The focus of green analytical chemistry(GAC)is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety,human health,and the environment.Several factors,such as the reagents used,sample collection,sam...The focus of green analytical chemistry(GAC)is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety,human health,and the environment.Several factors,such as the reagents used,sample collection,sample processing,instruments,energy consumed,and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures,need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays.In this study,we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods(GEMAM).The new greenness metric is simple,flexible,and comprehensive.The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC(SIGNIFICANCE)and the 10 factors of sample preparation,and the results are presented on a 0–10 scale.The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform,and its results are easy to interpret.The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.展开更多
A method of topology synthesis based on graph theory and mechanism combination theory was applied to the configuration design of locomotion systems of lunar exploration rovers(LER).Through topology combination of whee...A method of topology synthesis based on graph theory and mechanism combination theory was applied to the configuration design of locomotion systems of lunar exploration rovers(LER).Through topology combination of wheel structural unit,suspension unit,and connecting device unit between suspension and load platform,some new locomotion system configurations were proposed and the metrics and indexes to evaluate the performance of the new locomotion system were analyzed.Performance evaluation and comparison between two LER with locomotion systems of different configurations were analyzed.The analysis results indicate that the new locomotion system configuration has good trafficability performance.展开更多
Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from l...Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from low to high. So how people can evaluate OSS and ensta-e that it is reliable for use becomes necessary. This paper proposes a set of reliability evaluation metrics considering the states of OSS selected in the early stage. Understandability, Fault tolerance ＆ Recoverability and Community Matmrity as sub-attributes of reliability are defined, and then several evaluation criteria for each of them are identified. A process of reliability evaluation in our study is proposed. For application, we select four OSS projects and evaluate them with our metrics. As a result of compadrison with other evaluation model for OSS, our research presents an easy, effective and trustworthy way for selecting a reliable OSS.展开更多
The use of mobile phone applications for our touristic activity is very common nowadays with the simplification of smartphones. The tourism mobile applications currently can be argued to be one of the most useful appl...The use of mobile phone applications for our touristic activity is very common nowadays with the simplification of smartphones. The tourism mobile applications currently can be argued to be one of the most useful applications that can facilitate the movement of travelers. However, existing usability evaluation metrics are too general to be applied to a more specific application, such as mobile tourism application. Thus, the objective of the study is to propose usability evaluation metrics for tourism mobile applications. The study employs four phases: identifying problem and the objective, encompassing the techniques of developing usability measurement of metrics, selecting the usability metrics of tourism mobile application and conducting expert review and verification. The verification phase was conducted using expert review approach to measure the proposed metrics in terms of its consistency ease of use, understandable, verifiable and overall impression. The finding revealed that the proposed metrics have been well received by the experts in terms of consistency, ease to use, understandable, verifiability and overall impression. Finally, this study presented usability metrics for the tourism mobile applications that can be used by designers or usability practitioners in creating a useable mobile application for the tourists.展开更多
Architectural design is a crucial issue in software engineering. It makes testing more effective as it contribute to carry out the testing in an early stage of the software development. To improve software testability...Architectural design is a crucial issue in software engineering. It makes testing more effective as it contribute to carry out the testing in an early stage of the software development. To improve software testability, the software architect should consider different testability metrics while building the software architecture. The main objective of this research is to conduct an early assessment of the software architecture for the purpose of its improvement in order to make the testing process more effective. In this paper, an evaluation model to assess software architecture (Architecture Design Testability Evaluation Model (ADTEM)) is presented. ADTEM is based on two different testability metrics: cohesion and coupling. ADTEM consists of two phases: software architecture evaluation phase, and component evaluation phase. In each phase, a fuzzy inference system is used to perform the evaluation process based on cohesion and coupling testing metrics. The model is validated by using a case study: Elders Monitoring System. The experimental results show that ADTEM is efficient and gave a considerable improvement to the software testability process.展开更多
The development of electrochemical capacitors(i.e.supercapacitors)have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of the increasing demand for efficient,high-power energy storage.Electrochemical capacitors(E...The development of electrochemical capacitors(i.e.supercapacitors)have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of the increasing demand for efficient,high-power energy storage.Electrochemical capacitors(ECs)are particularly attractive for transportation and renewable energy generation applications,taking advantage of their superior power capability and outstanding cycle life.Over the past decade,various advanced electrode materials and cell design are being studied to improve the energy density of ECs.Hybrid Li-ion capacitors and pseudo-capacitors that utilize fast surface redox reactions of metal oxide and doped polymers are the prime candidates being considered.This paper is concerned with the metrics being used to describe the performance of ECs and how the metrics are evaluated by testing devices and how the data from the testing are best interpreted.Emphasize is on relating testing of advanced ECs using materials more complex than activated carbons to testing electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)using carbon in both electrodes.A second focus of the paper is projecting the potential of the advanced materials and ionic liquid electrolytes for the development of complete EC cells having an energy density more than a factor of ten greater the energy density of the EDLC devices currently on the market.This potential was evaluated by calculating the performance(energy and power)of a series of ECs that utilize the advanced materials that have been studied by electrochemists over the past 10-15 years.The capacitance and resistance of the advanced ECs were calculated utilizing specific capacitance(F/g or F/cm^(3))and porosity data for the electrode materials and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes.It was concluded that hybrid ECs can be developed with energy densities of at least 50 Wh/kg,70 Wh/L with efficient power greater than 3 k W/kg.Continued research on micro-porous carbons with specific capacitance of 200 F/g and greater is needed.to achieve these EC performance goals.展开更多
