Privacy-preservation and effective auditing are two desirable but challenging requirements on distributed ledgers. To meet the requirements, this paper presents an auditing scheme, called as AudiTEE, which can audit a...Privacy-preservation and effective auditing are two desirable but challenging requirements on distributed ledgers. To meet the requirements, this paper presents an auditing scheme, called as AudiTEE, which can audit a distributed ledger in a generic, efficient, and privacy-preserving manner. AudiTEE leverages Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to generate confidential but auditable transactions and realize arbitrary, efficient and confidential audit on them. Unfortunately, TEE suffers from some inherent barriers and is itself not a complete solution for fast audit. To tackle these challenges, AudiTEE takes advantage of KAMT (K-anonymity Authentication Based on Merkle Tree) protocol for efficient management on account and user-defined anonymous transactions. Further, to achieve a complete and fast audit with <i>unlinkability</i>, TEE doesn’t process through all but only a comparatively small part of transactions according to a special <i>ktag</i> attached on each transaction to ensure that a user cannot hide transactions from auditor even when auditor is blind with who is involved in each transaction on the ledger. Apart from the above, AudiTEE allows flexible control on user behaviors. We implement a concrete instance of AudiTEE under a bank setting and demonstrate the scalability with all its core functionalities.展开更多
For the goals of security and privacy preservation,we propose a blind batch encryption-and public ledger-based data sharing protocol that allows the integrity of sensitive data to be audited by a public ledger and all...For the goals of security and privacy preservation,we propose a blind batch encryption-and public ledger-based data sharing protocol that allows the integrity of sensitive data to be audited by a public ledger and allows privacy information to be preserved.Data owners can tightly manage their data with efficient revocation and only grant one-time adaptive access for the fulfillment of the requester.We prove that our protocol is semanticallly secure,blind,and secure against oblivious requesters and malicious file keepers.We also provide security analysis in the context of four typical attacks.展开更多
With the development of blockchain technology,a variety of mutually independent blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,as well as private and consortium chains,coexist in large numbers.As a linker of the blockchain ...With the development of blockchain technology,a variety of mutually independent blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,as well as private and consortium chains,coexist in large numbers.As a linker of the blockchain network,blockchain interoperability will link more blockchain ecosystems,realize the interconnection of the blockchain and enhance the scalability of the blockchain.This paper summarizes typical blockchain interoperability projects.Firstly,it proposes a blockchain interoperability definition and an architecture model.Secondly,it analyzes technical characteristics of blockchain interoperability,and typical blockchain interoperability cases are compared.Finally,the trend of future development of blockchain interoperability technology is summarized and discussed.展开更多
Blockchain is a technology that uses community validation to synchronize the content of ledgers replicated by multiple users.Although Blockchain derives its origins from technologies introduced decades ago,recently it...Blockchain is a technology that uses community validation to synchronize the content of ledgers replicated by multiple users.Although Blockchain derives its origins from technologies introduced decades ago,recently it has received an astonishing amount of attention in both academic and industry due to its charac-teristics of decentralization,point-to-point transmission,transparency,traceability,non-tampering,and data security.Both researchers and practitioners have recognized that Blockchain can be used to solve complex technical or socio-economic problems.展开更多
2021 Cyber security breaches are on the rise globally.Due to the introduction of legislation like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),companies are now subject to further financial penalties if they fai...2021 Cyber security breaches are on the rise globally.Due to the introduction of legislation like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),companies are now subject to further financial penalties if they fail to meet requirements in protecting user information.In 2018,75%of CEOs and board members considered cyber security and technology acquisitions among their top priorities,and blockchain based solutions were among the most considered options.Blockchain is a decentralised structure that offers multiple security benefits over traditional,centralised network architectures.These two approaches are compared in this chapter in areas such as data storage,the Internet of Things(IoT)and Domain Name System(DNS)in order to determine blockchain’s potential in the future of cyber security.展开更多
