Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characte...Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.展开更多
Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural...Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.展开更多
Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phe...Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phenotypes mainly relies on manual measurement which is inefficient,subjective and destroys samples.Therefore,the paper proposes a nondestructive measurement method for the canopy phenotype of the watermelon plug seedlings based on deep learning.The Azure Kinect was used to shoot canopy color images,depth images,and RGB-D images of the watermelon plug seedlings.The Mask-RCNN network was used to classify,segment,and count the canopy leaves of the watermelon plug seedlings.To reduce the error of leaf area measurement caused by mutual occlusion of leaves,the leaves were repaired by CycleGAN,and the depth images were restored by image processing.Then,the Delaunay triangulation was adopted to measure the leaf area in the leaf point cloud.The YOLOX target detection network was used to identify the growing point position of each seedling on the plug tray.Then the depth differences between the growing point and the upper surface of the plug tray were calculated to obtain plant height.The experiment results show that the nondestructive measurement algorithm proposed in this paper achieves good measurement performance for the watermelon plug seedlings from the 1 true-leaf to 3 true-leaf stages.The average relative error of measurement is 2.33%for the number of true leaves,4.59%for the number of cotyledons,8.37%for the leaf area,and 3.27%for the plant height.The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm in this paper provides an effective solution for the nondestructive measurement of the canopy phenotype of the plug seedlings.展开更多
Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-w...Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-wide association study(Pan-GWAS)on 302 diverse rice accessions from southern China,identifying 49 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with leaf thickness.The most significant locus,qLT9,is fine-mapped to a 79-kb region on chromosome 9.Transcriptomic and genomic sequence analyses identify LOC_Os09g33480,which encodes a protein belonging to Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factor family,as the key candidate gene.Overexpression and complementation transgenic experiments confirm LOC_Os09g33480(OsLT9)as the functional gene underlying qLT9,demonstrating a 24-bp Indel in its promoter correlates with the expression levels and leaf thickness.Notably,OsLT9 overexpression lines show not only thicker leaf,but also significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield,establishing a link between leaf thickness modulation and yield enhancement.Population genomic analyses indicate strong selection for OsLT9 during domestication and breeding,with modern cultivars favoring thick leaf haplotype of OsLT9.This study establishes OsLT9 as a key regulator controlling leaf thickness in rice,and provides a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice through optimization of plant architecture.展开更多
Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms ...Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.Here,we reveal that the auxin response factor gene,OsARF12,which is highly expressed in the leaf lamina joint,negatively regulates rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaf angle via affecting shoot gravitropism.Overexpression lines of OsARF12 exhibit more erect leaf angles,while the osarf12 mutants display enlarged leaf angles compared to the wild type.Further studies demonstrate that OsARF12 directly activates the expression of Loose Plant Architecture1(LPA1)and LAZY1 by binding to their promoters.The osarf12 mutant presents impaired shoot gravitropism,a phenotype consistent with that of the lpa1 and lazy1 mutants.Collectively,we elucidate the biological functions of OsARF12,which modulates leaf angle through its impact on shoot gravitropism by regulating the expression levels of LPA1 and LAZY1.This study provides insight into the role of auxin in determining rice leaf angle,potentially holding profound effects for the optimization of crop architecture.展开更多
The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgr...The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgrowing afforestation species made significant contributions to enhancing carbon sequestration.However,the impact of understory vegetation on carbon accumulation remains unclear.Especially,the carbon accumulation associated with litter produced during the replacement of understory species receives insufficient attention,which leads to the neglect of the carbon sequestration potential in plantations of karst areas.Leaf is a crucial organ that links the litter production.To explore how leaf traits adapt to competitive environments and drive litter carbon accumulation during understory species replacement,this study observed leaf traits and litter carbon content changes in three types of plantations in the Liujiang River Basin,a typical karst area.A total of 37 sampling plots were selected for field investigation over a twoyear period.Leaf traits,species diversity,vegetation coverage,and litter carbon characteristics in understory vegetation were measured.Variance analysis,allometric equations,and path analysis were