To investigate the application of virtual digital technology in landscape engineering design,the study adopted the enu-meration survey method and observation method.It conducted a comprehensive analysis of the current...To investigate the application of virtual digital technology in landscape engineering design,the study adopted the enu-meration survey method and observation method.It conducted a comprehensive analysis of the current status and existing chal-lenges of virtual digital technology in landscape engineering design.Additionally,the study provided a detailed description and explanation of the integration between virtual digital technology and landscape engineering design,while exploring its charac-teristics and application prospects.The findings revealed:(1)In the early design stage,technological integration enhanced design efficiency.The collaborative use of BIM,GIS,and parametric tools enabled a fully digital workflow from conceptual design to construction drawings,reducing design errors and shortening project timelines.(2)After implementation,interactive experiences revolutionized public engagement.AR/VR technologies introduced dynamic interactivity to landscapes,while metaverse plat-forms expanded the presentation dimensions of virtual landscapes.(3)Smart maintenance promoted sustainability.IoT sensors and AI analytics facilitated real-time plant health monitoring and precise resource management,demonstrating significant advan-tages.The study identified existing limitations and proposed future directions,aiming to provide new theoretical and practical insights for the research and application of digital technology in landscape engineering design.展开更多
The rapid advancement of building information modeling(BIM)technology has garnered significant interest regarding its application within the domain of landscape engineering.BIM technology,as a construction and managem...The rapid advancement of building information modeling(BIM)technology has garnered significant interest regarding its application within the domain of landscape engineering.BIM technology,as a construction and management tool that integrates digitization and visualization,has demonstrated considerable advantages in enhancing project quality,reducing costs,and improving collaborative efficiency.This study aims to systematically investigate the application and developmental trends of BIM visualization technology within the field of landscape engineering.Through an analysis of technological advancements and industry dynamics over the past decade,it has been observed that BIM visualization technology is intricately linked with green building practices,sustainable construction methods,and the development of smart cities within the context of landscape engineering projects.The technology also possesses significant potential for application in the planning and design of landscape engineering,construction management,and project maintenance.The convenience of visualization enhances the expressive capacity of the design scheme,improves communication efficiency between the involved parties,and mitigates the costs and time inefficiencies associated with design modifications.By drawing on the successful experiences of other industries and integrating them with the unique characteristics of landscape engineering,BIM visualization technology is poised to assume a more significant role within this field.This integration is expected to advance the entire industry towards greater intelligence and informatization,while simultaneously enhancing the efficiency and quality of design,construction,and maintenance processes.展开更多
With the advancement of new engineering construction,it is urgent to explore the teaching reform of professional courses in the cultivation of landscape architecture professionals in combination with industry needs.In...With the advancement of new engineering construction,it is urgent to explore the teaching reform of professional courses in the cultivation of landscape architecture professionals in combination with industry needs.In order to solve the problems existing in the current Landscape Engineering course,such as traditional teaching methods,insufficient student interest,lack of practical links,and the disconnection between teaching content and industry demand.This study discusses the teaching reform of the Landscape Engineering course based on the CDIO(Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate)concept,aiming at solving the problems mentioned.Through the integration of CDIO mode,the core competencies that students should have are defined,including environmental landscape design and planning,innovative thinking,project management,and so on.The research emphasizes project-driven learning,interdisciplinary knowledge integration,and practical skill training,and puts forward strategies such as teacher training and professional development support to ensure the implementation of the reform.The purpose of the reform was to improve students’professional ability and employment competitiveness,promote the improvement of education quality and the sustainable development of the industry,and exert a positive impact on landscape engineering education and industry progress.展开更多
Ecology has always been a problem that the society attaches great importance to, and urban residents increasingly hope to embrace nature, which gives birth to the garden project, and the garden also plays a good role....Ecology has always been a problem that the society attaches great importance to, and urban residents increasingly hope to embrace nature, which gives birth to the garden project, and the garden also plays a good role. There are some differences between landscape engineering and other construction projects, but its cost investment is also relatively large, and the related enterprises have greater capital pressure. Therefore, in order to ensure that the project can be completed on time and according to quality, we must do a good job in cost control. However, in practical work, due to the interference of internal and external factors, there are often some deficiencies in cost control, and measures need to be taken to improve the level of cost control and cost control.展开更多
