For the main meteorological disasters and their characteristics in big cities of China,from city planning,laws and regulations,disaster management,contingency plan implementation,monitoring and early warning,informati...For the main meteorological disasters and their characteristics in big cities of China,from city planning,laws and regulations,disaster management,contingency plan implementation,monitoring and early warning,information spreading,disaster insurance,science propaganda and so on,we put forward the suggestion of strengthening non-engineering countermeasures of meteorological disaster prevention in large cities of China,providing decision-making reference for urban disaster prevention and mitigation.展开更多
In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of gov...In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of governance or implementation, and rapid economic development. We suggest that an underestimation of urban population numbers is also a key factor, and that population forecasting methods currently in use need to be revised Using panel data covering 110 major countries across 60 years （1950-2010）, this study examined the relationship between large cities, and countries＇ population numbers, urbanization rate, land area, and four dummy variables. Based on this, a simple and generalizable model is developed to project the population of large cities.展开更多
Village planning is a type of detailed planning in the territorial and spatial planning system which consists of planning of three types (i.e.,master planning,detailed planning,and sectoral planning) at five levels (i...Village planning is a type of detailed planning in the territorial and spatial planning system which consists of planning of three types (i.e.,master planning,detailed planning,and sectoral planning) at five levels (i.e.,state,province,city,county,and town/township),undertaking the statutory mission of resource element control and construction activity implementation in rural areas.Villages on the fringe of large cities are influenced by both urban and rural development due to their special geographical location,which has led to great difficulties in planning formulation.As a result,the results and effects of such planning have great demonstrative values.How to leverage the unique characteristics and values of these villages to solve the problems existing in the entire process from planning to construction,is a challenge in the formulation,utilization,and administration of village planning in the territorial and spatial planning system.Through a case study of the Wuhan Donghu Hi-Tech Development Zone,this paper focuses on addressing the needs of establishing a hierarchical planning content system,innovating the land use control mode,building a hierarchical approval system,and creating a categorized administrative system in the territorial and spatial master planning.Furthermore,it proposes practical strategies for village planning formulation,approval,and administration on the fringe of large cities,with the aim to provide reference for village planning in other regions.展开更多
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Meth...Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Methods: We randomly collected a total of 4450 samples of 7 different types of takeaway meals, which were the most consumed by local residents from takeaway platforms. The main ingredients, auxiliary ingredients, as well as the weight used in takeaway meals were collected. The sodium content in takeaway meals was obtained by calculation. Results: Obtained results show that the sodium content in three large China cities is alarmingly high. Comparing medians (interquartile range) of takeaway meals from different cities, Beijing contained the highest sodium content per portion (1371.3 mg (890.3 - 2137.4)), followed by Hangzhou (1348.45 mg (694.25 - 1541.62)) and Shanghai (340.1 (259.75 - 942.25)). In addition, the sodium content between pasta and porridge, Chinese meals, and western meals show significant differences (p 0.05). Compared with Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, the average sodium content exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. The sodium content differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Conclusion: Notable differences are detected in takeaway meals’ sodium content between several large cities in China. To meet China’s target salt intake, consumers in these cities are highly recommended to reduce sodium content in their everyday meals.展开更多
Regional studies are basically carried out in three areas. Studies on regional develop-ment theory, the characteristics and state of regional development, and on decision mak-ing and policy, In recent years, regional ...Regional studies are basically carried out in three areas. Studies on regional develop-ment theory, the characteristics and state of regional development, and on decision mak-ing and policy, In recent years, regional development theories were introduced to China,such as growth pole theory, gradient theory, and central place theory, etc. Much benefi-cial work has been done concerning these theories. Much exploration has also been madeon decision-making and policy studies in connection with regional, territorial and cityplanning. However, not much has been done with regard to the research on the character-istics and state of regional development and most of them are descriptive. Therefore, thereis a lack of guiding theory for decision-making and policy studies and also a lack of re-search, on regional characteristics and state, which has inevitably resulted in erroneousdecision-making and reform measures. The stepping up of research on the charecteristicsand state plays a key role in raising, the regional scientific research level. In this article, theauthors concentrate their research on the city fringe areas and try to explore thesocio-economic features and state of these particular areas.展开更多
Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for as...Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.展开更多