used for data analysis.The results showed that most understory species adopted a biomass conservation strategy under high-coverage conditions(>44.27%)and expanded competitive leaf area under low-coverage conditions(<44.27%).However,Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus exhibited strong competitiveness during understory species replacement.They showed an expansion of competitive leaf area under high-coverage conditions.This competitive strategy reduced species diversity and community specific leaf area.But the rapid expansion of Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus increased understory vegetation coverage,and their increased specific leaf area facilitated leaf shedding,resulting in significant litter weight accumulation(P<0.05),thereby enhancing litter carbon content per unit area.These competitive strategies were key driving factors for the increase in litter carbon content per square meter,which reached a maximum of 49.6% higher than that in natural grasslands.And the maximum increase in litter carbon accumulation derived from understory vegetation reached 3.37 times from 2023 to 2024 in plantations.In the understory vegetation of plantations,the competitive strategies reflected by leaf adaptation of key competitive species are critical factors influencing litter carbon accumulation.Future research could deeply explore the carbon sequestration effects resulting from the dynamic changes in competition within the understory vegetation of plantations.展开更多
The trade-off between leaf size and leafing intensity(i.e.,the number of leaves per unit stem size)is a key axis of trait covariation across the diversity of plant foliage deployment.However,the functional significanc...The trade-off between leaf size and leafing intensity(i.e.,the number of leaves per unit stem size)is a key axis of trait covariation across the diversity of plant foliage deployment.However,the functional significance of leafing intensity and its possible combinations with leaf size in dealing with water limitation remains unclear.Using Populus euphratica as an illustrative tree species growing in hyper-arid climates,we investigated how leaf size and leafing intensity co-varied under varying water stresses.In the Ebinor lowlands and the upper reaches of the Tarim River(NW China),we sampled>1800 current-year twigs from 505 trees across 14 sites along a climatic gradient characterized by precipitation,potential evapotranspiration and vapor pressure deficit.Leafing intensity based on stem mass(LIM)decreased with climatic aridity,primarily due to greater stem mass,but not fewer leaves.This indicates a higher investment in structural support for leaf attachment under water stress.Both leaf area and mass decreased with LIM at a lower-than-proportional rate,with the decrease in leaf size being more pronounced under drier climates.This suggests that higher LIM incurs a high cost of reducing leaf size in water-limited habitats.These findings challenge the assumption that higher leafing intensity always confers an advantage ready for environmental stresses due to higher developmental flexibility offered by more axillary buds.Rather,we propose that a strategy of lower leafing intensity,with greater structural support for leaf attachment and less compromise in leaf size,can be advantageous under water limitation.展开更多
Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting d...Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
The effects of nitrogen(N)deposition on forest soil organic carbon(SOC)are largely unclear,likely due to the divergent responses of particulate(POC)and mineral-associated carbon(MAOC).Conventional understory inorganic...The effects of nitrogen(N)deposition on forest soil organic carbon(SOC)are largely unclear,likely due to the divergent responses of particulate(POC)and mineral-associated carbon(MAOC).Conventional understory inorganic N(UIN)additions neglect canopy processes and the impacts of organic N,potentially misevaluating N deposition effects.This study was conducted in a long-term N addition experiment established in a Moso bamboo forest,which included six treatments combining canopy and understory N additions with organic(urea glycine)and inorganic(NH_(4)NO_(3))forms at a rate of 50 kg N·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1).Litterbags were installed for a two-year decomposition experiment and collected at quarterly intervals,together with concurrent soil sampling under litterbags at 0–10 cm depth.We aimed to examine the effects of canopy vs.understory N addition and organic vs.inorganic N form on soil POC and MAOC concentrations.Our results showed that canopy N additions significantly reduced POC(ased POC-15.9%)but did not affect MAOC(P>0.05).Conversely,understory N additions significantly incre(30.9%)and decreased MAOC(and fungal diversity(FuD),-28.9%).Canopy N additions decreased POC by enhancing peroxidase activity while understory N additions promoted POC by inhibiting litter decomposition.Additionally,understory N addition-induced soil acidification decreased soil Ca^(2+)concentration,microbial carbon use efficiency,and bacterial necromass C,as well as the release of litter water-soluble compounds,thereby inhibiting MAOC.Moreover,nitrogen forms(organic vs.inorganic)had no effect on SOC fractions.Our findings underscore that canopy and understory N addition approaches differentially regulate SOC fractions by altering litter decomposition–microbial–mineral interactions,and the understory approach may overestimate soil POC gain and MAOC loss driven by atmospheric N deposition.展开更多
Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the i...Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.展开更多
To ascertain the genetic diversity of gray leaf spot pathogen on Dictamnus dasycarpus popoulation in Heilongjiang Province,a total of 57 strains of Paracercospora dictamnicola were isolated and purified from the disea...To ascertain the genetic diversity of gray leaf spot pathogen on Dictamnus dasycarpus popoulation in Heilongjiang Province,a total of 57 strains of Paracercospora dictamnicola were isolated and purified from the diseased samples collected from five Chinese herbal medicine planting areas in Heilongjiang Province between the years of 2021 and 2022.Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction(Rep–PCR)was used to amplify 57 isolates of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different regions of Heilongjiang Province.The polymorphic bands amplified by three sets of primers accounted for more than 80%.Cluster analysis results showed that at a similarity coefficient of 0.67,the gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus in Heilongjiang Province could be divided into five major genetic groups.Genetic diversity parameter analysis indicated that there were certain differences in genetic richness among the geographic populations of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different regions.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that genetic variation among strains mainly originated within populations.The genetic differentiation and relationships of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different geographic regions of Heilongjiang Province indicated that genetic differentiation and kinship among populations were somewhat related to their geographic distance.The greater the geographic distance,the higher the genetic differentiation coefficient,and the lower the genetic uniformity among populations.展开更多
Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance...Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.展开更多
The increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration is indisputable. In such condition, photosynthetic response of leaf is relatively well studied, while the comparison of that between single leaf and whole canopy is less...The increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration is indisputable. In such condition, photosynthetic response of leaf is relatively well studied, while the comparison of that between single leaf and whole canopy is less emphasized. The stimulation of elevated CO 2 on canopy photosynthesis may be different from that on single leaf level. In this study, leaf and canopy photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied throughout the growing season. High CO 2 and temperature had a synergetic stimulation on single leaf photosynthetic rate until grain filling. Photosynthesis of leaf was stimulated by high CO 2, although the stimulation was decreased by higher temperature at grain filling stage. On the other hand, the simulation of elevated CO 2 on canopy photosynthesis leveled off with time. Stimulation at canopy level disappeared by grain filling stage in both temperature treatments. Green leaf area index was not significantly affected by CO 2 at maturity, but greater in plants grown at higher temperature. Leaf nitrogen content decreased with the increase of CO 2 concentration although it was not statistically significant at maturity. Canopy respiration rate increased at flowering stage indicating higher carbon loss. Shading effect caused by leaf development reached maximum at flowering stage. The CO 2 stimulation on photosynthesis was greater in single leaf than in canopy. Since enhanced CO 2 significantly increased biomass of rice stems and panicles, increase in canopy respiration caused diminishment of CO 2 stimulation in canopy net photosynthesis. Leaf nitrogen in the canopy level decreased with CO 2 concentration and may eventually hasten CO 2 stimulation on canopy photosynthesis. Early senescence of canopy leaves in high CO 2 is also a possible cause.展开更多
Monitoring rice growth by spectral remote sensing technology can provide scientific basis for the high yield and efficient production of rice. Field experiments with different nitrogen application amounts using Tianyo...Monitoring rice growth by spectral remote sensing technology can provide scientific basis for the high yield and efficient production of rice. Field experiments with different nitrogen application amounts using Tianyouhuazhan rice as test sam- ples were set up to study the relationship between rice leaf area index （LAI） and canopy reflectance spectral. The results showed that： the LAI increased with the amount of applied nitrogen; the canopy reflectance spectral showed significant re- sponse characteristics to groups with different nitrogen application levels; the corre- lation coefficient of LAI and canopy spectral reflectance reached the maximum at 720 nm red edge region. The mathematical model was constructed to predict the LAI according to the canopy reflectance spectra of rice.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [M...