In the stage of urban construction, garden engineering, as a form of engineering to beautify the city and improve the urban environment, can create a better living space environment for people to a certain extent. How...In the stage of urban construction, garden engineering, as a form of engineering to beautify the city and improve the urban environment, can create a better living space environment for people to a certain extent. However, in the stage of garden engineering construction, some environmental pollution problems often occur. In order to improve the problems and strengthen the construction of conservation-oriented garden engineering, it is an important means to ensure the urban ecological environment. On the basis of ensuring the effect and quality of garden construction, the impact of construction on the environment is reduced. This paper mainly focuses on the research and analysis of the application of ecological measures in conservation-oriented garden projects, hoping to provide reference for the future construction and development of garden projects.展开更多
Sino-foreign cooperative education plays an important role in undergraduate education.It has also proved itself popular in higher vocational education in recent years,in which foreign teachers are undertaking the task...Sino-foreign cooperative education plays an important role in undergraduate education.It has also proved itself popular in higher vocational education in recent years,in which foreign teachers are undertaking the task of teaching some specialized courses.The teaching by foreign teachers has certain irreplaceable advantages,but nonnegligible disadvantages as well.Questionnaires have been distributed to the students majoring in Landscape Engineering from Shanghai Urban Construction College to investigate the teaching of specialized courses by foreign teachers.Based on the statistics,the advantages and disadvantages of their teaching have been analyzed,and several suggestions on how to adopt the good points and avoid the shortcomings are offered,so as to improve the quality of Sino-foreign cooperative education in higher vocational college.展开更多
This paper studies and explores the construction of a teaching resource library for landscape engineering under the“4321”industry-education integration system,focusing on the construction objectives,construction pat...This paper studies and explores the construction of a teaching resource library for landscape engineering under the“4321”industry-education integration system,focusing on the construction objectives,construction paths,and construction contents,aiming to open-up the channel of school-enterprise cooperation,improve enterprise participation,and promote the reform of teaching mode and teaching methods.Establishing a practical resource library will connect and integrate students,teachers,and enterprises.A complete library of landscape-oriented teaching resources will be constructed according to the talent portraits of the industry to open-up the relationship between upstream and downstream courses,and further improve the precise fit between the cultivation of applied undergraduate talents and enterprises.展开更多
With the development of society and the continuous improvement of living standards, people are no longer satisfied with the material concept of "abundant food and clothing", and gradually began to pursue aes...With the development of society and the continuous improvement of living standards, people are no longer satisfied with the material concept of "abundant food and clothing", and gradually began to pursue aesthetic enjoyment. The construction of landscape architecture engineering is to provide aesthetic enjoyment for the citizens. Employees should serve the people as the foothold, to meet the peoples growing aesthetic needs as the guidance of landscape landscape design. This paper will explore the construction optimization measures of soft landscape and hard landscape in landscape garden engineering by analyzing the construction status of the landscape in landscape garden engineering.展开更多
In recent years, with the accelerating process of urbanization, the construction level of landscape architecture has been significantly improved. However, there are still many problems in landscape construction in Chi...In recent years, with the accelerating process of urbanization, the construction level of landscape architecture has been significantly improved. However, there are still many problems in landscape construction in China due to the different development speed of each city, the different design ability of designers and the different construction methods of architects. For cities, landscape architecture project is very important, because it is not only the landscape itself, but also carries the city's cultural landscape, ecological greening, residents activity venues and other functions. Some tourism cities can also be based on the transformation of landscape architecture projects to achieve income. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to solve the problems existing in the current landscape architecture project.展开更多
In recent years,China’s landscaping projects have developed vigorously,and the growth rate of urban garden green space areas has been maintained at about 5%.Overall,with the development of the national economy and th...In recent years,China’s landscaping projects have developed vigorously,and the growth rate of urban garden green space areas has been maintained at about 5%.Overall,with the development of the national economy and the support of macro policies,people’s demand for close to nature and beautify the environment is gradually increasing,which has brought new growth momentum for the development of the landscaping industry.Simultaneously,from the perspective of future economic development and urban development,the landscaping industry still has a lot of room for development.However,with the rapid development of landscape engineering,the problem of cost control of landscape engineering is becoming more prominent,the phenomenon of budget overestimation is common,and there are many factors affecting the cost of landscape engineering,which brings difficulties and challenges to the analysis of its influencing factors and cost management.How to scientifically analyze the influencing factors and control the cost has become an important link in the landscaping project.To solve the above problems,this paper takes the design stage of landscaping engineering as the background,takes the design estimate of landscaping engineering as the research object,through literature research and data collection,fully excavates the main influencing factors of the design estimate stage of landscaping engineering,analyzes the key points of cost control,and provides reference ideas and directions for the later cost management and control.展开更多