There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(...There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.展开更多
JT SQE system is a software quality and measurement system. Its design was based on the Chinese national standards of software product evaluation and quality characteristics. The JT SQE system consists of two parts...JT SQE system is a software quality and measurement system. Its design was based on the Chinese national standards of software product evaluation and quality characteristics. The JT SQE system consists of two parts. One is the model for software quality measurement, which is of hierarchical structure. The other is the process of requirements definition, measurement and rating. The system is a feasible model for software quality evaluation and measurement, and it has the advantage of a friendly user interface, simple operation, ease of revision and maintenance, and expansible measurements.展开更多
Purpose:This study examines the effects of using publication-based metrics for the initial screening in the application process for a project leader.The key questions are whether formal policy affects the allocation o...Purpose:This study examines the effects of using publication-based metrics for the initial screening in the application process for a project leader.The key questions are whether formal policy affects the allocation of funds to researchers with a better publication record and how the previous academic performance of principal investigators is related to future project results.Design/methodology/approach:We compared two competitions,before and after the policy raised the publication threshold for the principal investigators.We analyzed 9,167 papers published by 332 winners in physics and the social sciences and humanities(SSH),and 11,253 publications resulting from each funded project.Findings:We found that among physicists,even in the first period,grants tended to be allocated to prolific authors publishing in high-quality journals.In contrast,the SSH project grantees had been less prolific in publishing internationally in both periods;however,in the second period,the selection of grant recipients yielded better results regarding awarding grants to more productive authors in terms of the quantity and quality of publications.There was no evidence that this better selection of grant recipients resulted in better publication records during grant realization.Originality:This study contributes to the discussion of formal policies that rely on metrics for the evaluation of grant proposals.The Russian case shows that such policy may have a profound effect on changing the supply side of applicants,especially in disciplines that are less suitable for metric-based evaluations.In spite of the criticism given to metrics,they might be a useful additional instrument in academic systems where professional expertise is corrupted and prevents allocation of funds to prolific researchers.展开更多
Quantitative evaluations are of great importance in network security decision-making.In recent years,moving target defense(MTD)has appeared to be a promising defense approach that blocks asymmetrical advantage of atta...Quantitative evaluations are of great importance in network security decision-making.In recent years,moving target defense(MTD)has appeared to be a promising defense approach that blocks asymmetrical advantage of attackers and favors the defender-notwithstanding,it has a limited deployment due to its uncertain efficiency and effectiveness in defense.In that case,quantitative metrics and evaluations of MTD are essential to prove its capability and impulse its further research.This article presents a comprehensive survey on state-of-the-art quantitative evaluations.First,taxonomy of MTD techniques is stated according to the software stack model.Then,a concrete review and comparison on existing quantitative evaluations of MTD is presented.Finally,notice-worthy open issues regarding this topic are proposed along with the conclusions of previous studies.展开更多
Image segmentation is an important stage in many applications such as image, video and computer processing. Generally image interpretation depends on it. The materials and methods used to demonstrate are described. Th...Image segmentation is an important stage in many applications such as image, video and computer processing. Generally image interpretation depends on it. The materials and methods used to demonstrate are described. The results are presented and analyzed. Several approaches and algorithms for image segmentation have been developed, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficiency and to make an objective comparison of different segmentation methods. This general problem has been addressed for the evaluation of a segmentation result and the results are available in the literature. In this work, we first presented some criteria of evaluation of segmentation commonly used in image processing with reviews of their models. Then multicomponent synthetic images of known composition are applied to these criteria to explore the operation and evaluate its relevance. The results show that choosing an assessment method depends on the purpose, however the criterion of Zeboudj appears powerful for the evaluation of region segmentations for properly separated classes, on the contrary the criteria of Levine-Nazif and Borsotti are adapted to the methods of classification and permit to build homogeneous regions or classes. The values of the Rosenbeger criterion are generally low and similar, so hard to make a comparison of segmentations with this criterion.展开更多
According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development ac...According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved a core impact factor of 6.246 in 2024.It ranked 2nd among 2,202 core journals of natural sciences and 1st among 41 journals in the petroleum and natural gas engineering category,with a total core citation frequency of 7,502.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81603182 and 81703607)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.:DUT21RC(3)057,DUT23YG226,DUT24MS018,and DUT23YG228)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.:2023-MSBA-018)the Open Funding of Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology,China(Grant No.:2024-ZLKF-33).