In order to deploy a secure WLAN mesh network,authentication of both users and APs is needed,and a secure authentication mechanism should be employed.However,some additional configurations of trusted third party agenc...In order to deploy a secure WLAN mesh network,authentication of both users and APs is needed,and a secure authentication mechanism should be employed.However,some additional configurations of trusted third party agencies are still needed on-site to deploy a secure authentication system.This paper proposes a new block chain-based authentication protocol for WLAN mesh security access,to reduce the deployment costs and resolve the issues of requiring key delivery and central server during IEEE 802.11X authentication.This method takes the user’s authentication request as a transaction,considers all the authentication records in the mesh network as the public ledger and realizes the effective monitoring of the malicious attack.Finally,this paper analyzes the security of the protocol in detail,and proves that the new method can solve the dependence of the authentication node on PKI and CA.展开更多
Since the publication of Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper on Bitcoin in 2008,blockchain has(slowly)become one of the most frequently discussed methods for securing data storage and transfer through decentralized,tru...Since the publication of Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper on Bitcoin in 2008,blockchain has(slowly)become one of the most frequently discussed methods for securing data storage and transfer through decentralized,trustless,peer-to-peer systems.This research identifies peer-reviewed literature that seeks to utilize blockchain for cyber security purposes and presents a systematic analysis of the most frequently adopted blockchain security applications.Our findings show that the Internet of Things(IoT)lends itself well to novel blockchain applications,as do networks and machine visualization,public-key cryptography,web applications,certification schemes and the secure storage of Personally Identifiable Information(PII).This timely systematic review also sheds light on future directions of research,education and practices in the blockchain and cyber security space,such as security of blockchain in IoT,security of blockchain for AI data,and sidechain security.展开更多
Blockchain has become a new frontier of venture capitals that has attracted the attention of banks,governments,and other business corporations.The recent blockchain related attempts included legal blockchains by Fadad...Blockchain has become a new frontier of venture capitals that has attracted the attention of banks,governments,and other business corporations.The recent blockchain related attempts included legal blockchains by Fadada.com and Microsoft and pork tracking blockchains by Walmart and IBM.Blockchain is poised to become the most exciting invention after the Internet;while the latter connects the world to enable new business models based on online business processes,the former will help resolve the trust issue more efficiently via network computing.In this paper,we give an overview on blockchain research and development as well as introduce the papers in this special issue.We show that while blockchain has enabled Bitcoin,the most successful digital currency,its widespread adoption in finance and other business sectors will lead to many business innovations as well as many research opportunities.展开更多
Supply chain traceability is one of the most promising use cases to benefit from characteristics of blockchain,such as decentralization,immutability and transparency,not required to build prior trust relationships amo...Supply chain traceability is one of the most promising use cases to benefit from characteristics of blockchain,such as decentralization,immutability and transparency,not required to build prior trust relationships among entities.A plethora of supply chain traceability solutions based on blockchain has been proposed recently.However,current systems are limited to tracing simple goods that have not been part of the manufacturing process.We recommend a method that allows for the traceability of manufactured goods,including their components.Products are represented using non-fungible digital tokens that are created on a blockchain for each batch of manufactured products.To create a link between a product and the components that are needed to produce it,we propose“token recipes”that define the amount of tokenized goods required for minting a new token.As input tokens are automatically and transparently consumed when creating a product token,the physical process of producing a new item out of existing components is projected onto the ledger.This ultimately leads to the complete traceability of goods,including the origin of inputs.Evaluating the performance of the system,we show that a prototypical implementation for the Ethereum Virtual Machine(EVM)scales linearly with the amount of the input and goods tracked.展开更多
Due to its complexity and involvement of numerous stakeholders,the pharmaceutical supply chain presents many challenges that companies must overcome to deliver necessary medications to patients efficiently.The pharmac...Due to its complexity and involvement of numerous stakeholders,the pharmaceutical supply chain presents many challenges that companies must overcome to deliver necessary medications to patients efficiently.The pharmaceutical supply chain poses different challenging issues,encompasses supply chain visibility,cold-chain shipping,drug counterfeiting,and rising prescription drug prices,which can considerably surge out-of-pocket patient costs.Blockchain(BC)offers the technical base for such a scheme,as it could track legitimate drugs and avoid fake circulation.The designers presented the procedure of BC with fabric for creating a secured drug supplychain management(DSCM)method.With this motivation,the study presents a new blockchain with optimal deep learning-enabled DSCM and recommendation scheme(BCODL-DSCMRS)for Pharmaceutical Industries.Firstly,Hyperledger fabric is used for DSC management,enabling effective tracking processes in the smart pharmaceutical industry.In addition,a hybrid deep belief network(HDBN)model is used to suggest the best or top-rated medicines to healthcare providers and consumers.The spotted hyena optimizer(SHO)algorithm is used to optimize the performance of the HDBN model.The design of the HSO algorithm for tuning the HDBN model demonstrates the novelty of the work.The presented model is tested on the UCI repository’s open-access drug reviews database.展开更多