The higher vocational education has the dual attributes of higher education and vocational education, with vocational education development pace continues to accelerate, the establishment of vocational schools and sch...The higher vocational education has the dual attributes of higher education and vocational education, with vocational education development pace continues to accelerate, the establishment of vocational schools and school-enterprise cooperation corporate long-term mechanism must be addressed now become a good core issues as soon as possible, to achieve effective implementation of internships, we must achieve five-win of social, school, business, students and parents, to a certain extent, for the regional industry economic development.展开更多
In recent years, under the background of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the environmental pollution problem in our country is becoming more and more serious. In order to improve the air q...In recent years, under the background of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the environmental pollution problem in our country is becoming more and more serious. In order to improve the air quality and environmental quality of the city, our country has begun to vigorously promote the sustainable development concept of energy saving, low carbon and environmental protection. Under the concept of sustainable development, the city began to build garden projects, because the economic management of garden projects involves many aspects, such as: Greening cost. In order to create a high-tech and high safety quality landscape project, the greening cost is introduced into it, which is convenient for the economic management of garden engineering to be scientifically and reasonably implemented and planned.展开更多
In the process of urbanization, along with industrial development and population growth, demand of water is rapidly increasing, causing water shortages. Some rivers, lakes, wetlands and other water bodies are invaded,...In the process of urbanization, along with industrial development and population growth, demand of water is rapidly increasing, causing water shortages. Some rivers, lakes, wetlands and other water bodies are invaded, as well as the demise of the transformation has been a serious threat to the survival and development of human society. Therefore, river restoration is one of the hot researches in recent years. In this paper, the author made a preliminary summary on river restoration and repair, technology and related engineering examples in order to promote domestic demand for river restoration longitudinal in-depth study and fry to raise the domestic ecological restoration in future research directions： River ecological restoration is a long process. The design process should be integrated into the concept of sustainable development and build a public participation platform integrated with experts, designers, and user. And river restoration technology and related engineering examples literature play the role of reference and guidance on the selection of the river restoration project technical measures.展开更多
Tanghai County is one of the counties in Tangshan City with the highest saline-alkali degree, with 80% of its land being covered by saline-alkali soils. Through studying landscaping technologies for coastal saline-alk...Tanghai County is one of the counties in Tangshan City with the highest saline-alkali degree, with 80% of its land being covered by saline-alkali soils. Through studying landscaping technologies for coastal saline-alkali land in Tanghai County, 3 dominant modes for landscaping engineering in such land were summarized as shallow underground pipe desalination technology, banding soil replacement technology and hole membrane soil replacement technology, which are different in application scope and also in cost (respectively 260, 210 and 170 yuan). 3 landscaping measures were also proposed, including promotion of suitable plant cultivation technologies, application of saline-alkali tolerant plants and biological improvement of soils. To explore economic and practical planting patterns for saline-alkali land, low-cost landscaping tests were conducted from the perspectives of improving landscaping engineering mode and optimizing landscaping measures, and the results showed that it was practical to apply low-cost landscaping patterns, and comprehensive ecological measures should be adopted to realize the sustained utilization of soil.展开更多
This paper summarized the results of domestic and international research on traffic signs, and found that the related research mainly focused on the setting, design and identification of traffic signs. It also pointed...This paper summarized the results of domestic and international research on traffic signs, and found that the related research mainly focused on the setting, design and identification of traffic signs. It also pointed out the weakness and shortcomings of the existing research, and suggested that traffic signrelated research in the future should pay more attention to the humanities such as psychology, tourism science and sociology.展开更多
This study introduces a Landscape Information Modeling±Stable Diffusion(LIM±SD)-based digital workflow for ecological engineered landscaping(EEL)design,focusing on urban river wetlands.It explores how studen...This study introduces a Landscape Information Modeling±Stable Diffusion(LIM±SD)-based digital workflow for ecological engineered landscaping(EEL)design,focusing on urban river wetlands.It explores how students from diverse academic backgrounds perform EEL tasks using the LIM±SD approach.A total of 30 participants,including industrial design postgraduates and landscape architecture undergraduates and postgraduates,completed the design tasks.The efficacy of their designs was assessed through expert evaluations on site appropriateness,aesthetics,spatial layout,and eco-engineering techniques of the design proposals,as well as the parametric simulation which calculated the vegetation coverage rate and proportion of riparian areas for each design.Moreover,evaluation of participants’subjective design experiences was conducted via questionnaires.Results indicated that landscape architecture postgraduates outperformed others applying ecological engineering principles.The study also elucidated discrepancies between LIM models and SD-generated renderings,as well as the uncertainty of SDgenerated renderings,suggesting improvements are needed to align digital outputs with ecological design criteria.展开更多
基金Basic scientific research business expenses of universities directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Key project of Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(BR220603)Special project for improving scientific research ability of young teachers of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(BR230218).