[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [Method] Two winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L） cultivars, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11, which differed in low radiation resistance, were used to measure the CAP, photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the top three leaves, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and grain yield. In the test, three treatments were designed from jointing to maturity, as follows： control without shad- ing （So）, S1 and S2 treatments with 22% and 33% sunshine shaded. [Result] CAP of Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 declined with shading. Under low radiation, Pn of flag leaf declined significantly, while no obvious effects were found on Pn of the 2nd leaf, and Pn of the 3rn leaf increased significantly, which partially compensated the decrease of Pn of the flag leaf. In addition, the compensation effect differed in shading and cultivars： compensation effect in S1 group was higher than that of S2 and effect of Yangmai 158 was higher than that of Yangmai 11. During the period of high Pn. shading decreased the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and a/b. [Conclusion] Under low radiation, the decrease of chlorophyll a and a/b led to substantial declining of Pn. and CAP declined accordingly, finally resulting in drop of grain yield. The research provides important theoretical basis for wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.展开更多
The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within...The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.展开更多
Leaf pigments are critical indicators of plant photosynthesis,stress,and physiological conditions.Inversion of radiative transfer models(RTMs)is a promising method for robustly retrieving leaf biochem-ical traits from...Leaf pigments are critical indicators of plant photosynthesis,stress,and physiological conditions.Inversion of radiative transfer models(RTMs)is a promising method for robustly retrieving leaf biochem-ical traits from canopy observations,and adding prior information has been effective in alleviating the“ill-posed”problem,a major challenge in model inversion.Canopy structure parameters,such as leaf area index(LAI)and average leaf inclination angle(ALA),can serve as prior information for leaf pigment retrie-val.Using canopy spectra simulated from the PROSAIL model,we estimated the effects of uncertainty in LAI and ALA used as prior information for lookup table-based inversions of leaf chlorophyll(C _(ab))and car-otenoid(C_(ar)).The retrieval accuracies of the two pigments were increased by use of the priors of LAI(RMSE of C_(ab) from 7.67 to 6.32μg cm^(-2),C_(ar) from 2.41 to 2.28μg cm^(-2))and ALA(RMSE of C_(ab) from 7.67 to 5.72μg cm^(-2),C_(ar) from 2.41 to 2.23μg cm^(-2)).However,this improvement deteriorated with an increase of additive and multiplicative uncertainties,and when 40% and 20% noise was added to LAI and ALA respectively,these priors ceased to increase retrieval accuracy.Validation using an experimental winter wheat dataset also showed that compared with C_(ar),the estimation accuracy of C_(ab) increased more or deteriorated less with uncertainty in prior canopy structure.This study demonstrates possible limita-tions of using prior information in RTM inversions for retrieval of leaf biochemistry,when large uncer-tainties are present.展开更多
By replacing leaf area index （LAI） with effective leaf area index （ELAI） through introduction of leaf rolling index （LRI）, the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in the canopies of thre...By replacing leaf area index （LAI） with effective leaf area index （ELAI） through introduction of leaf rolling index （LRI）, the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in the canopies of three hybrid rice combinations, Liangyou E32 with high LRI, Liangyoupeijiu with moderate LRI and Shanyou 63 with non-rolling leaves （normal）, were simulated. The model based on ELAI could predict more accurately than that based on LAI. The PAR interception, conversion and utilization efficiency in the three combinations were studied to evaluate their optimal LRI and LAI. The PAR utilization efficiency of Liangyou E32 was lower due to excessive rolling leaves and less ELAI, and that of Shanyou 63 was also lower because of the faulty PAR interception and lower photosynthetic rate and saturation point at lower layer in canopy. Compared with the above two combinations, Liangyoupeijiu showed more appropriate distribution of PAR interception and conversion efficiency in canopy, and higher PAR utilization efficiency. The optimal LRI and LAI for Liangyoupeijiu were 0.11 and 7.6, respectively, which were close to the observed value, 0.11 and 7.9, respectively. However, the optimum LAI was 9.8 for Liangyou E32 and 6.2 for Shanyou 63, larger or smaller than those under the current plant density, which led to lower efficiency of PAR utilization. Besides, the optimum LRI for Liangyou E32 and Shanyou 63 were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively, which were close to the actual LRI for Liangyoupeijiu （0.11）.展开更多
A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affect...A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201890 and 32272197)the Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu province,China(Grant Nos.BE2022425 and BK20220017)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2301401)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201654 and U22A20464)National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2020YFA0907600)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFD1001900)the HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2022006).
