The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established b...The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.展开更多
Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in th...Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in the local legislation,due to a lack of systematic analysis.To address this gap,this paper employs the interview method to empirically examine the formation process,as well as the techniques for establishing legal liability in local legislation,with the aim of revealing the primary legislative techniques for formulating legal liability clauses in local legislation and their application principles.Drawing from these empirical findings and analytical insights,the research demonstrates that the legal liability-setting techniques in local legislation tend to exhibit a weak coherence with regard to logic and a strong policy orientation.These issues potentially create tension with the legal norms’demands for certainty,abstraction,and completeness.Therefore,this paper proposes a three-pronged framework to harmonize competing demands by respecting local particularities and achieving context-sensitive regulatory balance.This framework advocates that local legislative practice should(a)prioritize practical rationality and rule effectiveness over logical completeness,acknowledging inherent conflicts with traditional legislative models;(b)adopt a typological legislative method to balance normative principles with governance efficiency by transcending logic-experience binaries;and(c)establish a dynamic updating mechanism with regular evaluation to maintain adaptability to socio-economic evolution.展开更多
Promoting environmental sustainability in South Africa’s cities through public participation is vital for foster-ing inclusive governance and equitable decision-making.Currently,63%of South Africa’s population—and ...Promoting environmental sustainability in South Africa’s cities through public participation is vital for foster-ing inclusive governance and equitable decision-making.Currently,63%of South Africa’s population—and 64%of its youth—live in urban areas,with this figure expected to rise to nearly 80%by 2050.Rapid urbanisation brings significant environmental challenges,including air and noise pollution,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,and inadequate waste management.Globally,cities contribute over 70%of GHG emissions and consume two-thirds of the world’s energy.South African cities face similar issues:worsening air quality in regions like the Highveld,water scarcity,urban flooding,waste management problems,and biodiversity loss due to urban sprawl.This article explores how South Africa’s consti-tutional and legislative frameworks support public participation in promoting urban environmental sustainability.Using doctrinal research,it examines key legal instruments—including the Constitution and environmental laws—that establish participatory rights and promote transparency,accountability,and inclusivity.The article draws on court decisions and case studies to highlight ongoing barriers to meaningful participation,particularly for marginalised communities.These include administrative inefficiencies,political interference,and unequal access to information and resources.The article concludes by proposing strategies such as capacity-building initiatives,the integration of traditional knowledge systems,and enhanced institutional coordination to strengthen public participation and improve urban environmental outcomes,addressing both global environmental pressures and South Africa’s unique urban sustainability challenges.展开更多
Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three conse...Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.展开更多
Reproductive medicine has been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies(ART),providing multiple options for infertile couples to conceive biological offspring.The medical and legal frameworks,governing the pr...Reproductive medicine has been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies(ART),providing multiple options for infertile couples to conceive biological offspring.The medical and legal frameworks,governing the practice of embryologists in ART,focus on the ethical and safe handling of gametes and embryos.Embryologists play a crucial role in the success of ART procedures,requiring technical expertise and a thorough understanding of legal and ethical considerations.The importance of quality control,safety protocols,and sterility in ART laboratories is essential to ensure optimal embryo development and patient well-being.The legal responsibilities of an embryologist under the Assisted Reproductive Technology(Regulation)Act,2021 in India are required.This review emphasizes the importance of record-keeping,patient confidentiality,informed consent,and adherence to legal and ethical standards to minimize the risk of malpractice claims.Overall,this narrative review provides a detailed overview of the medical,legal,and ethical frameworks governing embryologists'practice in ART,underscoring the significance of responsible and ethical conduct in this rapidly advancing field.展开更多
Li Dazhao dedicated his whole life to advocating for legal rights,and his human rights theory and practice unfolded in the context of the International Labour Organization and the League of Nations from 1919 to 1920.H...Li Dazhao dedicated his whole life to advocating for legal rights,and his human rights theory and practice unfolded in the context of the International Labour Organization and the League of Nations from 1919 to 1920.His human rights activities encompassed both theoretical exploration and practical participation.In his early political commentary,Li Dazhao extensively discussed civil and political rights.Such terms as constitutionalism,democracy,freedom,separation of powers,political parties,speech,equality,elections,and political participation frequently appeared in his writings and were incorporated into his constitutional studies.After embracing Marxism,he paid greater attention to women’s political participation,labor movements,labor-capital relations,and labor legislation,actively supporting their rights movements.National self-determination was also a significant component of his human rights theory and practice.He focused on national issues,explored comparative studies of Chinese and Western cultures,and advocated for the right to national self-determination.展开更多
This paper presents an outline of the current status, regulations, and qualifications required for the practice of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and acupuncture in Qatar. The paper also provides an overview of ...This paper presents an outline of the current status, regulations, and qualifications required for the practice of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and acupuncture in Qatar. The paper also provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities that face practitioners of Acupuncture as a complimentary medicine in Qatar and the recent licensing mechanisms introduced in January 2016. Qatar＇s 2030 vision and demand for continued development and sustainable growth includes the Chinese initiative ~One Belt, One Road＇ project which offers a golden opportunity for the further development of TCM in Qatar. The findings of this paper suggest that there are now real possibilities China and Qatar to cooperate in the exchange of medical services, training and education in the field of TCM.展开更多
Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for lo...Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for local acupuncture services. Methods Japan, South Korea, the USA and Australia were selected as the representative countries. The standards language were limited to English, Japanese and South Korean. The websites of the national standards bodies and the official websites for the acupuncture association/ institute of these four countries were searched systematically. The laws of acupuncture were included in the study. Results Technical standards made up the most of the standard system for acupuncture in Japan, basic standards accounted for the most of the system in South Korea, while management standards accounted for the largest proportion of acupuncture standard systems in the USA and Australia. Conclusion Japan and South Korea, which use acupuncture mainly due to cultural and historical influences, place emphasis on establishing technical and basic standards. The USA and Australia, which use acupuncture as a complementary therapy, place emphasis on establishing management standards of acupuncture.展开更多
The increasing of development failure on highland urges the professionals to develop solution on mitigating the problems. This paper discusses on land development process and legislation on highland development in Mal...The increasing of development failure on highland urges the professionals to develop solution on mitigating the problems. This paper discusses on land development process and legislation on highland development in Malaysia and Hong Kong. This study is focus on land use planning, laws and regulations pertaining to land development process. Hence, this research is to review the current development process including mechanism and legislation pertaining land development on highland in Malaysia and Hong Kong. Hong Kong is chosen as an example based on the fact that for its successfulness in managing highland developments. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of land development legislations and development approaches for highland development. This research reveals the effects and consequences of implementation regulations and development process on highland that have been used at Malaysia and Hong Kong. In Malaysia, land development process on highland is still in questionable;why present property laws and regulations are fail to achieve highland development standards as compared to Hong Kong. There are weaknesses that need to be overcome such as on the implementation and the intensity of the provision in property laws and regulation that can ensure the achievement of required land development process.展开更多
Biodiversity conservation and sustainably utilizing natural resources improve the benefits of ecotourism development. Ecotourism development makes values for sustainably using biodiversity creating economic developmen...Biodiversity conservation and sustainably utilizing natural resources improve the benefits of ecotourism development. Ecotourism development makes values for sustainably using biodiversity creating economic development opportunities. This study reviews literature and reveals objectives, conflicts and resolutions for achieving biodiversity conservation through ecotourism development in Sri Lanka. This paper describes conservation objectives in terms of preserving and fostering biodiversity, habitat restoration and managing biodiversity, and making values for natural assets through ecotourism activities. Degradation and destruction of habitat, overexploitation and illegal extraction of species, emissions of greenhouse gasses for climate change, contamination and pollution of the environment, and spread of exotic species are identified as the main conflicts. Conservation resolutions are discussed on education and awareness-raising activities for biodiversity conservation, in-situ conservation and ex-situ preservation of species, integrating biodiversity into ecotourism development, integrating management of biodiversity and ecotourism, linking ecotourism industry and conservation organizations, ecotourism policy and legislations for biodiversity conservation, and imposition of rules and regulations. Policy solutions and building capacity among institutions and other stakeholders for governance and sustainable conservation of biodiversity are key for sustainable ecotourism development.展开更多
Product quality law refers to the combination of various economical relationships and legal norms in the process of production,circulation and administration.It combines the operation of the market with the state supe...Product quality law refers to the combination of various economical relationships and legal norms in the process of production,circulation and administration.It combines the operation of the market with the state supervision.Studying on the legislation style will be of theoretical and practical significance.展开更多
The attempt of this paper is to investigate the main characteristics of the American language policy. It is one important part of the project "A study on the Strategy of Spreading Chinese Language in United State...The attempt of this paper is to investigate the main characteristics of the American language policy. It is one important part of the project "A study on the Strategy of Spreading Chinese Language in United States of America". This paper firstly explains the concept of language policy and then introduces the two main characteristics of the American language policy.展开更多
Legal language is a pretty formal language.As part of legal language,legislative language has all the basic features of legal language and legislative language has an accurate,plain,solemn,rigorous style.People interp...Legal language is a pretty formal language.As part of legal language,legislative language has all the basic features of legal language and legislative language has an accurate,plain,solemn,rigorous style.People interprete legislative language and act in accordance with laws.On the contrary,behaviors and certain events also influence the characteristics of legislative language,even trigger some conflicts with it.Confronted with some advantaged influence,legislators have to make some compromises or change the characteristics of legislative language.However,legislators should adhere to remain represantations of laws to resist disadvantaged impacts.As a result,it is need to research how behaviors and certain events influence legislative language.展开更多
文摘The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.
