefore,this paper proposes a three-pronged framework to harmonize competing demands by respecting local particularities and achieving context-sensitive regulatory balance.This framework advocates that local legislative practice should(a)prioritize practical rationality and rule effectiveness over logical completeness,acknowledging inherent conflicts with traditional legislative models;(b)adopt a typological legislative method to balance normative principles with governance efficiency by transcending logic-experience binaries;and(c)establish a dynamic updating mechanism with regular evaluation to maintain adaptability to socio-economic evolution.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To compare the expression of the thyroid transcription factor-1 （TTF-1） in human normal adult type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic pneumocytes and cancer cells of lung carcinoma and metastatic lymp...OBJECTIVE To compare the expression of the thyroid transcription factor-1 （TTF-1） in human normal adult type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic pneumocytes and cancer cells of lung carcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes using a tissue microarray （TMA） along with paired conventional full sections, and to investigate the reliability of tissue microarrays in detecting protein expression in lung carcinoma. METHODS A lung carcinoma TMA including 765 cores was constructed. TTF-1 protein expression in both TMA and paired conventional full sections were detected by the immunohistochemical SP method using a monoclonal antibody to TTF-1. A PU （Positive Unit） of TTF-1 protein was assessed quantitatively by the Leica Q500MC image analysis system with results from the paired conventional full sections as controls. RESULTS There was no significance between TMA and paired conventional full sections in TTF-1 expression in different nuclei of the lung tissue. CONCLUSION TTF-1 protein expression in lung carcinoma detected by TMA was highly concordant with that of paired full sections. TMA is a reliable method in detecting protein expression.展开更多
This study presents a review of the various methods to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale. The relative propensity of coal to undergo self-heating can be established by different metho...This study presents a review of the various methods to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale. The relative propensity of coal to undergo self-heating can be established by different methods. These methods are well established in their usage, but the fact that no particular test method has become a standard to predict the spontaneous combustion liability indicates that doubt still exists as to the validity of all of them. The underlying principle of all the tests is that the more readily the coal undergoes exothermic oxidation, the more liable it is to self-heat. Comprehensive studies that centres on the international position on research being conducted by academics, different research institutes and industries on spontaneous combustion of coal and coal mine fires were evaluated. Relationships between the geochemical analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis, forms of sulphur, petrographic properties, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence) and spontaneous combustion testing methods (numerical and experimental approaches) used to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal were reviewed. The combination of these tests provides a better understanding of the mechanism that controls the spontaneous combustion phenomena. However, irrespective of the extensive studies that have been conducted over time, spontaneous combustion is still a major problem in the coal value chain.展开更多
Coal burst is a severe hazard that can result in fatalities and damage of facilities in underground coal mines.To address this issue,a robust unascertained combination model is proposed to study the coal burst hazard ...Coal burst is a severe hazard that can result in fatalities and damage of facilities in underground coal mines.To address this issue,a robust unascertained combination model is proposed to study the coal burst hazard based on an updated database.Four assessment indexes are used in the model,which are the dynamic failure duration(DT),elastic energy index(WET),impact energy index(KE)and uniaxial compressive strength(RC).Four membership functions,including linear(L),parabolic(P),S and Weibull(W)functions,are proposed to measure the uncertainty level of individual index.The corresponding weights are determined through information entropy(EN),analysis hierarchy process(AHP)and synthetic weights(CW).Simultaneously,the classification criteria,including unascertained cluster(UC)and credible identification principle(CIP),are analyzed.The combination algorithm,consisting of P function,CW and CIP(P-CW-CIP),is selected as the optimal classification model in function of theory analysis and to train the samples.Ultimately,the established ensemble model is further validated through test samples with 100%accuracy.The results reveal that the hybrid model has a great potential in the coal burst hazard evaluation in underground coal mines.展开更多
The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of coal on a standard provides an understanding of its characteristics towards spontaneous combustion.The trend of linear relationships between coal recordi...The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of coal on a standard provides an understanding of its characteristics towards spontaneous combustion.The trend of linear relationships between coal recording standards(%air-dried(ad),%dry(db)and%dry ash free(daf)basis)of 30 selected coal samples from the Witbank coalfields and spontaneous combustion liability indices were evaluated.The spontaneous combustion liability indices of these samples were evaluated by crossing point temperature(XPT),Stage II Slope,FCC(Feng,Chakravorty,Cochrane)and the Wits-Ehac tests,while the coal properties were determined from the proximate and ultimate analyses.The results obtained from these coal properties were related to different liability indices to develop trends of linear relationships using regression analysis.The ad basis indicated higher correlation coefficients than the db and daf basis for the XPT and FCC index,while the daf showed higher correlation coefficients than the ad and db basis for the Wits-Ehac index.It was found that the trend of linear relationships of these coal properties differs from one liability index to the next.The XPTs showed a better trend followed by the Stage II Slope on the coal properties among the spontaneous combustion liability indices evaluated.展开更多