文摘Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phenotypes mainly relies on manual measurement which is inefficient,subjective and destroys samples.Therefore,the paper proposes a nondestructive measurement method for the canopy phenotype of the watermelon plug seedlings based on deep learning.The Azure Kinect was used to shoot canopy color images,depth images,and RGB-D images of the watermelon plug seedlings.The Mask-RCNN network was used to classify,segment,and count the canopy leaves of the watermelon plug seedlings.To reduce the error of leaf area measurement caused by mutual occlusion of leaves,the leaves were repaired by CycleGAN,and the depth images were restored by image processing.Then,the Delaunay triangulation was adopted to measure the leaf area in the leaf point cloud.The YOLOX target detection network was used to identify the growing point position of each seedling on the plug tray.Then the depth differences between the growing point and the upper surface of the plug tray were calculated to obtain plant height.The experiment results show that the nondestructive measurement algorithm proposed in this paper achieves good measurement performance for the watermelon plug seedlings from the 1 true-leaf to 3 true-leaf stages.The average relative error of measurement is 2.33%for the number of true leaves,4.59%for the number of cotyledons,8.37%for the leaf area,and 3.27%for the plant height.The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm in this paper provides an effective solution for the nondestructive measurement of the canopy phenotype of the plug seedlings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301845)GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515012339)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200801)Seed industry revitalization project of special fund for rural revitalization strategy in Guangdong Province(2024-NPY-00-001)Modern Seed Industry Innovation Capacity Enhancement Progject of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI(2023YG01)Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology(2023B1212060042).
文摘Leaf thickness in rice critically influences photosynthetic efficiency and yield,yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood,with few functional genes previously characterized.In this study,we employ a pangenome-wide association study(Pan-GWAS)on 302 diverse rice accessions from southern China,identifying 49 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with leaf thickness.The most significant locus,qLT9,is fine-mapped to a 79-kb region on chromosome 9.Transcriptomic and genomic sequence analyses identify LOC_Os09g33480,which encodes a protein belonging to Multiple Organellar RNA Editing Factor family,as the key candidate gene.Overexpression and complementation transgenic experiments confirm LOC_Os09g33480(OsLT9)as the functional gene underlying qLT9,demonstrating a 24-bp Indel in its promoter correlates with the expression levels and leaf thickness.Notably,OsLT9 overexpression lines show not only thicker leaf,but also significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield,establishing a link between leaf thickness modulation and yield enhancement.Population genomic analyses indicate strong selection for OsLT9 during domestication and breeding,with modern cultivars favoring thick leaf haplotype of OsLT9.This study establishes OsLT9 as a key regulator controlling leaf thickness in rice,and provides a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice through optimization of plant architecture.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871592)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042022kf0015)+1 种基金the Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFA009)the Project for Technology Innovation of Hubei Province(2024BBA005).
文摘Leaf angle is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly influences crop architecture and yield.Plant hormones,such as auxin,play a critical role in regulating leaf angle;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.Here,we reveal that the auxin response factor gene,OsARF12,which is highly expressed in the leaf lamina joint,negatively regulates rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaf angle via affecting shoot gravitropism.Overexpression lines of OsARF12 exhibit more erect leaf angles,while the osarf12 mutants display enlarged leaf angles compared to the wild type.Further studies demonstrate that OsARF12 directly activates the expression of Loose Plant Architecture1(LPA1)and LAZY1 by binding to their promoters.The osarf12 mutant presents impaired shoot gravitropism,a phenotype consistent with that of the lpa1 and lazy1 mutants.Collectively,we elucidate the biological functions of OsARF12,which modulates leaf angle through its impact on shoot gravitropism by regulating the expression levels of LPA1 and LAZY1.This study provides insight into the role of auxin in determining rice leaf angle,potentially holding profound effects for the optimization of crop architecture.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation supported by Yunnan Agricultural University(A3012024035044)International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42361144885).