In modern society, the population, wealth and social functions are increasingly concentrated in a few large cities. Such concentration brings about efficiency while at the same time it increases the vulnerability of t...In modern society, the population, wealth and social functions are increasingly concentrated in a few large cities. Such concentration brings about efficiency while at the same time it increases the vulnerability of the society. To address this issue, the Science Council of Japan（SCJ） published a proposal entitled ＂Shape Cities and Societies Safer against Severe Earthquakes＂. It makes a variety of suggestions for enhancing the seismic resilience of large cities, including：（1） comprehensive thinking based on the latest scientific knowledge and rich imagination;（2） selection of sites suitable for residence and social activities;（3） introducing the urban seismic coefficient;（4） promoting the enhancement of the seismic performance of buildings and civil structures;（5） easing the concentration of population and functions;（6） building communities that enable shelter and escape;（7） resilient technology of information and communication system and its effective utilization;（8） preparation and implementation of emergency response after earthquakes;（9） development and application of new structural seismic technology;（10） learning from domestic and foreign earthquake disasters and launching of international cooperation and knowledge sharing and（11） taking actions from a multidisciplinary perspective. The proposal is introduced in this paper.展开更多
With the accelerating urbanization, ecological environment of the city has attracted increasing attention, so the resulting problems have become key research focuses in all countries. Against this background, urban ag...With the accelerating urbanization, ecological environment of the city has attracted increasing attention, so the resulting problems have become key research focuses in all countries. Against this background, urban agriculture has been applied as one of the effective approaches for relieving urbanization. From the perspective of industrial form of urban agriculture, planning models of urban agriculture were explored, industrial form and planning model of Chengdu urban agriculture were analyzed to forecast its development prospects. Multi-dimensional development, and sustainable development measures were given to guarantee the sustainable development of urban agriculture.展开更多
Considering the demographic polarization in China's urban system over the past three decades,this paper develops a comprehensive quantitative spatial equilibrium model to clarify the centripetal agglomeration effe...Considering the demographic polarization in China's urban system over the past three decades,this paper develops a comprehensive quantitative spatial equilibrium model to clarify the centripetal agglomeration effects,centrifugal commuting costs,locational fundamentals,and migration frictions on urban scale and the evolution of the urban system.The findings from theoretical model deduction,structural estimation,and counterfactual simulations indicate that improving commuting conditions or reducing migration frictions will lead to sustained population growth in mega and larger cities,resulting in a more concentrated urban system distribution.The equalization of agglomeration effects significantly drives population growth in small and medium cities,encouraging the urban system distribution to evolve toward a more uniform pattern.The amenity or productivity equalization of locational fundamentals will support population growth in small and medium cities,and eliminating inter-city housing price disparities will enhance the population size of mega and larger cities.Counterfactual policy evaluations show that a uniform distribution of the urban system promotes social equity but reduces overall social output,whereas a concentrated urban system distribution increases total social output but may hinder social equity.Therefore,this paper aims to balance efficiency and equity by proposing that,in the future,China's urban system should adopt a structural optimization path of stabilizing both ends while promoting the middle.This approach emphasizes the social equity of peripheral small and medium cities and the economic efficiency of super cities,focusing on the development of small and medium cities within metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations.It seeks to transition the urban system from a dumbbell-shaped structure to an olive-shaped structure,fostering a coordinated development pattern among large,medium,and small cities.展开更多
基金Supported by National Soft Science Plan Research Project in 2013,China(2013GXS4B092)
文摘For the main meteorological disasters and their characteristics in big cities of China,from city planning,laws and regulations,disaster management,contingency plan implementation,monitoring and early warning,information spreading,disaster insurance,science propaganda and so on,we put forward the suggestion of strengthening non-engineering countermeasures of meteorological disaster prevention in large cities of China,providing decision-making reference for urban disaster prevention and mitigation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271119)
文摘In developing countries, various plans are used to contain urban sprawl of large cities, though they are rarely successful. Previous studies mainly attribute the failure to unsystematic urban planning, problems of governance or implementation, and rapid economic development. We suggest that an underestimation of urban population numbers is also a key factor, and that population forecasting methods currently in use need to be revised Using panel data covering 110 major countries across 60 years （1950-2010）, this study examined the relationship between large cities, and countries＇ population numbers, urbanization rate, land area, and four dummy variables. Based on this, a simple and generalizable model is developed to project the population of large cities.
文摘Village planning is a type of detailed planning in the territorial and spatial planning system which consists of planning of three types (i.e.,master planning,detailed planning,and sectoral planning) at five levels (i.e.,state,province,city,county,and town/township),undertaking the statutory mission of resource element control and construction activity implementation in rural areas.Villages on the fringe of large cities are influenced by both urban and rural development due to their special geographical location,which has led to great difficulties in planning formulation.As a result,the results and effects of such planning have great demonstrative values.How to leverage the unique characteristics and values of these villages to solve the problems existing in the entire process from planning to construction,is a challenge in the formulation,utilization,and administration of village planning in the territorial and spatial planning system.Through a case study of the Wuhan Donghu Hi-Tech Development Zone,this paper focuses on addressing the needs of establishing a hierarchical planning content system,innovating the land use control mode,building a hierarchical approval system,and creating a categorized administrative system in the territorial and spatial master planning.Furthermore,it proposes practical strategies for village planning formulation,approval,and administration on the fringe of large cities,with the aim to provide reference for village planning in other regions.