A replenishment decision-making model for supply-hub is firstly established from the angle of supplier, and optimal replenishment decision of the supplier is analyzed. Then, inventory optimization model for supply-hub...A replenishment decision-making model for supply-hub is firstly established from the angle of supplier, and optimal replenishment decision of the supplier is analyzed. Then, inventory optimization model for supply-hub is formulated from the angle of the manufacturer, and the optimization algorithm for obtaining optimal inventory levels is given. The result shows that liability period decides the share of the inventory cost between two sides in supply chain. With the increase of liability period, the service level has been quickly reduced even though the manufacturer's cost has been cut down by transferring the inventory cost to the supplier. As to the safety inventory, if the lower bound of components safety inventory increases, the supplier's cost will rise up more slowly than the liability period does, while the service levels increases as the safety inventory's lower bound is raised.展开更多
Arbitration is vital for China Pilot Free Trade Zones(PFTZs). Though both of the Criminal Law and the Arbitration Law have clauses on liability of arbitrator, the ambiguity is risky for foreign arbitrators. There are ...Arbitration is vital for China Pilot Free Trade Zones(PFTZs). Though both of the Criminal Law and the Arbitration Law have clauses on liability of arbitrator, the ambiguity is risky for foreign arbitrators. There are three main theories on immunity of arbitrator in the world while China does not choose any one or set up a new one. For PFTZs' development, it is time to establish details on liability of arbitrator and arbitrator immunity.展开更多
We used the allele-specific PCR-double digestion method on peripheral myelin protein 22 （PMP22） to determine duplication and deletion mutations in the proband and family members of one family with Charcot-Marie-Toot...We used the allele-specific PCR-double digestion method on peripheral myelin protein 22 （PMP22） to determine duplication and deletion mutations in the proband and family members of one family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 and one family with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. The proband and one subclinical family member from the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 family had a PMP22 gene duplication; one patient from the hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies family had a PMP22 gene deletion. Electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of the superficial peroneal nerve from the two probands demonstrated demyelination and myelin sheath hyperplasia, as well as an ＇onion-like＇ structure in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient. We observed an irregular thickened myelin sheath and ＇mouse-nibbled＇-Iike changes in the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. In the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient, nerve electrophysiological examination revealed moderate-to-severe reductions in the motor and sensory conduction velocities of the bilateral median nerve, ulnar nerve, tibial nerve, and sural nerve. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential amplitude was decreased. In the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, the nerve conduction velocity of the bilateral tibial nerve and sural nerve was moderately reduced, and the nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve of both upper extremities was slightly reduced.展开更多
Asset-liability management is the core business of commercial banks.Effective method of asset-liability management is a continuously exploring topic in the academic and practical fields.According to the operational ch...Asset-liability management is the core business of commercial banks.Effective method of asset-liability management is a continuously exploring topic in the academic and practical fields.According to the operational characteristics of commercial banks,this paper addresses a segmented dynamic optimization model under the perspective of the regulatory environment for China commercial banks.The model can perform segmented sliding optimization and correct control variables to make optimal decision with the changes in situations for a certain future time.展开更多
文摘In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.
文摘This article discusses the survival rate of fractional age and the net premium liability reserve for fractional age based on theα-power death hypothesis(specifically divided into cases of paying once a year and paying m times a year),combined with the specific data of the life table with the help of R language and Actuarial software such as crystal ball compares the specific data fitted by theα-power hypothesis with the three traditional hypotheses,and finally concludes that the use of theα-power death hypothesis can improve the accuracy of fitting the fractional age survival rate and the life insurance net premium liability preparation The prediction accuracy of gold,this conclusion will provide a more accurate idea for all insurance companies and social institutions to calculate the fractional age net premium liability reserve.
