The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaas...The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaaspis dichotomus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Chongqing Lagerstätte in Xiushan,Chongqing,China.The new form resembles Tujiaaspis vividus in the short medial dorsal canal,and the presence of the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.They differ in that T.vividus has highly developed subordinate branches of the sensory canals that form a reticulate sensory canal system,and the median dorsal opening is more elongated.Our phylogenetic analysis recovers M.dichotomus and T.vividus as a monophyletic clade(Tujiaaspidae fam.nov.),which is supported by two synapomorphies:the short medial dorsal canal,and the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.Tujiaaspidae forms a trichotomy with Shuyuidae and a clade comprising Anjiaspis,Sinogaleaspidae,Yongdongaspidae,and the‘eugaleaspid cluster’.The sensory canal patterns in galeaspids are compared to show the transformation sequence of the sensory canal system in Eugaleaspiformes.展开更多
对湖北松滋黑档口早始新世洋溪组进一步采集和研究表明,该组下部黑色泥页岩乃是世界上罕见的早始新世猴鸟鱼化石库。不仅产有世界上最古老(距今5 500万年)的灵长类代表——阿喀琉斯基猴(Archicebus achilles Ni et al.,2013)、我国南方...对湖北松滋黑档口早始新世洋溪组进一步采集和研究表明,该组下部黑色泥页岩乃是世界上罕见的早始新世猴鸟鱼化石库。不仅产有世界上最古老(距今5 500万年)的灵长类代表——阿喀琉斯基猴(Archicebus achilles Ni et al.,2013)、我国南方已知鹤形目化石最早记录——黑档口松滋鸟(Songzia heidangkouensis Hou,1990)、尖爪松滋鸟(Songzia acutunguis Wang et al.,2012)以及高丰度且保存完美的湖北江汉鱼Jianghanichthys hubeisis(Lei,1987)化石群,而且又新发现鬣蜥类(Agamid)、蝉(cicada)、蜘蛛(spider)、白蚁(termite)、古植物以及江汉鱼以外的多种鱼类化石。这是继北美绿江组(Green River Formation)、德国梅瑟尔(Messel)化石库(Fossillagersttte)之后,世界上新近发现的第三个早始新世特异埋藏群,在产出时代上较前两者早700万年。生物地层、构造古地理、沉积相和生态与埋藏学的分析研究表明,该特异埋藏群形成于早始新世初期江汉盆地西缘松滋-当阳盆缘凹陷之中。温湿的气候、充足的陆缘供给为盆缘凹陷及相邻低山-湿地中生物群的繁衍创造了条件;继之鄂西山地抬升和江汉盆地向东收敛而诱发的湖平面上升、咸化、滞流和缺氧以及(或者)盆地中部继之喷溢的基性火山熔岩而散发的有害气体和火山粉尘,可能是导致该生物群集群死亡的主要原因;伴随湖底缺氧而出现大量厌氧细菌席和藻类,在吸食生物软体的同时,为沉入湖底生物群骨架的完好保存创造了必要的封闭条件。展开更多
Field work focused on the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality, Perm region, Urals, Russia, which contains a rich assemblage of diverse fossil organisms including higher plants(equisetophytes, pteridosperms, ginkgophytes, con...Field work focused on the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality, Perm region, Urals, Russia, which contains a rich assemblage of diverse fossil organisms including higher plants(equisetophytes, pteridosperms, ginkgophytes, conifers, vojnovskyans) represented by stems, leaves and reproductive organs;invertebrates(mollusks, arthropods), and tetrapods(temnospondyl amphibians, seymouriamorphs, cotylosaurs, synapsids, diapsids), as well as bony fishes. General characteristics of the taxonomical composition of the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality are given. A new peltaspermalean pteridosperm taxon, Compsopteris longipinnata sp. nov., and a voltzialean conifer Archaeovoltzia kuedensis sp. nov. are described. General considerations on the paleoecologic and paleogeographic conditions of the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality origin are given.展开更多
A wide variety of scalidophoran worms have been found in the Cambrian Fortunian in recent years,suggesting that scalidophorans diversified during this age.Here,we report new scalidophoran material obtained from the 2n...A wide variety of scalidophoran worms have been found in the Cambrian Fortunian in recent years,suggesting that scalidophorans diversified during this age.Here,we report new scalidophoran material obtained from the 2nd member of the Kuanchuanpu Formation(Fortunian Stage)in Zhangjiagou Lagerst?tte,Xixiang County,Shaanxi Province,South China.Three indeterminate forms of scalidophoran worms are described in detail.The morphology of these worms differs from that of any coeval worms and may represent new taxa.However,because these fossils are fragmented and lack detailed information on the arrangement pattern of introvert scalids,they are named here in open nomenclature.This study enriches the diversity of the earliest scalidophorans to 7 genera and species and 10 indeterminate forms.Based on the new fossils,Fortunian scalidophoran worms can be divided into three categories:(1)worms with microannuli;(2)worms with macroannuli;and(3)worms without annuli.展开更多
Burgess Shale-type deposits provide a wealth of information on the early evolution of animals.Questions that are central to understanding the exceptional preservation of these biotas and the paleoenvironments they inh...Burgess Shale-type deposits provide a wealth of information on the early evolution of animals.Questions that are central to understanding the exceptional preservation of these biotas and the paleoenvironments they inhabited may be obscured by the post-depositional alteration due to metamorphism at depth and weathering near the Earth’s surface.Among over 50 Cambrian BST biotas,the Chengjiang and Qingjiang deposits are well known for their richness of soft-bodied taxa,fidelity of preservation,and Early Cambrian Age.While alteration via weathering has been well-investigated,the thermal maturity of the units bearing the two biotas has not yet been elucidated.Here we investigate peak metamorphic temperatures of the two deposits using two independent methods.Paleogeotemperature gradient analyses demonstrate that the most fossiliferous sections of the Chengjiang were buried at a maximum depth of∼8500 m in the Early Triassic,corresponding to∼300°C,while the type area of the Qingjiang biota was buried at a maximum depth of∼8700 m in the Early Jurassic,corresponding to∼240°C.Raman geothermometer analyses of fossil carbonaceous material demonstrate that peak temperatures varied across localities with different burial depth.The two productive sections of the Chengjiang biota were thermally altered at a peak temperature of approximately 300°C,and the main locality of the Qingjiang biota experienced a peak temperature of 238±22°C.These results from two independent methods are concordant.Among BST deposits for which thermal maturity has been documented,the Qingjiang biota is the least thermally mature,and therefore holds promise for enriching our understanding of BST deposits.展开更多