This article outlines the benefits and risks of the distributed ledger technology(DLT)for the clearing and settlement of exchange-traded and OTC securities,followed by a description of the technology’s potential role...This article outlines the benefits and risks of the distributed ledger technology(DLT)for the clearing and settlement of exchange-traded and OTC securities,followed by a description of the technology’s potential role for central counterparties and central securities depositories.Although the industry and scholars are attempting to solve the technological and operational issues that DLT systems still face,outstanding legal risks are such that the financial industry is asking for more regulatory guidance and intervention.This article wants to contribute to the public policy debate by presenting potential regulatory barriers that may have to be removed for DLT to be fully adopted.In addition,it identifies areas requiring an update of the legal framework in order to address certain prudential and conduct risks that this technology could introduce.展开更多
As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process...As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.展开更多
The ultimate aim of a smart city is to enhance the quality of life for its residents and businesses through modern technologies in order to reduce resource deterioration and maintain overall costs. From this perspecti...The ultimate aim of a smart city is to enhance the quality of life for its residents and businesses through modern technologies in order to reduce resource deterioration and maintain overall costs. From this perspective, blockchain is one of these technologies that has received much attention during the recent years as it offers new alternatives for individuals and institutions in the smart city context. This study aims to explore the potential and contribution of blockchain in smart cities by studying and reviewing the literature of scientific research on the concept and fundamentals of blockchain, involving its most practical applications. In addition, it summarizes worldwide examples of success in using blockchain as well as exploring the challenges and opportunities related to this technology in smart cities. Thus, this study provides a useful reference for researchers to review all about the new blockchain technology.展开更多
This study discusses the European Union’s proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets,now subject to formal approval by the European Parliament.The objective is to explore whether it will positively impact ...This study discusses the European Union’s proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets,now subject to formal approval by the European Parliament.The objective is to explore whether it will positively impact the adoption of crypto-assets in the financial sector.The use of crypto-assets is growing.However,some stakeholders in the financial service sector remain skeptical and hesitant to adopt assets that are yet to be defined and have an unclear legal status.This regulatory uncertainty has been identified as the primary reason for the reluctant adoption.The proposed regulation(part of the EU’s Digital Finance Strategy)aims to provide this legal certainty for currently unregulated crypto-assets.This study investigates whether or not the proposed regulation can be expected to have the intended effect by reviewing the proposed regulation itself,the opinions and reactions of the various stakeholders,and secondary literature.Findings reveal that such regulation will most likely not accelerate the adoption of crypto-assets in the EU financial services sector,at least not sufficiently or as intended.Some suggestions are made to improve the proposal.展开更多
A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form.In this paper,we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technolog...A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form.In this paper,we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market.To frame this inquiry,we conducted market data analyses,a review of prior literature,stakeholder interviews with investors,originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers.We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle(e.g.investors,rating agencies,regulators and security issuers)to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data,therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data.Our platform is powered by zkLedger(Narula et al.2018),a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data.展开更多
The world is changing exponentially-never before in the history of human kind have we experienced such change.There is an unprecedented opportunity to connect creatively disruptive innovations to transform the world f...The world is changing exponentially-never before in the history of human kind have we experienced such change.There is an unprecedented opportunity to connect creatively disruptive innovations to transform the world for the better.One such creative disruption is blockchain technology.Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger,which is immutable and unhackable.In August 2016,the World Economic Forum released a report calling blockchain technology a 'mega-trend' that will shape society in the next decade,predicting that blockchains could store as much as 10% of global GDP by 2027 [1].展开更多