文摘To investigate the application of virtual digital technology in landscape engineering design,the study adopted the enu-meration survey method and observation method.It conducted a comprehensive analysis of the current status and existing chal-lenges of virtual digital technology in landscape engineering design.Additionally,the study provided a detailed description and explanation of the integration between virtual digital technology and landscape engineering design,while exploring its charac-teristics and application prospects.The findings revealed:(1)In the early design stage,technological integration enhanced design efficiency.The collaborative use of BIM,GIS,and parametric tools enabled a fully digital workflow from conceptual design to construction drawings,reducing design errors and shortening project timelines.(2)After implementation,interactive experiences revolutionized public engagement.AR/VR technologies introduced dynamic interactivity to landscapes,while metaverse plat-forms expanded the presentation dimensions of virtual landscapes.(3)Smart maintenance promoted sustainability.IoT sensors and AI analytics facilitated real-time plant health monitoring and precise resource management,demonstrating significant advan-tages.The study identified existing limitations and proposed future directions,aiming to provide new theoretical and practical insights for the research and application of digital technology in landscape engineering design.
基金Sponsored by Building Structure Key Laboratory Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(KLBSZD202105)Key Projects of Scientific Research Programs(Natural Science)of Higher Education Institutions in Anhui Province(2022AH051861)Research Team Program of Anhui Xinhua University(kytd202202).
文摘The rapid advancement of building information modeling(BIM)technology has garnered significant interest regarding its application within the domain of landscape engineering.BIM technology,as a construction and management tool that integrates digitization and visualization,has demonstrated considerable advantages in enhancing project quality,reducing costs,and improving collaborative efficiency.This study aims to systematically investigate the application and developmental trends of BIM visualization technology within the field of landscape engineering.Through an analysis of technological advancements and industry dynamics over the past decade,it has been observed that BIM visualization technology is intricately linked with green building practices,sustainable construction methods,and the development of smart cities within the context of landscape engineering projects.The technology also possesses significant potential for application in the planning and design of landscape engineering,construction management,and project maintenance.The convenience of visualization enhances the expressive capacity of the design scheme,improves communication efficiency between the involved parties,and mitigates the costs and time inefficiencies associated with design modifications.By drawing on the successful experiences of other industries and integrating them with the unique characteristics of landscape engineering,BIM visualization technology is poised to assume a more significant role within this field.This integration is expected to advance the entire industry towards greater intelligence and informatization,while simultaneously enhancing the efficiency and quality of design,construction,and maintenance processes.
基金The 2023 Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Offline First-Class Undergraduate Courses Project(Inner Agricultural University Education No.[2023]13,RC2400001250)。
文摘With the advancement of new engineering construction,it is urgent to explore the teaching reform of professional courses in the cultivation of landscape architecture professionals in combination with industry needs.In order to solve the problems existing in the current Landscape Engineering course,such as traditional teaching methods,insufficient student interest,lack of practical links,and the disconnection between teaching content and industry demand.This study discusses the teaching reform of the Landscape Engineering course based on the CDIO(Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate)concept,aiming at solving the problems mentioned.Through the integration of CDIO mode,the core competencies that students should have are defined,including environmental landscape design and planning,innovative thinking,project management,and so on.The research emphasizes project-driven learning,interdisciplinary knowledge integration,and practical skill training,and puts forward strategies such as teacher training and professional development support to ensure the implementation of the reform.The purpose of the reform was to improve students’professional ability and employment competitiveness,promote the improvement of education quality and the sustainable development of the industry,and exert a positive impact on landscape engineering education and industry progress.