The top predators of arthropods,such as scorpions,spiders,and centipedes,are less commonly discovered in Mesozoic terrestrial Lagerst?tten.Scorpiones belong to the class Arachnida within Arthropoda,with relatively few...The top predators of arthropods,such as scorpions,spiders,and centipedes,are less commonly discovered in Mesozoic terrestrial Lagerst?tten.Scorpiones belong to the class Arachnida within Arthropoda,with relatively few fossil records[1].The earliest scorpions come from the mid Silurian,and at least some of them have been interpreted as transitional forms from sea to land[2].Despite being among the earliest terrestrial arthropods,fossil and living scorpions retain a largely conservative body plan[3].Mesozoic scorpions are mainly from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber[4],whereas compression fossils of scorpions normally deposited in the strata are relatively rare except in the Late Triassic Keuper Sandstone Formation of England and the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil[1].展开更多
Here we reported the coprolites that are preserved in the dark grey silty shale of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation from Shimenzhai,Qinhuangdao,North China.The coprolites occur in a sinusoidal and ribbon-like aggrega...Here we reported the coprolites that are preserved in the dark grey silty shale of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation from Shimenzhai,Qinhuangdao,North China.The coprolites occur in a sinusoidal and ribbon-like aggregate.A coprolite granule is sesame-shaped,roundish at the terminals,equidimensional and equimorphic.It is 2.2 mm long and 0.6 mm wide.Its ventral surface appears flat,and its dorsal surface is slightly convex and has an axial furrow consisting of a string of bead-shaped pits.The coprolite granule has a directional arrangement and general equality in distribution within the aggregate.Its long axis is commonly perpendicular to the margins of the aggregate.The undigested food remains of animals and plants and the organomineral calcites with heteromorphology can be seen within the coprolite granule under photomicroscope and SEM.We deduced that a tracemaker of coprolites may be a tiny polyphagia animal similar to a modern loach or a tiny fish and that the tracemaker defecated and moved in synchronization below the interface between water and sediment.The coprolites may have a high viscidity and intensity while they were defecated.Diagenesis of feces may take place earlier and quicker than the host strata because of microbes.The lagersttte of coprolites described herein may result from the combination of many factors,such as the high content of oxygen in the Carboniferous atmosphere,the brackish lagoon in humid and tropic climate background,the low water energy,and the anoxic taphonomic environment that was lack of other animals.Further we suggested that the deoxidized color (dark grey) of host strata of coprolites may be formed in the sedimentary environment rich in oxygen and the early anoxic diagenetic environment.展开更多
The Jehol Biota,an Early Cretaceous(~120 Ma)terrestrial lagerst??tte in northeastern China,is globally renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved fossil assemblages,which illuminate the origin and evolution of dive...The Jehol Biota,an Early Cretaceous(~120 Ma)terrestrial lagerst??tte in northeastern China,is globally renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved fossil assemblages,which illuminate the origin and evolution of diverse taxa,most notably angiosperms,aves,and mammals[1-3].It represents a pivotal window into the evolutionary assembly of modern terrestrial ecosystems[3].In extant terrestrial ecosystems,fungi play an integral role as ecosystem agents,governing soil carbon cycling,plant nutrition,and pathology[4].展开更多
文摘The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaaspis dichotomus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Chongqing Lagerstätte in Xiushan,Chongqing,China.The new form resembles Tujiaaspis vividus in the short medial dorsal canal,and the presence of the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.They differ in that T.vividus has highly developed subordinate branches of the sensory canals that form a reticulate sensory canal system,and the median dorsal opening is more elongated.Our phylogenetic analysis recovers M.dichotomus and T.vividus as a monophyletic clade(Tujiaaspidae fam.nov.),which is supported by two synapomorphies:the short medial dorsal canal,and the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.Tujiaaspidae forms a trichotomy with Shuyuidae and a clade comprising Anjiaspis,Sinogaleaspidae,Yongdongaspidae,and the‘eugaleaspid cluster’.The sensory canal patterns in galeaspids are compared to show the transformation sequence of the sensory canal system in Eugaleaspiformes.