文摘The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgrowing afforestation species made significant contributions to enhancing carbon sequestration.However,the impact of understory vegetation on carbon accumulation remains unclear.Especially,the carbon accumulation associated with litter produced during the replacement of understory species receives insufficient attention,which leads to the neglect of the carbon sequestration potential in plantations of karst areas.Leaf is a crucial organ that links the litter production.To explore how leaf traits adapt to competitive environments and drive litter carbon accumulation during understory species replacement,this study observed leaf traits and litter carbon content changes in three types of plantations in the Liujiang River Basin,a typical karst area.A total of 37 sampling plots were selected for field investigation over a twoyear period.Leaf traits,species diversity,vegetation coverage,and litter carbon characteristics in understory vegetation were measured.Variance analysis,allometric equations,and path analysis were used for data analysis.The results showed that most understory species adopted a biomass conservation strategy under high-coverage conditions(>44.27%)and expanded competitive leaf area under low-coverage conditions(<44.27%).However,Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus exhibited strong competitiveness during understory species replacement.They showed an expansion of competitive leaf area under high-coverage conditions.This competitive strategy reduced species diversity and community specific leaf area.But the rapid expansion of Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus increased understory vegetation coverage,and their increased specific leaf area facilitated leaf shedding,resulting in significant litter weight accumulation(P<0.05),thereby enhancing litter carbon content per unit area.These competitive strategies were key driving factors for the increase in litter carbon content per square meter,which reached a maximum of 49.6% higher than that in natural grasslands.And the maximum increase in litter carbon accumulation derived from understory vegetation reached 3.37 times from 2023 to 2024 in plantations.In the understory vegetation of plantations,the competitive strategies reflected by leaf adaptation of key competitive species are critical factors influencing litter carbon accumulation.Future research could deeply explore the carbon sequestration effects resulting from the dynamic changes in competition within the understory vegetation of plantations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460329)the Bintuan Science&Technology Program(2024AB075)to L.H+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360279)an open program from the Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in the Tarim Basin(BRZD2004)a provincial talentintroduction program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to D.H.
文摘The trade-off between leaf size and leafing intensity(i.e.,the number of leaves per unit stem size)is a key axis of trait covariation across the diversity of plant foliage deployment.However,the functional significance of leafing intensity and its possible combinations with leaf size in dealing with water limitation remains unclear.Using Populus euphratica as an illustrative tree species growing in hyper-arid climates,we investigated how leaf size and leafing intensity co-varied under varying water stresses.In the Ebinor lowlands and the upper reaches of the Tarim River(NW China),we sampled>1800 current-year twigs from 505 trees across 14 sites along a climatic gradient characterized by precipitation,potential evapotranspiration and vapor pressure deficit.Leafing intensity based on stem mass(LIM)decreased with climatic aridity,primarily due to greater stem mass,but not fewer leaves.This indicates a higher investment in structural support for leaf attachment under water stress.Both leaf area and mass decreased with LIM at a lower-than-proportional rate,with the decrease in leaf size being more pronounced under drier climates.This suggests that higher LIM incurs a high cost of reducing leaf size in water-limited habitats.These findings challenge the assumption that higher leafing intensity always confers an advantage ready for environmental stresses due to higher developmental flexibility offered by more axillary buds.Rather,we propose that a strategy of lower leafing intensity,with greater structural support for leaf attachment and less compromise in leaf size,can be advantageous under water limitation.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Project,China(2025CSA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001467)。
文摘Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
文摘The effects of nitrogen(N)deposition on forest soil organic carbon(SOC)are largely unclear,likely due to the divergent responses of particulate(POC)and mineral-associated carbon(MAOC).Conventional understory inorganic N(UIN)additions neglect canopy processes and the impacts of organic N,potentially misevaluating N deposition effects.This study was conducted in a long-term N addition experiment established in a Moso bamboo forest,which included six treatments combining canopy and understory N additions with organic(urea glycine)and inorganic(NH_(4)NO_(3))forms at a rate of 50 kg N·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1).Litterbags were installed for a two-year decomposition experiment and collected at quarterly intervals,together with concurrent soil sampling under litterbags at 0–10 cm depth.We aimed to examine the effects of canopy vs.understory N addition and organic vs.inorganic N form on soil POC and MAOC concentrations.Our results showed that canopy N additions significantly reduced POC(ased POC-15.9%)but did not affect MAOC(P>0.05).Conversely,understory N additions significantly incre(30.9%)and decreased MAOC(and fungal diversity(FuD),-28.9%).Canopy N additions decreased POC by enhancing peroxidase activity while understory N additions promoted POC by inhibiting litter decomposition.Additionally,understory N addition-induced soil acidification decreased soil Ca^(2+)concentration,microbial carbon use efficiency,and bacterial necromass C,as well as the release of litter water-soluble compounds,thereby inhibiting MAOC.Moreover,nitrogen forms(organic vs.inorganic)had no effect on SOC fractions.Our findings underscore that canopy and understory N addition approaches differentially regulate SOC fractions by altering litter decomposition–microbial–mineral interactions,and the understory approach may overestimate soil POC gain and MAOC loss driven by atmospheric N deposition.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2400600)Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(2023JDRC0043)Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SCCXTD-2024-15)。
文摘Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.