文摘Ecology has always been a problem that the society attaches great importance to, and urban residents increasingly hope to embrace nature, which gives birth to the garden project, and the garden also plays a good role. There are some differences between landscape engineering and other construction projects, but its cost investment is also relatively large, and the related enterprises have greater capital pressure. Therefore, in order to ensure that the project can be completed on time and according to quality, we must do a good job in cost control. However, in practical work, due to the interference of internal and external factors, there are often some deficiencies in cost control, and measures need to be taken to improve the level of cost control and cost control.
文摘In the stage of urban construction, garden engineering, as a form of engineering to beautify the city and improve the urban environment, can create a better living space environment for people to a certain extent. However, in the stage of garden engineering construction, some environmental pollution problems often occur. In order to improve the problems and strengthen the construction of conservation-oriented garden engineering, it is an important means to ensure the urban ecological environment. On the basis of ensuring the effect and quality of garden construction, the impact of construction on the environment is reduced. This paper mainly focuses on the research and analysis of the application of ecological measures in conservation-oriented garden projects, hoping to provide reference for the future construction and development of garden projects.
文摘Sino-foreign cooperative education plays an important role in undergraduate education.It has also proved itself popular in higher vocational education in recent years,in which foreign teachers are undertaking the task of teaching some specialized courses.The teaching by foreign teachers has certain irreplaceable advantages,but nonnegligible disadvantages as well.Questionnaires have been distributed to the students majoring in Landscape Engineering from Shanghai Urban Construction College to investigate the teaching of specialized courses by foreign teachers.Based on the statistics,the advantages and disadvantages of their teaching have been analyzed,and several suggestions on how to adopt the good points and avoid the shortcomings are offered,so as to improve the quality of Sino-foreign cooperative education in higher vocational college.
基金“Research on the Construction of Teaching Resource Library under the“4321”Industry-Education Integration System-Taking the Environmental Design Major as an Example”Chongqing Institute of Technology Education and Teaching Reform Research Project(Project number:JY2022308)。
文摘This paper studies and explores the construction of a teaching resource library for landscape engineering under the“4321”industry-education integration system,focusing on the construction objectives,construction paths,and construction contents,aiming to open-up the channel of school-enterprise cooperation,improve enterprise participation,and promote the reform of teaching mode and teaching methods.Establishing a practical resource library will connect and integrate students,teachers,and enterprises.A complete library of landscape-oriented teaching resources will be constructed according to the talent portraits of the industry to open-up the relationship between upstream and downstream courses,and further improve the precise fit between the cultivation of applied undergraduate talents and enterprises.
文摘With the development of society and the continuous improvement of living standards, people are no longer satisfied with the material concept of "abundant food and clothing", and gradually began to pursue aesthetic enjoyment. The construction of landscape architecture engineering is to provide aesthetic enjoyment for the citizens. Employees should serve the people as the foothold, to meet the peoples growing aesthetic needs as the guidance of landscape landscape design. This paper will explore the construction optimization measures of soft landscape and hard landscape in landscape garden engineering by analyzing the construction status of the landscape in landscape garden engineering.
文摘In recent years, with the accelerating process of urbanization, the construction level of landscape architecture has been significantly improved. However, there are still many problems in landscape construction in China due to the different development speed of each city, the different design ability of designers and the different construction methods of architects. For cities, landscape architecture project is very important, because it is not only the landscape itself, but also carries the city's cultural landscape, ecological greening, residents activity venues and other functions. Some tourism cities can also be based on the transformation of landscape architecture projects to achieve income. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to solve the problems existing in the current landscape architecture project.