文摘Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in the local legislation,due to a lack of systematic analysis.To address this gap,this paper employs the interview method to empirically examine the formation process,as well as the techniques for establishing legal liability in local legislation,with the aim of revealing the primary legislative techniques for formulating legal liability clauses in local legislation and their application principles.Drawing from these empirical findings and analytical insights,the research demonstrates that the legal liability-setting techniques in local legislation tend to exhibit a weak coherence with regard to logic and a strong policy orientation.These issues potentially create tension with the legal norms’demands for certainty,abstraction,and completeness.Therefore,this paper proposes a three-pronged framework to harmonize competing demands by respecting local particularities and achieving context-sensitive regulatory balance.This framework advocates that local legislative practice should(a)prioritize practical rationality and rule effectiveness over logical completeness,acknowledging inherent conflicts with traditional legislative models;(b)adopt a typological legislative method to balance normative principles with governance efficiency by transcending logic-experience binaries;and(c)establish a dynamic updating mechanism with regular evaluation to maintain adaptability to socio-economic evolution.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 30271462)the science and technology planning project of Guangdong Province (No. 2KM04501S)the principal science and technology project of Guangzhou City (No. 2003Z2-E0061, E0062).
文摘OBJECTIVE To compare the expression of the thyroid transcription factor-1 （TTF-1） in human normal adult type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic pneumocytes and cancer cells of lung carcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes using a tissue microarray （TMA） along with paired conventional full sections, and to investigate the reliability of tissue microarrays in detecting protein expression in lung carcinoma. METHODS A lung carcinoma TMA including 765 cores was constructed. TTF-1 protein expression in both TMA and paired conventional full sections were detected by the immunohistochemical SP method using a monoclonal antibody to TTF-1. A PU （Positive Unit） of TTF-1 protein was assessed quantitatively by the Leica Q500MC image analysis system with results from the paired conventional full sections as controls. RESULTS There was no significance between TMA and paired conventional full sections in TTF-1 expression in different nuclei of the lung tissue. CONCLUSION TTF-1 protein expression in lung carcinoma detected by TMA was highly concordant with that of paired full sections. TMA is a reliable method in detecting protein expression.
文摘This study presents a review of the various methods to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale. The relative propensity of coal to undergo self-heating can be established by different methods. These methods are well established in their usage, but the fact that no particular test method has become a standard to predict the spontaneous combustion liability indicates that doubt still exists as to the validity of all of them. The underlying principle of all the tests is that the more readily the coal undergoes exothermic oxidation, the more liable it is to self-heat. Comprehensive studies that centres on the international position on research being conducted by academics, different research institutes and industries on spontaneous combustion of coal and coal mine fires were evaluated. Relationships between the geochemical analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis, forms of sulphur, petrographic properties, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence) and spontaneous combustion testing methods (numerical and experimental approaches) used to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal were reviewed. The combination of these tests provides a better understanding of the mechanism that controls the spontaneous combustion phenomena. However, irrespective of the extensive studies that have been conducted over time, spontaneous combustion is still a major problem in the coal value chain.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.72088101 and 41807259)the Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University(No.2020CX040)the Shenghua Lieying Program of Central South University(Principle Investigator:Dr.Jian Zhou)。
文摘Coal burst is a severe hazard that can result in fatalities and damage of facilities in underground coal mines.To address this issue,a robust unascertained combination model is proposed to study the coal burst hazard based on an updated database.Four assessment indexes are used in the model,which are the dynamic failure duration(DT),elastic energy index(WET),impact energy index(KE)and uniaxial compressive strength(RC).Four membership functions,including linear(L),parabolic(P),S and Weibull(W)functions,are proposed to measure the uncertainty level of individual index.The corresponding weights are determined through information entropy(EN),analysis hierarchy process(AHP)and synthetic weights(CW).Simultaneously,the classification criteria,including unascertained cluster(UC)and credible identification principle(CIP),are analyzed.The combination algorithm,consisting of P function,CW and CIP(P-CW-CIP),is selected as the optimal classification model in function of theory analysis and to train the samples.Ultimately,the established ensemble model is further validated through test samples with 100%accuracy.The results reveal that the hybrid model has a great potential in the coal burst hazard evaluation in underground coal mines.