Redistricting is the process of grouping all census blocks within a region to form larger subdivisions, or districts. The process is typically subject to some hard rules and some (soft) preferences to improve fairness...Redistricting is the process of grouping all census blocks within a region to form larger subdivisions, or districts. The process is typically subject to some hard rules and some (soft) preferences to improve fairness of the solution. Achieving public consensus on the fairness of proposed redistricting plans is highly desirable. Unfortunately, fair redistricting is an NP hard optimization problem. The complexity of the process makes it even more challenging to convince the public of the fairness of the proposed solution. This paper proposes a completely transparent blockchain based strategy to promote public participation in the redistricting process, to increase public confidence in the outcome of the process. The proposed approach is based on the fact that one does not have to worry about how the NP hard problem was solved, as long as it is possible for anyone to compute a “goodness” metric for the proposed plan. In the proposed approach, anyone can submit a plan along with the expected metric. Only the plan with the best claimed metric needs to be evaluated in a blockchain network.展开更多
The smart city is a technological framework that connects the city’s different components to create new opportunities.This connection is possible with the help of the Internet of Things(IoT),which provides a digital ...The smart city is a technological framework that connects the city’s different components to create new opportunities.This connection is possible with the help of the Internet of Things(IoT),which provides a digital personality to physical objects.Some studies have proposed integrating Blockchain technology with IoT in different use cases as access,orchestration,or replicated storage layer.The majority of connected objects’capacity limitation makes the use of Blockchain inadequate due to its redundancy and its conventional processing-intensive consensus like PoW.This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a NOVEL model of a lightweight Blockchain framework(IoT-SmartChain),with a lightweight consensus and a lightweight structure.The framework architecture presents a role hierarchy of connected objects according to their computational and storage capacity.This organization allows all things to be linked even indirectly via different interfaces and to benefit from the power of high-capacity objects such as Fog and Edge computing nodes.Data is validated and added to the blockchain ledger by running a lightweight consensus called Proof of Random Participation(PoRP),which reduces the blockchain nodes’high computing power requirement.The TOPIC subscription-based data storage strategy called Assisted Selected Relevant Data in Local Ledger(ASRDLL)reduces the data size of a node’s local ledger and the entire network’s data size.This strategy is assisted by a centralized algorithm that optimizes the overall network size by adjusting the choice of TOPICS.The storage capacity,computational power,and energy consumption have been evaluated by a proof of concept implementation under NodeJS.展开更多
文摘Privacy-preservation and effective auditing are two desirable but challenging requirements on distributed ledgers. To meet the requirements, this paper presents an auditing scheme, called as AudiTEE, which can audit a distributed ledger in a generic, efficient, and privacy-preserving manner. AudiTEE leverages Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to generate confidential but auditable transactions and realize arbitrary, efficient and confidential audit on them. Unfortunately, TEE suffers from some inherent barriers and is itself not a complete solution for fast audit. To tackle these challenges, AudiTEE takes advantage of KAMT (K-anonymity Authentication Based on Merkle Tree) protocol for efficient management on account and user-defined anonymous transactions. Further, to achieve a complete and fast audit with <i>unlinkability</i>, TEE doesn’t process through all but only a comparatively small part of transactions according to a special <i>ktag</i> attached on each transaction to ensure that a user cannot hide transactions from auditor even when auditor is blind with who is involved in each transaction on the ledger. Apart from the above, AudiTEE allows flexible control on user behaviors. We implement a concrete instance of AudiTEE under a bank setting and demonstrate the scalability with all its core functionalities.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant no.62372245the Foundation of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Blockchain Application Technology under Grant 202105AG070005+1 种基金in part by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Datain part by the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Application of Hainan Province under Grant JSKX202202。
文摘For the goals of security and privacy preservation,we propose a blind batch encryption-and public ledger-based data sharing protocol that allows the integrity of sensitive data to be audited by a public ledger and allows privacy information to be preserved.Data owners can tightly manage their data with efficient revocation and only grant one-time adaptive access for the fulfillment of the requester.We prove that our protocol is semanticallly secure,blind,and secure against oblivious requesters and malicious file keepers.We also provide security analysis in the context of four typical attacks.