文摘The focus of green analytical chemistry(GAC)is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety,human health,and the environment.Several factors,such as the reagents used,sample collection,sample processing,instruments,energy consumed,and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures,need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays.In this study,we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods(GEMAM).The new greenness metric is simple,flexible,and comprehensive.The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC(SIGNIFICANCE)and the 10 factors of sample preparation,and the results are presented on a 0–10 scale.The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform,and its results are easy to interpret.The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.
基金Supported by National "863" High-Tech Program (No.2006AA04Z231)Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems (No.SKLRS-200801A02)+1 种基金the College Discipline Innovation Wisdom Plan (No.B07018)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (No.ZJG0709)
文摘A method of topology synthesis based on graph theory and mechanism combination theory was applied to the configuration design of locomotion systems of lunar exploration rovers(LER).Through topology combination of wheel structural unit,suspension unit,and connecting device unit between suspension and load platform,some new locomotion system configurations were proposed and the metrics and indexes to evaluate the performance of the new locomotion system were analyzed.Performance evaluation and comparison between two LER with locomotion systems of different configurations were analyzed.The analysis results indicate that the new locomotion system configuration has good trafficability performance.
文摘Recently, Open Source Software （OSS） is so widely used not only by companies for development but also by common users instead of commercial software. However, the number of OSS is vast, and its quality varies from low to high. So how people can evaluate OSS and ensta-e that it is reliable for use becomes necessary. This paper proposes a set of reliability evaluation metrics considering the states of OSS selected in the early stage. Understandability, Fault tolerance ＆ Recoverability and Community Matmrity as sub-attributes of reliability are defined, and then several evaluation criteria for each of them are identified. A process of reliability evaluation in our study is proposed. For application, we select four OSS projects and evaluate them with our metrics. As a result of compadrison with other evaluation model for OSS, our research presents an easy, effective and trustworthy way for selecting a reliable OSS.
文摘The use of mobile phone applications for our touristic activity is very common nowadays with the simplification of smartphones. The tourism mobile applications currently can be argued to be one of the most useful applications that can facilitate the movement of travelers. However, existing usability evaluation metrics are too general to be applied to a more specific application, such as mobile tourism application. Thus, the objective of the study is to propose usability evaluation metrics for tourism mobile applications. The study employs four phases: identifying problem and the objective, encompassing the techniques of developing usability measurement of metrics, selecting the usability metrics of tourism mobile application and conducting expert review and verification. The verification phase was conducted using expert review approach to measure the proposed metrics in terms of its consistency ease of use, understandable, verifiable and overall impression. The finding revealed that the proposed metrics have been well received by the experts in terms of consistency, ease to use, understandable, verifiability and overall impression. Finally, this study presented usability metrics for the tourism mobile applications that can be used by designers or usability practitioners in creating a useable mobile application for the tourists.
文摘Architectural design is a crucial issue in software engineering. It makes testing more effective as it contribute to carry out the testing in an early stage of the software development. To improve software testability, the software architect should consider different testability metrics while building the software architecture. The main objective of this research is to conduct an early assessment of the software architecture for the purpose of its improvement in order to make the testing process more effective. In this paper, an evaluation model to assess software architecture (Architecture Design Testability Evaluation Model (ADTEM)) is presented. ADTEM is based on two different testability metrics: cohesion and coupling. ADTEM consists of two phases: software architecture evaluation phase, and component evaluation phase. In each phase, a fuzzy inference system is used to perform the evaluation process based on cohesion and coupling testing metrics. The model is validated by using a case study: Elders Monitoring System. The experimental results show that ADTEM is efficient and gave a considerable improvement to the software testability process.