文摘对湖北松滋黑档口早始新世洋溪组进一步采集和研究表明,该组下部黑色泥页岩乃是世界上罕见的早始新世猴鸟鱼化石库。不仅产有世界上最古老(距今5 500万年)的灵长类代表——阿喀琉斯基猴(Archicebus achilles Ni et al.,2013)、我国南方已知鹤形目化石最早记录——黑档口松滋鸟(Songzia heidangkouensis Hou,1990)、尖爪松滋鸟(Songzia acutunguis Wang et al.,2012)以及高丰度且保存完美的湖北江汉鱼Jianghanichthys hubeisis(Lei,1987)化石群,而且又新发现鬣蜥类(Agamid)、蝉(cicada)、蜘蛛(spider)、白蚁(termite)、古植物以及江汉鱼以外的多种鱼类化石。这是继北美绿江组(Green River Formation)、德国梅瑟尔(Messel)化石库(Fossillagersttte)之后,世界上新近发现的第三个早始新世特异埋藏群,在产出时代上较前两者早700万年。生物地层、构造古地理、沉积相和生态与埋藏学的分析研究表明,该特异埋藏群形成于早始新世初期江汉盆地西缘松滋-当阳盆缘凹陷之中。温湿的气候、充足的陆缘供给为盆缘凹陷及相邻低山-湿地中生物群的繁衍创造了条件;继之鄂西山地抬升和江汉盆地向东收敛而诱发的湖平面上升、咸化、滞流和缺氧以及(或者)盆地中部继之喷溢的基性火山熔岩而散发的有害气体和火山粉尘,可能是导致该生物群集群死亡的主要原因;伴随湖底缺氧而出现大量厌氧细菌席和藻类,在吸食生物软体的同时,为沉入湖底生物群骨架的完好保存创造了必要的封闭条件。
文摘Field work focused on the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality, Perm region, Urals, Russia, which contains a rich assemblage of diverse fossil organisms including higher plants(equisetophytes, pteridosperms, ginkgophytes, conifers, vojnovskyans) represented by stems, leaves and reproductive organs;invertebrates(mollusks, arthropods), and tetrapods(temnospondyl amphibians, seymouriamorphs, cotylosaurs, synapsids, diapsids), as well as bony fishes. General characteristics of the taxonomical composition of the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality are given. A new peltaspermalean pteridosperm taxon, Compsopteris longipinnata sp. nov., and a voltzialean conifer Archaeovoltzia kuedensis sp. nov. are described. General considerations on the paleoecologic and paleogeographic conditions of the Kuedinskie Kluchiki locality origin are given.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41872014,41572009)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB26000000)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.193123)the Basic Research Plan of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2018JM4002)。
文摘A wide variety of scalidophoran worms have been found in the Cambrian Fortunian in recent years,suggesting that scalidophorans diversified during this age.Here,we report new scalidophoran material obtained from the 2nd member of the Kuanchuanpu Formation(Fortunian Stage)in Zhangjiagou Lagerst?tte,Xixiang County,Shaanxi Province,South China.Three indeterminate forms of scalidophoran worms are described in detail.The morphology of these worms differs from that of any coeval worms and may represent new taxa.However,because these fossils are fragmented and lack detailed information on the arrangement pattern of introvert scalids,they are named here in open nomenclature.This study enriches the diversity of the earliest scalidophorans to 7 genera and species and 10 indeterminate forms.Based on the new fossils,Fortunian scalidophoran worms can be divided into three categories:(1)worms with microannuli;(2)worms with macroannuli;and(3)worms without annuli.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41930319,41621003,and EAR-1554897)the 111 Project(No.D17013)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province(No.2022JC-DW5-01).