基金supported in part by the 2020 Industrial Internet Innovation and Development Project:Network Identifier Construction Project。
文摘With the development of blockchain technology,a variety of mutually independent blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,as well as private and consortium chains,coexist in large numbers.As a linker of the blockchain network,blockchain interoperability will link more blockchain ecosystems,realize the interconnection of the blockchain and enhance the scalability of the blockchain.This paper summarizes typical blockchain interoperability projects.Firstly,it proposes a blockchain interoperability definition and an architecture model.Secondly,it analyzes technical characteristics of blockchain interoperability,and typical blockchain interoperability cases are compared.Finally,the trend of future development of blockchain interoperability technology is summarized and discussed.
文摘Blockchain is a technology that uses community validation to synchronize the content of ledgers replicated by multiple users.Although Blockchain derives its origins from technologies introduced decades ago,recently it has received an astonishing amount of attention in both academic and industry due to its charac-teristics of decentralization,point-to-point transmission,transparency,traceability,non-tampering,and data security.Both researchers and practitioners have recognized that Blockchain can be used to solve complex technical or socio-economic problems.
文摘2021 Cyber security breaches are on the rise globally.Due to the introduction of legislation like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),companies are now subject to further financial penalties if they fail to meet requirements in protecting user information.In 2018,75%of CEOs and board members considered cyber security and technology acquisitions among their top priorities,and blockchain based solutions were among the most considered options.Blockchain is a decentralised structure that offers multiple security benefits over traditional,centralised network architectures.These two approaches are compared in this chapter in areas such as data storage,the Internet of Things(IoT)and Domain Name System(DNS)in order to determine blockchain’s potential in the future of cyber security.
文摘In order to deploy a secure WLAN mesh network,authentication of both users and APs is needed,and a secure authentication mechanism should be employed.However,some additional configurations of trusted third party agencies are still needed on-site to deploy a secure authentication system.This paper proposes a new block chain-based authentication protocol for WLAN mesh security access,to reduce the deployment costs and resolve the issues of requiring key delivery and central server during IEEE 802.11X authentication.This method takes the user’s authentication request as a transaction,considers all the authentication records in the mesh network as the public ledger and realizes the effective monitoring of the malicious attack.Finally,this paper analyzes the security of the protocol in detail,and proves that the new method can solve the dependence of the authentication node on PKI and CA.
文摘Since the publication of Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper on Bitcoin in 2008,blockchain has(slowly)become one of the most frequently discussed methods for securing data storage and transfer through decentralized,trustless,peer-to-peer systems.This research identifies peer-reviewed literature that seeks to utilize blockchain for cyber security purposes and presents a systematic analysis of the most frequently adopted blockchain security applications.Our findings show that the Internet of Things(IoT)lends itself well to novel blockchain applications,as do networks and machine visualization,public-key cryptography,web applications,certification schemes and the secure storage of Personally Identifiable Information(PII).This timely systematic review also sheds light on future directions of research,education and practices in the blockchain and cyber security space,such as security of blockchain in IoT,security of blockchain for AI data,and sidechain security.
