Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that pla...Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).展开更多
Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are ne...Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are newly discovered types of regulated cell deaths that have been shown to exacerbate inflammation and lead to cell death in damaged spinal cords.Autophagy,a complex form of cell death that is interconnected with various regulated cell death mechanisms,has garnered significant attention in the study of spinal cord injury.This injury triggers not only cell death but also cellular survival responses.Multiple signaling pathways play pivotal roles in influencing the processes of both deterioration and repair in spinal cord injury by regulating pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy.Therefore,this review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms underlying regulated cell deaths,the signaling pathways that modulate these mechanisms,and the potential therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.Our analysis suggests that targeting the common regulatory signaling pathways of different regulated cell deaths could be a promising strategy to promote cell survival and enhance the repair of spinal cord injury.Moreover,a holistic approach that incorporates multiple regulated cell deaths and their regulatory pathways presents a promising multi-target therapeutic strategy for the management of spinal cord injury.展开更多
5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of...5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.展开更多
Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rode...Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly understood.Recently,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.Here,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse model.We found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice.This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells.RGS6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing neurons.Thus,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
The postharvest senescence phase of table grapes comprises a series of biological processes.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)regulate downstream genes at the post-transcriptional level;however,whether miRNAs are involved in postharve...The postharvest senescence phase of table grapes comprises a series of biological processes.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)regulate downstream genes at the post-transcriptional level;however,whether miRNAs are involved in postharvest grape senescence remains unclear.We used small RNA sequencing to identify postharvest-related miRNAs in‘Red Globe'(Vitis vinifera)grapes harvested after 0,30,and 60 d of storage at 4℃(RG0,RG30,RG60).In total,42 known and 219 novel miRNA candidates were obtained.During fruit senescence,the expression of PC-3p-3343_1921,mi R2950,miR395k,miR2111,miR159c,miR169q,PC-5p-1112_4500,and miR167b changed signifcantly(P<0.05).Degradation sequencing identifed 218 targets associated with cell wall organization,tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycling,pathogen defense,carbon metabolism,hormone signaling,the anthocyanin metabolism pathway,and energy regulation,of which ARF6,GRF3,TCP2,CP1,MYBA2,and WRKY72 were closely related to fruit senescence.We also verified that VIT_00s2146g00010,VIT_02s0012g01750,and VIT_03s0038g00160 with unknown functions are cleaved by senescence-related PC-5p-1112_4500 via the dual luciferase assay,and the transient transformation of grape berries showed that they regulate berry senescence.These results deepen our understanding of the role of mi RNAs in regulating grape berry senescence and prolonging the shelf life of horticultural products.Based on these results,we propose a new theoretical strategy for delaying the postharvest senescence of horticultural products by regulating the expression of key miRNAs(e.g.,PC-5p-1112_4500),thereby extending their shelf life.展开更多
In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the p...In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the pendulum arms in the upright position and the car to reach the equilibrium position.Grey Wolf Optimization-based Linear Quadratic Regulator(GWO-LQR)and GWO-based Fuzzy LQR(FLQR)control algorithms are used in the control process.To improve the performance of the LQR and FLQR methods,the optimum values of the coefficients corresponding to the foot points of the membership functions are determined by the GWO algorithm.Both a graphic and a numerical analysis of the outcomes are provided.In the comparative analysis,it is observed that the GWO-based FLQR method reduces the settling time by 22.58% and the maximum peak value by 18.2% when evaluated in terms of the angular response of the pendulum arm.Furthermore,this approach outperformed comparable research in the literature with a settling time of 2.4 s.These findings demonstrate that the suggested GWO-based FLQR controlmethod outperforms existing literature in terms of the time required for the pendulum arm to reach equilibrium.展开更多
This paper reviewed the toxicity,maximum residue limits(MRLs)and current residue status of commonly used plant growth regulators in vegetables,including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA...This paper reviewed the toxicity,maximum residue limits(MRLs)and current residue status of commonly used plant growth regulators in vegetables,including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA),ethephon,gibberellin,and paclobutrazol.Methods for reducing residues of plant growth regulators in vegetables were discussed,and recommendations and strategies for their application were proposed.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performa...[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was established to determine the residual levels of 10 PGRs in bean sprouts.[Results]Under optimized conditions,the retention time of the 10 PGRs ranged from 6.45 to 11.43 min.When the mass concentration ranged from 0.005 to 0.05μg/ml,all PGRs exhibited good linearity,with correlation coefficients(r)≥0.9991.The limits of detection(LODs,S/N=3)were in the range of 0.30-0.92μg/kg,and the limits of quantification(LOQs)were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery values at three concentration levels ranged from 80%to 105.8%,with relative standard deviations(RSD s,n=6)of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and provides technical reference for food safety monitoring.展开更多
Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences product...Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences productivity.In this study,we revealed the role of smk23 in maize kernel development.The ethyl methanesulfonate mutant smk23 is characterized by substantially reduced kernel weight.Through map-based cloning,smk23 was found to be located on Chr5 and encode a putative B-type response regulator,Zm RR5.A change from G to A occurs in the coding sequence of Zm RR5,resulting in the early termination of smk23.In Arabidopsis,B-type response regulators are involved in cytokinin signaling.Histological analysis and in situ hybridization of the mutant revealed abnormal endosperm development,particularly in the basal endosperm transfer layer(BETL),a specialized tissue critical for nutrient transport from the maternal tissues to the developing kernel.Zm RR5 positively regulates key genes involved in BETL development and function,including MRP1 and TCRR1.Furthermore,RNA sequencing revealed that several genes closely linked to BETL development,including BETL2,MEG1,and MN1,were significantly downregulated in smk23.These genes are essential for nutrient transport,tissue development and signal transduction.In addition,haploid analysis of Zm RR5 revealed natural variations(Hap 2)that may contribute to the increased kernel yield.Disruption of Zm RR5 function in smk23 leads to defects in BETL development,impairing its ability to transport nutrients,and ultimately resulting in a smaller kernel size.This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which Zm RR5 regulates maize kernel development and offers potential strategies for improving grain yield.展开更多
To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.En...To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.Engine makers are developing dual fuel engines to operate on ammonia.The prerequisite to use ammonia is a robust and safe infrastructure to supply green ammonia as fuel in ports worldwide.Fuel supply can be done by pipelines in ports,ship to ship transfer at anchorages or in ports,and truck to ship bunkering in ports.Ammonia being a corrosive and toxic chemical,and hazard identification and risk assessment needs to be carried out.Procedure for measurement of ammonia quantity and quality will need to be formulated.IGF Code will be applicable to Ammonia as fuel.All safety aspects will need to be included in a rigorous crew training and certification as per STCW convention.The methodology used for the paper is literature review,study of existing industry practices for bunkering of alternate fuels like LNG,Methanol and LPG and how it can be safely applied for ammonia bunkering.Key findings are that it will be safe to bunker ammonia by designing a robust system with inbuilt safety features similar to what is used for cryogenic fuel like Liquefied Natural Gas with stress on handling of toxic and corrosive properties and considering safety of crew and environmental protection.展开更多
Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high st...Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high stress generated by superposition to cut shell into regular fragments.Additionally,it can be combined with different initiation methods to alter the fragmentation outcomes.In this study,aiming at the fracture strain of metal cylindrical shell driven by explosive charge with waveform regulator,theoretical analysis was first adopted to obtain the prediction model of the fracture strain of cylindrical shell with waveform regulator and the model of the axial distribution of the stress concentration factor.On this basis,both theoretical analysis and numerical models were utilized to investigate the effect of waveform regulator on the initial velocity of fragments.Finally,experiments were conducted to validate the fracture strain prediction model for cylindrical shell with waveform regulator.The research results show that the collision angles of the detonation waves at different axial positions are different,which leads to the stress concentration factor on the shell presenting a trend of gradually decreasing,then sharply increasing,and then rapidly decreasing along the axial direction.Additionally,the changes in the slot spacing and the thickness of outer charge will also affect the stress concentration factor,and the influence of outer charge thickness is relatively large.The smaller the ratio of charge volume to waveform regulator volume,the larger the axial sparse wave intensity and the more the fragment initial velocity decrease.From the initiation end to the non-initiation end,the failure modes of the shell sequentially change from pure shear,to mixed tensile-shear,and finally to pure tensile failure.The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated results of the fracture strain model,and the maximum relative error is less than 10%,which indicates that the fracture strain prediction model of the cylindrical shell with waveform regulator established in this paper by considering the increase of elastic energy per unit volume caused by stress concentration on the shell is reliable.展开更多
Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves...Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves the synergistic action of many factors.Yue Wu et al.'s latest research results on the immunomodulatory mechanism of rice(ROD1 and the interaction between various proteins in rice)are introduced in this paper.展开更多
Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international exp...Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international experience.Methods Through literature research and comparative analysis,the history of policies for online pharmacy in China was investigated,and the current situation and problems of regulation for online pharmacy were explored.Results and Conclusion It is found that the body,basis and behavior of online prescription drug supervision in China should be improved.Combining experience in regulating online prescription drug at home and abroad,we provide some suggestions for the implementation of China’s online prescription drug policy by establishing a government-led multiple regulatory mechanism,standardizing the access qualifications for enterprises with business in online prescription drugs,improving the prescription inquiry and review system,and paying attention to consumer needs.展开更多