文摘Although legal liability is a key component of local regulations and ensures their effective implementation,existing research has paid insufficient attention to the techniques for setting legal liability clauses in the local legislation,due to a lack of systematic analysis.To address this gap,this paper employs the interview method to empirically examine the formation process,as well as the techniques for establishing legal liability in local legislation,with the aim of revealing the primary legislative techniques for formulating legal liability clauses in local legislation and their application principles.Drawing from these empirical findings and analytical insights,the research demonstrates that the legal liability-setting techniques in local legislation tend to exhibit a weak coherence with regard to logic and a strong policy orientation.These issues potentially create tension with the legal norms’demands for certainty,abstraction,and completeness.Therefore,this paper proposes a three-pronged framework to harmonize competing demands by respecting local particularities and achieving context-sensitive regulatory balance.This framework advocates that local legislative practice should(a)prioritize practical rationality and rule effectiveness over logical completeness,acknowledging inherent conflicts with traditional legislative models;(b)adopt a typological legislative method to balance normative principles with governance efficiency by transcending logic-experience binaries;and(c)establish a dynamic updating mechanism with regular evaluation to maintain adaptability to socio-economic evolution.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Africa grant number[115581].
文摘Promoting environmental sustainability in South Africa’s cities through public participation is vital for foster-ing inclusive governance and equitable decision-making.Currently,63%of South Africa’s population—and 64%of its youth—live in urban areas,with this figure expected to rise to nearly 80%by 2050.Rapid urbanisation brings significant environmental challenges,including air and noise pollution,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,and inadequate waste management.Globally,cities contribute over 70%of GHG emissions and consume two-thirds of the world’s energy.South African cities face similar issues:worsening air quality in regions like the Highveld,water scarcity,urban flooding,waste management problems,and biodiversity loss due to urban sprawl.This article explores how South Africa’s consti-tutional and legislative frameworks support public participation in promoting urban environmental sustainability.Using doctrinal research,it examines key legal instruments—including the Constitution and environmental laws—that establish participatory rights and promote transparency,accountability,and inclusivity.The article draws on court decisions and case studies to highlight ongoing barriers to meaningful participation,particularly for marginalised communities.These include administrative inefficiencies,political interference,and unequal access to information and resources.The article concludes by proposing strategies such as capacity-building initiatives,the integration of traditional knowledge systems,and enhanced institutional coordination to strengthen public participation and improve urban environmental outcomes,addressing both global environmental pressures and South Africa’s unique urban sustainability challenges.
文摘Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.
文摘Reproductive medicine has been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies(ART),providing multiple options for infertile couples to conceive biological offspring.The medical and legal frameworks,governing the practice of embryologists in ART,focus on the ethical and safe handling of gametes and embryos.Embryologists play a crucial role in the success of ART procedures,requiring technical expertise and a thorough understanding of legal and ethical considerations.The importance of quality control,safety protocols,and sterility in ART laboratories is essential to ensure optimal embryo development and patient well-being.The legal responsibilities of an embryologist under the Assisted Reproductive Technology(Regulation)Act,2021 in India are required.This review emphasizes the importance of record-keeping,patient confidentiality,informed consent,and adherence to legal and ethical standards to minimize the risk of malpractice claims.Overall,this narrative review provides a detailed overview of the medical,legal,and ethical frameworks governing embryologists'practice in ART,underscoring the significance of responsible and ethical conduct in this rapidly advancing field.
基金a research result of the“Research on Li Dazhao’s Legal Thoughts,”a general project of the Li Dazhao Research Association of China in 2022(Project Number 2022YBXM01).
文摘Li Dazhao dedicated his whole life to advocating for legal rights,and his human rights theory and practice unfolded in the context of the International Labour Organization and the League of Nations from 1919 to 1920.His human rights activities encompassed both theoretical exploration and practical participation.In his early political commentary,Li Dazhao extensively discussed civil and political rights.Such terms as constitutionalism,democracy,freedom,separation of powers,political parties,speech,equality,elections,and political participation frequently appeared in his writings and were incorporated into his constitutional studies.After embracing Marxism,he paid greater attention to women’s political participation,labor movements,labor-capital relations,and labor legislation,actively supporting their rights movements.National self-determination was also a significant component of his human rights theory and practice.He focused on national issues,explored comparative studies of Chinese and Western cultures,and advocated for the right to national self-determination.