文摘Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Methods: We randomly collected a total of 4450 samples of 7 different types of takeaway meals, which were the most consumed by local residents from takeaway platforms. The main ingredients, auxiliary ingredients, as well as the weight used in takeaway meals were collected. The sodium content in takeaway meals was obtained by calculation. Results: Obtained results show that the sodium content in three large China cities is alarmingly high. Comparing medians (interquartile range) of takeaway meals from different cities, Beijing contained the highest sodium content per portion (1371.3 mg (890.3 - 2137.4)), followed by Hangzhou (1348.45 mg (694.25 - 1541.62)) and Shanghai (340.1 (259.75 - 942.25)). In addition, the sodium content between pasta and porridge, Chinese meals, and western meals show significant differences (p 0.05). Compared with Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, the average sodium content exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. The sodium content differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Conclusion: Notable differences are detected in takeaway meals’ sodium content between several large cities in China. To meet China’s target salt intake, consumers in these cities are highly recommended to reduce sodium content in their everyday meals.
文摘Regional studies are basically carried out in three areas. Studies on regional develop-ment theory, the characteristics and state of regional development, and on decision mak-ing and policy, In recent years, regional development theories were introduced to China,such as growth pole theory, gradient theory, and central place theory, etc. Much benefi-cial work has been done concerning these theories. Much exploration has also been madeon decision-making and policy studies in connection with regional, territorial and cityplanning. However, not much has been done with regard to the research on the character-istics and state of regional development and most of them are descriptive. Therefore, thereis a lack of guiding theory for decision-making and policy studies and also a lack of re-search, on regional characteristics and state, which has inevitably resulted in erroneousdecision-making and reform measures. The stepping up of research on the charecteristicsand state plays a key role in raising, the regional scientific research level. In this article, theauthors concentrate their research on the city fringe areas and try to explore thesocio-economic features and state of these particular areas.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40635030)
文摘Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.
基金Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2016A05
文摘In modern society, the population, wealth and social functions are increasingly concentrated in a few large cities. Such concentration brings about efficiency while at the same time it increases the vulnerability of the society. To address this issue, the Science Council of Japan（SCJ） published a proposal entitled ＂Shape Cities and Societies Safer against Severe Earthquakes＂. It makes a variety of suggestions for enhancing the seismic resilience of large cities, including：（1） comprehensive thinking based on the latest scientific knowledge and rich imagination;（2） selection of sites suitable for residence and social activities;（3） introducing the urban seismic coefficient;（4） promoting the enhancement of the seismic performance of buildings and civil structures;（5） easing the concentration of population and functions;（6） building communities that enable shelter and escape;（7） resilient technology of information and communication system and its effective utilization;（8） preparation and implementation of emergency response after earthquakes;（9） development and application of new structural seismic technology;（10） learning from domestic and foreign earthquake disasters and launching of international cooperation and knowledge sharing and（11） taking actions from a multidisciplinary perspective. The proposal is introduced in this paper.
文摘With the accelerating urbanization, ecological environment of the city has attracted increasing attention, so the resulting problems have become key research focuses in all countries. Against this background, urban agriculture has been applied as one of the effective approaches for relieving urbanization. From the perspective of industrial form of urban agriculture, planning models of urban agriculture were explored, industrial form and planning model of Chengdu urban agriculture were analyzed to forecast its development prospects. Multi-dimensional development, and sustainable development measures were given to guarantee the sustainable development of urban agriculture.
基金supported by the major program"Study on Constructing Coordinated Development Pattern of Large,Small and Medium Cities"(No.23ZDA048),approved by the National Social Science Fund of China.
文摘Considering the demographic polarization in China's urban system over the past three decades,this paper develops a comprehensive quantitative spatial equilibrium model to clarify the centripetal agglomeration effects,centrifugal commuting costs,locational fundamentals,and migration frictions on urban scale and the evolution of the urban system.The findings from theoretical model deduction,structural estimation,and counterfactual simulations indicate that improving commuting conditions or reducing migration frictions will lead to sustained population growth in mega and larger cities,resulting in a more concentrated urban system distribution.The equalization of agglomeration effects significantly drives population growth in small and medium cities,encouraging the urban system distribution to evolve toward a more uniform pattern.The amenity or productivity equalization of locational fundamentals will support population growth in small and medium cities,and eliminating inter-city housing price disparities will enhance the population size of mega and larger cities.Counterfactual policy evaluations show that a uniform distribution of the urban system promotes social equity but reduces overall social output,whereas a concentrated urban system distribution increases total social output but may hinder social equity.Therefore,this paper aims to balance efficiency and equity by proposing that,in the future,China's urban system should adopt a structural optimization path of stabilizing both ends while promoting the middle.This approach emphasizes the social equity of peripheral small and medium cities and the economic efficiency of super cities,focusing on the development of small and medium cities within metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations.It seeks to transition the urban system from a dumbbell-shaped structure to an olive-shaped structure,fostering a coordinated development pattern among large,medium,and small cities.