文摘Burgess Shale-type deposits provide a wealth of information on the early evolution of animals.Questions that are central to understanding the exceptional preservation of these biotas and the paleoenvironments they inhabited may be obscured by the post-depositional alteration due to metamorphism at depth and weathering near the Earth’s surface.Among over 50 Cambrian BST biotas,the Chengjiang and Qingjiang deposits are well known for their richness of soft-bodied taxa,fidelity of preservation,and Early Cambrian Age.While alteration via weathering has been well-investigated,the thermal maturity of the units bearing the two biotas has not yet been elucidated.Here we investigate peak metamorphic temperatures of the two deposits using two independent methods.Paleogeotemperature gradient analyses demonstrate that the most fossiliferous sections of the Chengjiang were buried at a maximum depth of∼8500 m in the Early Triassic,corresponding to∼300°C,while the type area of the Qingjiang biota was buried at a maximum depth of∼8700 m in the Early Jurassic,corresponding to∼240°C.Raman geothermometer analyses of fossil carbonaceous material demonstrate that peak temperatures varied across localities with different burial depth.The two productive sections of the Chengjiang biota were thermally altered at a peak temperature of approximately 300°C,and the main locality of the Qingjiang biota experienced a peak temperature of 238±22°C.These results from two independent methods are concordant.Among BST deposits for which thermal maturity has been documented,the Qingjiang biota is the least thermally mature,and therefore holds promise for enriching our understanding of BST deposits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925008 and 42288201)。
文摘The top predators of arthropods,such as scorpions,spiders,and centipedes,are less commonly discovered in Mesozoic terrestrial Lagerst?tten.Scorpiones belong to the class Arachnida within Arthropoda,with relatively few fossil records[1].The earliest scorpions come from the mid Silurian,and at least some of them have been interpreted as transitional forms from sea to land[2].Despite being among the earliest terrestrial arthropods,fossil and living scorpions retain a largely conservative body plan[3].Mesozoic scorpions are mainly from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber[4],whereas compression fossils of scorpions normally deposited in the strata are relatively rare except in the Late Triassic Keuper Sandstone Formation of England and the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil[1].
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40872001,40921062)the "111" Project (Grant No.B08030)the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and the SINOPEC Project (Grant No.G0800-06-ZS-319)
文摘Here we reported the coprolites that are preserved in the dark grey silty shale of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation from Shimenzhai,Qinhuangdao,North China.The coprolites occur in a sinusoidal and ribbon-like aggregate.A coprolite granule is sesame-shaped,roundish at the terminals,equidimensional and equimorphic.It is 2.2 mm long and 0.6 mm wide.Its ventral surface appears flat,and its dorsal surface is slightly convex and has an axial furrow consisting of a string of bead-shaped pits.The coprolite granule has a directional arrangement and general equality in distribution within the aggregate.Its long axis is commonly perpendicular to the margins of the aggregate.The undigested food remains of animals and plants and the organomineral calcites with heteromorphology can be seen within the coprolite granule under photomicroscope and SEM.We deduced that a tracemaker of coprolites may be a tiny polyphagia animal similar to a modern loach or a tiny fish and that the tracemaker defecated and moved in synchronization below the interface between water and sediment.The coprolites may have a high viscidity and intensity while they were defecated.Diagenesis of feces may take place earlier and quicker than the host strata because of microbes.The lagersttte of coprolites described herein may result from the combination of many factors,such as the high content of oxygen in the Carboniferous atmosphere,the brackish lagoon in humid and tropic climate background,the low water energy,and the anoxic taphonomic environment that was lack of other animals.Further we suggested that the deoxidized color (dark grey) of host strata of coprolites may be formed in the sedimentary environment rich in oxygen and the early anoxic diagenetic environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372044,42288201,42330208,41972022,42172034,and 41790454)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1907037)。
文摘The Jehol Biota,an Early Cretaceous(~120 Ma)terrestrial lagerst??tte in northeastern China,is globally renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved fossil assemblages,which illuminate the origin and evolution of diverse taxa,most notably angiosperms,aves,and mammals[1-3].It represents a pivotal window into the evolutionary assembly of modern terrestrial ecosystems[3].In extant terrestrial ecosystems,fungi play an integral role as ecosystem agents,governing soil carbon cycling,plant nutrition,and pathology[4].