文摘In recent years,China’s landscaping projects have developed vigorously,and the growth rate of urban garden green space areas has been maintained at about 5%.Overall,with the development of the national economy and the support of macro policies,people’s demand for close to nature and beautify the environment is gradually increasing,which has brought new growth momentum for the development of the landscaping industry.Simultaneously,from the perspective of future economic development and urban development,the landscaping industry still has a lot of room for development.However,with the rapid development of landscape engineering,the problem of cost control of landscape engineering is becoming more prominent,the phenomenon of budget overestimation is common,and there are many factors affecting the cost of landscape engineering,which brings difficulties and challenges to the analysis of its influencing factors and cost management.How to scientifically analyze the influencing factors and control the cost has become an important link in the landscaping project.To solve the above problems,this paper takes the design stage of landscaping engineering as the background,takes the design estimate of landscaping engineering as the research object,through literature research and data collection,fully excavates the main influencing factors of the design estimate stage of landscaping engineering,analyzes the key points of cost control,and provides reference ideas and directions for the later cost management and control.
文摘The higher vocational education has the dual attributes of higher education and vocational education, with vocational education development pace continues to accelerate, the establishment of vocational schools and school-enterprise cooperation corporate long-term mechanism must be addressed now become a good core issues as soon as possible, to achieve effective implementation of internships, we must achieve five-win of social, school, business, students and parents, to a certain extent, for the regional industry economic development.
文摘In recent years, under the background of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the environmental pollution problem in our country is becoming more and more serious. In order to improve the air quality and environmental quality of the city, our country has begun to vigorously promote the sustainable development concept of energy saving, low carbon and environmental protection. Under the concept of sustainable development, the city began to build garden projects, because the economic management of garden projects involves many aspects, such as: Greening cost. In order to create a high-tech and high safety quality landscape project, the greening cost is introduced into it, which is convenient for the economic management of garden engineering to be scientifically and reasonably implemented and planned.
文摘In the process of urbanization, along with industrial development and population growth, demand of water is rapidly increasing, causing water shortages. Some rivers, lakes, wetlands and other water bodies are invaded, as well as the demise of the transformation has been a serious threat to the survival and development of human society. Therefore, river restoration is one of the hot researches in recent years. In this paper, the author made a preliminary summary on river restoration and repair, technology and related engineering examples in order to promote domestic demand for river restoration longitudinal in-depth study and fry to raise the domestic ecological restoration in future research directions： River ecological restoration is a long process. The design process should be integrated into the concept of sustainable development and build a public participation platform integrated with experts, designers, and user. And river restoration technology and related engineering examples literature play the role of reference and guidance on the selection of the river restoration project technical measures.
文摘Tanghai County is one of the counties in Tangshan City with the highest saline-alkali degree, with 80% of its land being covered by saline-alkali soils. Through studying landscaping technologies for coastal saline-alkali land in Tanghai County, 3 dominant modes for landscaping engineering in such land were summarized as shallow underground pipe desalination technology, banding soil replacement technology and hole membrane soil replacement technology, which are different in application scope and also in cost (respectively 260, 210 and 170 yuan). 3 landscaping measures were also proposed, including promotion of suitable plant cultivation technologies, application of saline-alkali tolerant plants and biological improvement of soils. To explore economic and practical planting patterns for saline-alkali land, low-cost landscaping tests were conducted from the perspectives of improving landscaping engineering mode and optimizing landscaping measures, and the results showed that it was practical to apply low-cost landscaping patterns, and comprehensive ecological measures should be adopted to realize the sustained utilization of soil.
文摘This paper summarized the results of domestic and international research on traffic signs, and found that the related research mainly focused on the setting, design and identification of traffic signs. It also pointed out the weakness and shortcomings of the existing research, and suggested that traffic signrelated research in the future should pay more attention to the humanities such as psychology, tourism science and sociology.
文摘This study introduces a Landscape Information Modeling±Stable Diffusion(LIM±SD)-based digital workflow for ecological engineered landscaping(EEL)design,focusing on urban river wetlands.It explores how students from diverse academic backgrounds perform EEL tasks using the LIM±SD approach.A total of 30 participants,including industrial design postgraduates and landscape architecture undergraduates and postgraduates,completed the design tasks.The efficacy of their designs was assessed through expert evaluations on site appropriateness,aesthetics,spatial layout,and eco-engineering techniques of the design proposals,as well as the parametric simulation which calculated the vegetation coverage rate and proportion of riparian areas for each design.Moreover,evaluation of participants’subjective design experiences was conducted via questionnaires.Results indicated that landscape architecture postgraduates outperformed others applying ecological engineering principles.The study also elucidated discrepancies between LIM models and SD-generated renderings,as well as the uncertainty of SDgenerated renderings,suggesting improvements are needed to align digital outputs with ecological design criteria.