基金the China Scholarship Council(CSC)for the financial support for the study and research project as an international Ph.D.student at ITS-UC Davis。
文摘The development of electrochemical capacitors(i.e.supercapacitors)have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of the increasing demand for efficient,high-power energy storage.Electrochemical capacitors(ECs)are particularly attractive for transportation and renewable energy generation applications,taking advantage of their superior power capability and outstanding cycle life.Over the past decade,various advanced electrode materials and cell design are being studied to improve the energy density of ECs.Hybrid Li-ion capacitors and pseudo-capacitors that utilize fast surface redox reactions of metal oxide and doped polymers are the prime candidates being considered.This paper is concerned with the metrics being used to describe the performance of ECs and how the metrics are evaluated by testing devices and how the data from the testing are best interpreted.Emphasize is on relating testing of advanced ECs using materials more complex than activated carbons to testing electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)using carbon in both electrodes.A second focus of the paper is projecting the potential of the advanced materials and ionic liquid electrolytes for the development of complete EC cells having an energy density more than a factor of ten greater the energy density of the EDLC devices currently on the market.This potential was evaluated by calculating the performance(energy and power)of a series of ECs that utilize the advanced materials that have been studied by electrochemists over the past 10-15 years.The capacitance and resistance of the advanced ECs were calculated utilizing specific capacitance(F/g or F/cm^(3))and porosity data for the electrode materials and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes.It was concluded that hybrid ECs can be developed with energy densities of at least 50 Wh/kg,70 Wh/L with efficient power greater than 3 k W/kg.Continued research on micro-porous carbons with specific capacitance of 200 F/g and greater is needed.to achieve these EC performance goals.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology 973 Project(No.2010CB950501-03)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.41175066)
文摘There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.
文摘JT SQE system is a software quality and measurement system. Its design was based on the Chinese national standards of software product evaluation and quality characteristics. The JT SQE system consists of two parts. One is the model for software quality measurement, which is of hierarchical structure. The other is the process of requirements definition, measurement and rating. The system is a feasible model for software quality evaluation and measurement, and it has the advantage of a friendly user interface, simple operation, ease of revision and maintenance, and expansible measurements.
基金This work is supported by Russian Science Foundation(Grant No.21-78-10102).
文摘Purpose:This study examines the effects of using publication-based metrics for the initial screening in the application process for a project leader.The key questions are whether formal policy affects the allocation of funds to researchers with a better publication record and how the previous academic performance of principal investigators is related to future project results.Design/methodology/approach:We compared two competitions,before and after the policy raised the publication threshold for the principal investigators.We analyzed 9,167 papers published by 332 winners in physics and the social sciences and humanities(SSH),and 11,253 publications resulting from each funded project.Findings:We found that among physicists,even in the first period,grants tended to be allocated to prolific authors publishing in high-quality journals.In contrast,the SSH project grantees had been less prolific in publishing internationally in both periods;however,in the second period,the selection of grant recipients yielded better results regarding awarding grants to more productive authors in terms of the quantity and quality of publications.There was no evidence that this better selection of grant recipients resulted in better publication records during grant realization.Originality:This study contributes to the discussion of formal policies that rely on metrics for the evaluation of grant proposals.The Russian case shows that such policy may have a profound effect on changing the supply side of applicants,especially in disciplines that are less suitable for metric-based evaluations.In spite of the criticism given to metrics,they might be a useful additional instrument in academic systems where professional expertise is corrupted and prevents allocation of funds to prolific researchers.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61521003)The National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB0800100,No.2016YFB0800101)+1 种基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61602509)The Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Henan Province(172102210615)
文摘Quantitative evaluations are of great importance in network security decision-making.In recent years,moving target defense(MTD)has appeared to be a promising defense approach that blocks asymmetrical advantage of attackers and favors the defender-notwithstanding,it has a limited deployment due to its uncertain efficiency and effectiveness in defense.In that case,quantitative metrics and evaluations of MTD are essential to prove its capability and impulse its further research.This article presents a comprehensive survey on state-of-the-art quantitative evaluations.First,taxonomy of MTD techniques is stated according to the software stack model.Then,a concrete review and comparison on existing quantitative evaluations of MTD is presented.Finally,notice-worthy open issues regarding this topic are proposed along with the conclusions of previous studies.
文摘Image segmentation is an important stage in many applications such as image, video and computer processing. Generally image interpretation depends on it. The materials and methods used to demonstrate are described. The results are presented and analyzed. Several approaches and algorithms for image segmentation have been developed, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficiency and to make an objective comparison of different segmentation methods. This general problem has been addressed for the evaluation of a segmentation result and the results are available in the literature. In this work, we first presented some criteria of evaluation of segmentation commonly used in image processing with reviews of their models. Then multicomponent synthetic images of known composition are applied to these criteria to explore the operation and evaluate its relevance. The results show that choosing an assessment method depends on the purpose, however the criterion of Zeboudj appears powerful for the evaluation of region segmentations for properly separated classes, on the contrary the criteria of Levine-Nazif and Borsotti are adapted to the methods of classification and permit to build homogeneous regions or classes. The values of the Rosenbeger criterion are generally low and similar, so hard to make a comparison of segmentations with this criterion.
文摘According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved a core impact factor of 6.246 in 2024.It ranked 2nd among 2,202 core journals of natural sciences and 1st among 41 journals in the petroleum and natural gas engineering category,with a total core citation frequency of 7,502.
