This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber vol...This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber volume of 440 open-pollinated half-sib progeny families were investigated in 14 progeny trials in different years and production regions.An evaluation of the genetic variation of all half-sib families was carried out during the sustainable rapid growth period and individual volumes were characterized as a major index.ANOVA analysis showed that there was considerable variance in the growth traits of most families in different years and on different sites.The variations caused by temporal and spatial changes of the mating system required three selection methods for analysis.The results show that there were differences among the heritabilities of different growth traits by different halfsib progenies.Average heritability values of height,DBH and volume were 0.33,0.34 and 0.36,respectively.Fortyfive superior families were selected in every progeny test,12 were selected in progeny trials by different years and five in different habitat progeny trials.Three superior families(Gui GC553A,Gui GC414A and Gui GC431A)were selected,although in different years and production regions.The genetic gains of timber volume of these selected r families ranged from 1.20 to 47.00%,which could provide a foundation for superior wood property selection and serve as material for seed improvement and extension in surrounding areas.展开更多
In 2009,Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases,and forest sector contributes 85%.This forest exploitation should be stopped,and by this research the industrial wood sp...In 2009,Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases,and forest sector contributes 85%.This forest exploitation should be stopped,and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees.The experiment was conducted in East Java,Indonesia,altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns,i.e.(A)cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn.3 m x 6 m,(B)cocoa-T,grandis 6 m x 4.2 m~4.2 m(triangle),(C)cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L.(I.Nielsen)3 m~6 m,and(D)cocoa-Leucaena sp.3 m~6 m(control).Cocoa was planted in 3 m~3 m distance;between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted.Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row,as reserve shade trees.At 6 year old,Paraserianthes was harvested,and at 7 year old,teak trees were thinned out 50%population for A and 66.7%for B treatments.The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity.Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US$40.0 per tree,while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree.From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested,81 cocoa trees were affected,11.9%were seriously damage,6.85%were medium damage,and 5.36%were light damage.On the other hand,teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees.Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea,SP 36,KC1,Kieserite and Dolomite.Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer,humidity to be lower,so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved,namely 71%and 27.25%for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot,respectively.Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63,and teak thinning out of 3.60.The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop.It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern,cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.展开更多
文摘This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber volume of 440 open-pollinated half-sib progeny families were investigated in 14 progeny trials in different years and production regions.An evaluation of the genetic variation of all half-sib families was carried out during the sustainable rapid growth period and individual volumes were characterized as a major index.ANOVA analysis showed that there was considerable variance in the growth traits of most families in different years and on different sites.The variations caused by temporal and spatial changes of the mating system required three selection methods for analysis.The results show that there were differences among the heritabilities of different growth traits by different halfsib progenies.Average heritability values of height,DBH and volume were 0.33,0.34 and 0.36,respectively.Fortyfive superior families were selected in every progeny test,12 were selected in progeny trials by different years and five in different habitat progeny trials.Three superior families(Gui GC553A,Gui GC414A and Gui GC431A)were selected,although in different years and production regions.The genetic gains of timber volume of these selected r families ranged from 1.20 to 47.00%,which could provide a foundation for superior wood property selection and serve as material for seed improvement and extension in surrounding areas.
文摘In 2009,Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases,and forest sector contributes 85%.This forest exploitation should be stopped,and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees.The experiment was conducted in East Java,Indonesia,altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns,i.e.(A)cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn.3 m x 6 m,(B)cocoa-T,grandis 6 m x 4.2 m~4.2 m(triangle),(C)cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L.(I.Nielsen)3 m~6 m,and(D)cocoa-Leucaena sp.3 m~6 m(control).Cocoa was planted in 3 m~3 m distance;between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted.Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row,as reserve shade trees.At 6 year old,Paraserianthes was harvested,and at 7 year old,teak trees were thinned out 50%population for A and 66.7%for B treatments.The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity.Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US$40.0 per tree,while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree.From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested,81 cocoa trees were affected,11.9%were seriously damage,6.85%were medium damage,and 5.36%were light damage.On the other hand,teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees.Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea,SP 36,KC1,Kieserite and Dolomite.Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer,humidity to be lower,so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved,namely 71%and 27.25%for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot,respectively.Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63,and teak thinning out of 3.60.The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop.It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern,cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.
基金Yunnan Province Government(Contracts:Yunjikezi 182and Degree Support No.26)and the Central Government of China(Contracts:02EFN216700806 and[2002]Linkezhongzi No.5).