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine International Cooperation Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:1601500000027-[4]
文摘This paper presents an outline of the current status, regulations, and qualifications required for the practice of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and acupuncture in Qatar. The paper also provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities that face practitioners of Acupuncture as a complimentary medicine in Qatar and the recent licensing mechanisms introduced in January 2016. Qatar＇s 2030 vision and demand for continued development and sustainable growth includes the Chinese initiative ~One Belt, One Road＇ project which offers a golden opportunity for the further development of TCM in Qatar. The findings of this paper suggest that there are now real possibilities China and Qatar to cooperate in the exchange of medical services, training and education in the field of TCM.
基金Supported by the Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China:2013099
文摘Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for local acupuncture services. Methods Japan, South Korea, the USA and Australia were selected as the representative countries. The standards language were limited to English, Japanese and South Korean. The websites of the national standards bodies and the official websites for the acupuncture association/ institute of these four countries were searched systematically. The laws of acupuncture were included in the study. Results Technical standards made up the most of the standard system for acupuncture in Japan, basic standards accounted for the most of the system in South Korea, while management standards accounted for the largest proportion of acupuncture standard systems in the USA and Australia. Conclusion Japan and South Korea, which use acupuncture mainly due to cultural and historical influences, place emphasis on establishing technical and basic standards. The USA and Australia, which use acupuncture as a complementary therapy, place emphasis on establishing management standards of acupuncture.
文摘The increasing of development failure on highland urges the professionals to develop solution on mitigating the problems. This paper discusses on land development process and legislation on highland development in Malaysia and Hong Kong. This study is focus on land use planning, laws and regulations pertaining to land development process. Hence, this research is to review the current development process including mechanism and legislation pertaining land development on highland in Malaysia and Hong Kong. Hong Kong is chosen as an example based on the fact that for its successfulness in managing highland developments. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of land development legislations and development approaches for highland development. This research reveals the effects and consequences of implementation regulations and development process on highland that have been used at Malaysia and Hong Kong. In Malaysia, land development process on highland is still in questionable;why present property laws and regulations are fail to achieve highland development standards as compared to Hong Kong. There are weaknesses that need to be overcome such as on the implementation and the intensity of the provision in property laws and regulation that can ensure the achievement of required land development process.
文摘Biodiversity conservation and sustainably utilizing natural resources improve the benefits of ecotourism development. Ecotourism development makes values for sustainably using biodiversity creating economic development opportunities. This study reviews literature and reveals objectives, conflicts and resolutions for achieving biodiversity conservation through ecotourism development in Sri Lanka. This paper describes conservation objectives in terms of preserving and fostering biodiversity, habitat restoration and managing biodiversity, and making values for natural assets through ecotourism activities. Degradation and destruction of habitat, overexploitation and illegal extraction of species, emissions of greenhouse gasses for climate change, contamination and pollution of the environment, and spread of exotic species are identified as the main conflicts. Conservation resolutions are discussed on education and awareness-raising activities for biodiversity conservation, in-situ conservation and ex-situ preservation of species, integrating biodiversity into ecotourism development, integrating management of biodiversity and ecotourism, linking ecotourism industry and conservation organizations, ecotourism policy and legislations for biodiversity conservation, and imposition of rules and regulations. Policy solutions and building capacity among institutions and other stakeholders for governance and sustainable conservation of biodiversity are key for sustainable ecotourism development.
文摘Product quality law refers to the combination of various economical relationships and legal norms in the process of production,circulation and administration.It combines the operation of the market with the state supervision.Studying on the legislation style will be of theoretical and practical significance.
文摘The attempt of this paper is to investigate the main characteristics of the American language policy. It is one important part of the project "A study on the Strategy of Spreading Chinese Language in United States of America". This paper firstly explains the concept of language policy and then introduces the two main characteristics of the American language policy.
文摘Legal language is a pretty formal language.As part of legal language,legislative language has all the basic features of legal language and legislative language has an accurate,plain,solemn,rigorous style.People interprete legislative language and act in accordance with laws.On the contrary,behaviors and certain events also influence the characteristics of legislative language,even trigger some conflicts with it.Confronted with some advantaged influence,legislators have to make some compromises or change the characteristics of legislative language.However,legislators should adhere to remain represantations of laws to resist disadvantaged impacts.As a result,it is need to research how behaviors and certain events influence legislative language.