文摘The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of coal on a standard provides an understanding of its characteristics towards spontaneous combustion.The trend of linear relationships between coal recording standards(%air-dried(ad),%dry(db)and%dry ash free(daf)basis)of 30 selected coal samples from the Witbank coalfields and spontaneous combustion liability indices were evaluated.The spontaneous combustion liability indices of these samples were evaluated by crossing point temperature(XPT),Stage II Slope,FCC(Feng,Chakravorty,Cochrane)and the Wits-Ehac tests,while the coal properties were determined from the proximate and ultimate analyses.The results obtained from these coal properties were related to different liability indices to develop trends of linear relationships using regression analysis.The ad basis indicated higher correlation coefficients than the db and daf basis for the XPT and FCC index,while the daf showed higher correlation coefficients than the ad and db basis for the Wits-Ehac index.It was found that the trend of linear relationships of these coal properties differs from one liability index to the next.The XPTs showed a better trend followed by the Stage II Slope on the coal properties among the spontaneous combustion liability indices evaluated.
基金Projects(71102174,70971036) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(9123028) supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China+3 种基金Project(20111101120019) supported by the Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject(11JGC106) supported by the Beijing Philosophy&Social Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(NCET-10-0048,NCET-10-0043) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of ChinaProject(2010YC1307) supported by the Excellent Young Teacher in Beijing Institute of Technology of China
文摘A replenishment decision-making model for supply-hub is firstly established from the angle of supplier, and optimal replenishment decision of the supplier is analyzed. Then, inventory optimization model for supply-hub is formulated from the angle of the manufacturer, and the optimization algorithm for obtaining optimal inventory levels is given. The result shows that liability period decides the share of the inventory cost between two sides in supply chain. With the increase of liability period, the service level has been quickly reduced even though the manufacturer's cost has been cut down by transferring the inventory cost to the supplier. As to the safety inventory, if the lower bound of components safety inventory increases, the supplier's cost will rise up more slowly than the liability period does, while the service levels increases as the safety inventory's lower bound is raised.
基金The Special Research Fund for the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.14ZDC016)
文摘Arbitration is vital for China Pilot Free Trade Zones(PFTZs). Though both of the Criminal Law and the Arbitration Law have clauses on liability of arbitrator, the ambiguity is risky for foreign arbitrators. There are three main theories on immunity of arbitrator in the world while China does not choose any one or set up a new one. For PFTZs' development, it is time to establish details on liability of arbitrator and arbitrator immunity.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No. 81071001 and 30600200
文摘We used the allele-specific PCR-double digestion method on peripheral myelin protein 22 （PMP22） to determine duplication and deletion mutations in the proband and family members of one family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 and one family with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. The proband and one subclinical family member from the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 family had a PMP22 gene duplication; one patient from the hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies family had a PMP22 gene deletion. Electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of the superficial peroneal nerve from the two probands demonstrated demyelination and myelin sheath hyperplasia, as well as an ＇onion-like＇ structure in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient. We observed an irregular thickened myelin sheath and ＇mouse-nibbled＇-Iike changes in the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. In the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient, nerve electrophysiological examination revealed moderate-to-severe reductions in the motor and sensory conduction velocities of the bilateral median nerve, ulnar nerve, tibial nerve, and sural nerve. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential amplitude was decreased. In the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, the nerve conduction velocity of the bilateral tibial nerve and sural nerve was moderately reduced, and the nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve of both upper extremities was slightly reduced.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61004088)the Key Foundation for Basic Research from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai(No.09JC1408000)the Aeronautic Science Foundation of China(No.20100157001)
文摘Asset-liability management is the core business of commercial banks.Effective method of asset-liability management is a continuously exploring topic in the academic and practical fields.According to the operational characteristics of commercial banks,this paper addresses a segmented dynamic optimization model under the perspective of the regulatory environment for China commercial banks.The model can perform segmented sliding optimization and correct control variables to make optimal decision with the changes in situations for a certain future time.
