Indian Black Robin(Copsychus fulicata leucoptera)(Lesson,1840)is one of the territorial birds often found in all climatic zones in Sri Lanka.Territory size of this birds species is vary according to the breeding seaso...Indian Black Robin(Copsychus fulicata leucoptera)(Lesson,1840)is one of the territorial birds often found in all climatic zones in Sri Lanka.Territory size of this birds species is vary according to the breeding season and habitats that they occupy.The present study was carried out to understand the breeding ecology and territorial behavior of Indian Black robin both in breeding and non-breeding periods.The study was carried out at the Mihintale sanctuary and the Faculty premises of Rajarata university of Sri Lanka.Eleven breeding pairs of Black robins were observed to collect using scan and focal animal sampling methods from 2014 to 2017.Territory mapping was done using ArcGIS 10.3 and%behavioral act was calculated using Microsoft excel.Two breeding seasons were identified during March to September.The average nest building period was13.25±0.96 days.Total of 10 nests were recorded,seven were successful nests but chicks were observed from only three of them while in other four of them were damaged due to several reasons.Three nests were abandon by the female bird with eggs which may considered as pseudo nests.The eggs were whitish in colour with small brownish blotches.The clutch size ranged from 2-4.The average incubation period was 11±3.4 days.The identified foraging sites are nearby roads,human settlements and live foliage.Fifteen territories were recorded during the study period in the open land areas,sparse grasslands or scrublands.The territory sizes of non-breeding season ranged from 617 to 5504 m^(2)while territories of breeding season ranged from 1335 to 8736 m^(2).展开更多
There are many reports about resistance of transgenic Bt poplars to lepidopteran defoliators. Whether the poplars can resist haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners remains unclear. This study chose transgenic Bt...There are many reports about resistance of transgenic Bt poplars to lepidopteran defoliators. Whether the poplars can resist haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners remains unclear. This study chose transgenic Bt poplar, Populus euramericana cv. Robusta’(R-94), as the material to investigate its resistance to a haustellate mouth part pest, Hegesidemus habrus, and two leaf-miner species, Leucoptera susinella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Lithocolletis paslorella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in both field and laboratory. Results showed that R-94 poplar had strong resistance to H. habrus in fields. Injury rates of R-94 leaves were respectively only 1.08% in pure stands and 1.1% in mixed stands respectively, while injury rate of 107 poplar (a non-transgenic variety) was 16.3% in the mixed stands. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 leaves in laboratory, the livability of nymphae was 19.9% after 7 days of feeding. However, the livability of nymphae reached to 56.8% after 7 days of feeding with leaves of 107 poplars. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 and 107 poplar leaves together, the insects significantly preferred 107 poplar leaves to R-94 poplar ones. Besides H. habrus, R-94 poplar also showed strong resistance to two leaf-miners species. Therefore, R-94 poplar not only has strong resistance to lepidopteran pest, but also has similar resistance to haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners.展开更多
文摘Indian Black Robin(Copsychus fulicata leucoptera)(Lesson,1840)is one of the territorial birds often found in all climatic zones in Sri Lanka.Territory size of this birds species is vary according to the breeding season and habitats that they occupy.The present study was carried out to understand the breeding ecology and territorial behavior of Indian Black robin both in breeding and non-breeding periods.The study was carried out at the Mihintale sanctuary and the Faculty premises of Rajarata university of Sri Lanka.Eleven breeding pairs of Black robins were observed to collect using scan and focal animal sampling methods from 2014 to 2017.Territory mapping was done using ArcGIS 10.3 and%behavioral act was calculated using Microsoft excel.Two breeding seasons were identified during March to September.The average nest building period was13.25±0.96 days.Total of 10 nests were recorded,seven were successful nests but chicks were observed from only three of them while in other four of them were damaged due to several reasons.Three nests were abandon by the female bird with eggs which may considered as pseudo nests.The eggs were whitish in colour with small brownish blotches.The clutch size ranged from 2-4.The average incubation period was 11±3.4 days.The identified foraging sites are nearby roads,human settlements and live foliage.Fifteen territories were recorded during the study period in the open land areas,sparse grasslands or scrublands.The territory sizes of non-breeding season ranged from 617 to 5504 m^(2)while territories of breeding season ranged from 1335 to 8736 m^(2).
文摘There are many reports about resistance of transgenic Bt poplars to lepidopteran defoliators. Whether the poplars can resist haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners remains unclear. This study chose transgenic Bt poplar, Populus euramericana cv. Robusta’(R-94), as the material to investigate its resistance to a haustellate mouth part pest, Hegesidemus habrus, and two leaf-miner species, Leucoptera susinella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Lithocolletis paslorella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in both field and laboratory. Results showed that R-94 poplar had strong resistance to H. habrus in fields. Injury rates of R-94 leaves were respectively only 1.08% in pure stands and 1.1% in mixed stands respectively, while injury rate of 107 poplar (a non-transgenic variety) was 16.3% in the mixed stands. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 leaves in laboratory, the livability of nymphae was 19.9% after 7 days of feeding. However, the livability of nymphae reached to 56.8% after 7 days of feeding with leaves of 107 poplars. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 and 107 poplar leaves together, the insects significantly preferred 107 poplar leaves to R-94 poplar ones. Besides H. habrus, R-94 poplar also showed strong resistance to two leaf-miners species. Therefore, R-94 poplar not only has strong resistance to lepidopteran pest, but also has similar resistance to haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners.