文摘Blockchain has become a new frontier of venture capitals that has attracted the attention of banks,governments,and other business corporations.The recent blockchain related attempts included legal blockchains by Fadada.com and Microsoft and pork tracking blockchains by Walmart and IBM.Blockchain is poised to become the most exciting invention after the Internet;while the latter connects the world to enable new business models based on online business processes,the former will help resolve the trust issue more efficiently via network computing.In this paper,we give an overview on blockchain research and development as well as introduce the papers in this special issue.We show that while blockchain has enabled Bitcoin,the most successful digital currency,its widespread adoption in finance and other business sectors will lead to many business innovations as well as many research opportunities.
基金The research conducted has been funded by Deutsche Telekom,Bonn,Germany and EIT Digital,Brussels,Belgium as part of the eBIZ project with grant number 17148-18.
文摘Supply chain traceability is one of the most promising use cases to benefit from characteristics of blockchain,such as decentralization,immutability and transparency,not required to build prior trust relationships among entities.A plethora of supply chain traceability solutions based on blockchain has been proposed recently.However,current systems are limited to tracing simple goods that have not been part of the manufacturing process.We recommend a method that allows for the traceability of manufactured goods,including their components.Products are represented using non-fungible digital tokens that are created on a blockchain for each batch of manufactured products.To create a link between a product and the components that are needed to produce it,we propose“token recipes”that define the amount of tokenized goods required for minting a new token.As input tokens are automatically and transparently consumed when creating a product token,the physical process of producing a new item out of existing components is projected onto the ledger.This ultimately leads to the complete traceability of goods,including the origin of inputs.Evaluating the performance of the system,we show that a prototypical implementation for the Ethereum Virtual Machine(EVM)scales linearly with the amount of the input and goods tracked.
文摘Due to its complexity and involvement of numerous stakeholders,the pharmaceutical supply chain presents many challenges that companies must overcome to deliver necessary medications to patients efficiently.The pharmaceutical supply chain poses different challenging issues,encompasses supply chain visibility,cold-chain shipping,drug counterfeiting,and rising prescription drug prices,which can considerably surge out-of-pocket patient costs.Blockchain(BC)offers the technical base for such a scheme,as it could track legitimate drugs and avoid fake circulation.The designers presented the procedure of BC with fabric for creating a secured drug supplychain management(DSCM)method.With this motivation,the study presents a new blockchain with optimal deep learning-enabled DSCM and recommendation scheme(BCODL-DSCMRS)for Pharmaceutical Industries.Firstly,Hyperledger fabric is used for DSC management,enabling effective tracking processes in the smart pharmaceutical industry.In addition,a hybrid deep belief network(HDBN)model is used to suggest the best or top-rated medicines to healthcare providers and consumers.The spotted hyena optimizer(SHO)algorithm is used to optimize the performance of the HDBN model.The design of the HSO algorithm for tuning the HDBN model demonstrates the novelty of the work.The presented model is tested on the UCI repository’s open-access drug reviews database.
文摘This article outlines the benefits and risks of the distributed ledger technology(DLT)for the clearing and settlement of exchange-traded and OTC securities,followed by a description of the technology’s potential role for central counterparties and central securities depositories.Although the industry and scholars are attempting to solve the technological and operational issues that DLT systems still face,outstanding legal risks are such that the financial industry is asking for more regulatory guidance and intervention.This article wants to contribute to the public policy debate by presenting potential regulatory barriers that may have to be removed for DLT to be fully adopted.In addition,it identifies areas requiring an update of the legal framework in order to address certain prudential and conduct risks that this technology could introduce.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C01105)the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0101090003)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2701100)These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.
文摘The ultimate aim of a smart city is to enhance the quality of life for its residents and businesses through modern technologies in order to reduce resource deterioration and maintain overall costs. From this perspective, blockchain is one of these technologies that has received much attention during the recent years as it offers new alternatives for individuals and institutions in the smart city context. This study aims to explore the potential and contribution of blockchain in smart cities by studying and reviewing the literature of scientific research on the concept and fundamentals of blockchain, involving its most practical applications. In addition, it summarizes worldwide examples of success in using blockchain as well as exploring the challenges and opportunities related to this technology in smart cities. Thus, this study provides a useful reference for researchers to review all about the new blockchain technology.