基金Supported by the Green Plant Protection Project of Heilongjiang Province(2130108)Key R&D Program Project of Heilongjiang Province(2023ZX02B0502)Heilongjiang Province Rice Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation System Project(2025)。
文摘To ascertain the genetic diversity of gray leaf spot pathogen on Dictamnus dasycarpus popoulation in Heilongjiang Province,a total of 57 strains of Paracercospora dictamnicola were isolated and purified from the diseased samples collected from five Chinese herbal medicine planting areas in Heilongjiang Province between the years of 2021 and 2022.Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction(Rep–PCR)was used to amplify 57 isolates of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different regions of Heilongjiang Province.The polymorphic bands amplified by three sets of primers accounted for more than 80%.Cluster analysis results showed that at a similarity coefficient of 0.67,the gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus in Heilongjiang Province could be divided into five major genetic groups.Genetic diversity parameter analysis indicated that there were certain differences in genetic richness among the geographic populations of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different regions.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that genetic variation among strains mainly originated within populations.The genetic differentiation and relationships of gray leaf spot pathogen on D.dasycarpus from different geographic regions of Heilongjiang Province indicated that genetic differentiation and kinship among populations were somewhat related to their geographic distance.The greater the geographic distance,the higher the genetic differentiation coefficient,and the lower the genetic uniformity among populations.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2001020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201359).
文摘Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.
文摘The increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration is indisputable. In such condition, photosynthetic response of leaf is relatively well studied, while the comparison of that between single leaf and whole canopy is less emphasized. The stimulation of elevated CO 2 on canopy photosynthesis may be different from that on single leaf level. In this study, leaf and canopy photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied throughout the growing season. High CO 2 and temperature had a synergetic stimulation on single leaf photosynthetic rate until grain filling. Photosynthesis of leaf was stimulated by high CO 2, although the stimulation was decreased by higher temperature at grain filling stage. On the other hand, the simulation of elevated CO 2 on canopy photosynthesis leveled off with time. Stimulation at canopy level disappeared by grain filling stage in both temperature treatments. Green leaf area index was not significantly affected by CO 2 at maturity, but greater in plants grown at higher temperature. Leaf nitrogen content decreased with the increase of CO 2 concentration although it was not statistically significant at maturity. Canopy respiration rate increased at flowering stage indicating higher carbon loss. Shading effect caused by leaf development reached maximum at flowering stage. The CO 2 stimulation on photosynthesis was greater in single leaf than in canopy. Since enhanced CO 2 significantly increased biomass of rice stems and panicles, increase in canopy respiration caused diminishment of CO 2 stimulation in canopy net photosynthesis. Leaf nitrogen in the canopy level decreased with CO 2 concentration and may eventually hasten CO 2 stimulation on canopy photosynthesis. Early senescence of canopy leaves in high CO 2 is also a possible cause.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160252)~~
文摘Monitoring rice growth by spectral remote sensing technology can provide scientific basis for the high yield and efficient production of rice. Field experiments with different nitrogen application amounts using Tianyouhuazhan rice as test sam- ples were set up to study the relationship between rice leaf area index （LAI） and canopy reflectance spectral. The results showed that： the LAI increased with the amount of applied nitrogen; the canopy reflectance spectral showed significant re- sponse characteristics to groups with different nitrogen application levels; the corre- lation coefficient of LAI and canopy spectral reflectance reached the maximum at 720 nm red edge region. The mathematical model was constructed to predict the LAI according to the canopy reflectance spectra of rice.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (10KJB210002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20110491442)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1101059C)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [Method] Two winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L） cultivars, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11, which differed in low radiation resistance, were used to measure the CAP, photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the top three leaves, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and grain yield. In the test, three treatments were designed from jointing to maturity, as follows： control without shad- ing （So）, S1 and S2 treatments with 22% and 33% sunshine shaded. [Result] CAP of Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 declined with shading. Under low radiation, Pn of flag leaf declined significantly, while no obvious effects were found on Pn of the 2nd leaf, and Pn of the 3rn leaf increased significantly, which partially compensated the decrease of Pn of the flag leaf. In addition, the compensation effect differed in shading and cultivars： compensation effect in S1 group was higher than that of S2 and effect of Yangmai 158 was higher than that of Yangmai 11. During the period of high Pn. shading decreased the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and a/b. [Conclusion] Under low radiation, the decrease of chlorophyll a and a/b led to substantial declining of Pn. and CAP declined accordingly, finally resulting in drop of grain yield. The research provides important theoretical basis for wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31160261)
文摘The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41975044)the Open Research Fund of the State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying,Mapping,Remote Sensing,Wuhan University (20R02)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)(111-G1323520290)funded by SNSA (Dnr 96/16)the EU-Aid funded CASSECS Project。
文摘Leaf pigments are critical indicators of plant photosynthesis,stress,and physiological conditions.Inversion of radiative transfer models(RTMs)is a promising method for robustly retrieving leaf biochem-ical traits from canopy observations,and adding prior information has been effective in alleviating the“ill-posed”problem,a major challenge in model inversion.Canopy structure parameters,such as leaf area index(LAI)and average leaf inclination angle(ALA),can serve as prior information for leaf pigment retrie-val.Using canopy spectra simulated from the PROSAIL model,we estimated the effects of uncertainty in LAI and ALA used as prior information for lookup table-based inversions of leaf chlorophyll(C _(ab))and car-otenoid(C_(ar)).The retrieval accuracies of the two pigments were increased by use of the priors of LAI(RMSE of C_(ab) from 7.67 to 6.32μg cm^(-2),C_(ar) from 2.41 to 2.28μg cm^(-2))and ALA(RMSE of C_(ab) from 7.67 to 5.72μg cm^(-2),C_(ar) from 2.41 to 2.23μg cm^(-2)).However,this improvement deteriorated with an increase of additive and multiplicative uncertainties,and when 40% and 20% noise was added to LAI and ALA respectively,these priors ceased to increase retrieval accuracy.Validation using an experimental winter wheat dataset also showed that compared with C_(ar),the estimation accuracy of C_(ab) increased more or deteriorated less with uncertainty in prior canopy structure.This study demonstrates possible limita-tions of using prior information in RTM inversions for retrieval of leaf biochemistry,when large uncer-tainties are present.
基金supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2003AA212040 and No.2006AA100101)
文摘By replacing leaf area index （LAI） with effective leaf area index （ELAI） through introduction of leaf rolling index （LRI）, the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in the canopies of three hybrid rice combinations, Liangyou E32 with high LRI, Liangyoupeijiu with moderate LRI and Shanyou 63 with non-rolling leaves （normal）, were simulated. The model based on ELAI could predict more accurately than that based on LAI. The PAR interception, conversion and utilization efficiency in the three combinations were studied to evaluate their optimal LRI and LAI. The PAR utilization efficiency of Liangyou E32 was lower due to excessive rolling leaves and less ELAI, and that of Shanyou 63 was also lower because of the faulty PAR interception and lower photosynthetic rate and saturation point at lower layer in canopy. Compared with the above two combinations, Liangyoupeijiu showed more appropriate distribution of PAR interception and conversion efficiency in canopy, and higher PAR utilization efficiency. The optimal LRI and LAI for Liangyoupeijiu were 0.11 and 7.6, respectively, which were close to the observed value, 0.11 and 7.9, respectively. However, the optimum LAI was 9.8 for Liangyou E32 and 6.2 for Shanyou 63, larger or smaller than those under the current plant density, which led to lower efficiency of PAR utilization. Besides, the optimum LRI for Liangyou E32 and Shanyou 63 were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively, which were close to the actual LRI for Liangyoupeijiu （0.11）.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. NSFC 30871479)
文摘A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.