文摘This study discusses the European Union’s proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets,now subject to formal approval by the European Parliament.The objective is to explore whether it will positively impact the adoption of crypto-assets in the financial sector.The use of crypto-assets is growing.However,some stakeholders in the financial service sector remain skeptical and hesitant to adopt assets that are yet to be defined and have an unclear legal status.This regulatory uncertainty has been identified as the primary reason for the reluctant adoption.The proposed regulation(part of the EU’s Digital Finance Strategy)aims to provide this legal certainty for currently unregulated crypto-assets.This study investigates whether or not the proposed regulation can be expected to have the intended effect by reviewing the proposed regulation itself,the opinions and reactions of the various stakeholders,and secondary literature.Findings reveal that such regulation will most likely not accelerate the adoption of crypto-assets in the EU financial services sector,at least not sufficiently or as intended.Some suggestions are made to improve the proposal.
基金We received funding solely from our institution to perform this research.
文摘A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form.In this paper,we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market.To frame this inquiry,we conducted market data analyses,a review of prior literature,stakeholder interviews with investors,originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers.We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle(e.g.investors,rating agencies,regulators and security issuers)to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data,therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data.Our platform is powered by zkLedger(Narula et al.2018),a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data.
文摘The world is changing exponentially-never before in the history of human kind have we experienced such change.There is an unprecedented opportunity to connect creatively disruptive innovations to transform the world for the better.One such creative disruption is blockchain technology.Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger,which is immutable and unhackable.In August 2016,the World Economic Forum released a report calling blockchain technology a 'mega-trend' that will shape society in the next decade,predicting that blockchains could store as much as 10% of global GDP by 2027 [1].
文摘Redistricting is the process of grouping all census blocks within a region to form larger subdivisions, or districts. The process is typically subject to some hard rules and some (soft) preferences to improve fairness of the solution. Achieving public consensus on the fairness of proposed redistricting plans is highly desirable. Unfortunately, fair redistricting is an NP hard optimization problem. The complexity of the process makes it even more challenging to convince the public of the fairness of the proposed solution. This paper proposes a completely transparent blockchain based strategy to promote public participation in the redistricting process, to increase public confidence in the outcome of the process. The proposed approach is based on the fact that one does not have to worry about how the NP hard problem was solved, as long as it is possible for anyone to compute a “goodness” metric for the proposed plan. In the proposed approach, anyone can submit a plan along with the expected metric. Only the plan with the best claimed metric needs to be evaluated in a blockchain network.
文摘The smart city is a technological framework that connects the city’s different components to create new opportunities.This connection is possible with the help of the Internet of Things(IoT),which provides a digital personality to physical objects.Some studies have proposed integrating Blockchain technology with IoT in different use cases as access,orchestration,or replicated storage layer.The majority of connected objects’capacity limitation makes the use of Blockchain inadequate due to its redundancy and its conventional processing-intensive consensus like PoW.This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a NOVEL model of a lightweight Blockchain framework(IoT-SmartChain),with a lightweight consensus and a lightweight structure.The framework architecture presents a role hierarchy of connected objects according to their computational and storage capacity.This organization allows all things to be linked even indirectly via different interfaces and to benefit from the power of high-capacity objects such as Fog and Edge computing nodes.Data is validated and added to the blockchain ledger by running a lightweight consensus called Proof of Random Participation(PoRP),which reduces the blockchain nodes’high computing power requirement.The TOPIC subscription-based data storage strategy called Assisted Selected Relevant Data in Local Ledger(ASRDLL)reduces the data size of a node’s local ledger and the entire network’s data size.This strategy is assisted by a centralized algorithm that optimizes the overall network size by adjusting the choice of TOPICS.The storage capacity,computational power,and energy consumption have been evaluated by a proof of concept implementation under NodeJS.