CRISPR-based tran-scription regulators(CRISPR-TRs)have revolutionized the field of synthetic biol-ogy by enabling tar-geted activation or repression of any de-sired gene.However,the majority of exist-ing inducible CRI...CRISPR-based tran-scription regulators(CRISPR-TRs)have revolutionized the field of synthetic biol-ogy by enabling tar-geted activation or repression of any de-sired gene.However,the majority of exist-ing inducible CRISPR-TRs are limited by their dependence on specific sequences,which restricts their flex-ibility and controllability in genetic engineering applications.In this study,we proposed a novel strategy to construct sequence-independent inducible CRISPR-TRs,which is achieved by the design of stem loop 2 in the single guide RNA(sgRNA).Under this strategy,by utiliz-ing toehold-mediated strand displacement(TMSD)reactions between small endogenous molecules(miR-20a and TK1 mRNA)and bridge RNA(bRNA)to link bRNA with sgRNA,we achieved synergistic transcriptional activation of VP64 and p65-HSF1 in response to en-dogenous molecules.To enable response to exogenous molecules,we added response se-quences and bRNA sequences to the 5'end of sgRNA to block sgRNA activity,and achieved activation of sgRNA by shearing the response sequence,called sequential unlimited interlock-ing(SUI).Compared with conventional sequence-restricted interlocking(spacer-blocking hairpin(SBH)),the transcriptional activation ratio between response and non-response to the Cas6A protein using our approach was increased by 2.28-fold.Our work presents a modular and versatile framework for endogenous and exogenous molecule-responsive CRISPR-TRs in mammalian cells,without limitations imposed by sequence dependence.展开更多
Objective:Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,with tanshinones being its major active components.This study aims to systematicall...Objective:Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,with tanshinones being its major active components.This study aims to systematically elucidate the core transcriptional circuitry controlling tanshinone production,thereby establishing a mechanistic framework to optimize phytochemical yield and advance sustainable cultivation strategies for this pharmaceutically vital species.Methods:Transcriptome profiling revealed that the transcription factor SmWRKY69 is specifically expressed in the root periderm of S.miltiorrhiza.DNA affinity purification sequencing(DAPseq)was used to identify its potential target genes,and cis-element analysis predicted W-box motifs in the promoters of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)assays were employed to validate its regulatory interactions with candidate gene promoters.Results:SmWRKY69 was found to directly bind to the promoters of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1,key genes in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway,through W-box elements,indicating its role as a transcriptional regulator.Conclusion:SmWRKY69 regulates tanshinone biosynthesis by directly targeting SmCPS1 and SmKSL1,providing a valuable genetic target for metabolic engineering to enhance the therapeutic quality of S.miltiorrhiza.展开更多
Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typical...Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typically exhibit diverse chemical structures,with common examples including indole rings,terpenoid frameworks,adenine motifs,cyclic lactones,cyclopentanones,and steroidal compounds,which are extensively employed in pesticides.This article explores the interactions and biological activities of small molecules on proteins,enzymes,and other reactive sites involved in the biosynthesis,metabolism,transport,and signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones.Additionally,it analyzes the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of pesticides incorporating these structural motifs to elucidate the relationship between active fragments,pharmacophores,and targets,highlighting the characteristics of potent small molecules and their derivatives.This comprehensive review aims to provide novel perspectives for the development and design of pesticides,offering valuable insights for researchers in the field.展开更多
In the process of implementing data openness between banks and fin-tech companies,as the breadth and depth of cooperation between banks and enterprises continue to increase,there is a risk of“too much correlation to ...In the process of implementing data openness between banks and fin-tech companies,as the breadth and depth of cooperation between banks and enterprises continue to increase,there is a risk of“too much correlation to fail”and“too many links to fail”.There are problems with the implementation of financial data openness by regulatory agencies for banks and fin-tech enterprises,such as the ambiguity of regulatory responsibilities,the emphasis on financial regulatory goals,and the lag in regulatory methods.To address these issues,it is necessary to clarify the responsibilities of financial regulatory agencies,establish a collaborative mechanism for financial regulation,coordinate the types of risks in bank enterprise cooperation,achieve the technical implementation of financial regulatory measures and the design of regulatory systems,obtain regulatory data in real time,establish a hierarchical regulatory system for bank enterprise cooperation to improve the regulatory path,and ensure the rational and legal use of financial data in bank enterprise cooperation.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathologica...Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.展开更多
Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applicati...Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applications under variable-rate(VR)strategies are commonly based exclusively on vegetation indices(VIs)variability.However,VIs often saturate in dense crop vegetation areas,limiting their effectiveness in distinguishing variability in crop growth.This study aimed to compare unsupervised framework(UF)and supervised framework(SUF)approaches for generat-ing zonal application maps for CGR under VR conditions.During 2022-2023 agricultural seasons,an UF was employed to generate zonal maps based on locally collected field data on plant height of cotton,satellite imagery,soil texture,and phenology data.Subsequently,a SUF(based on historical data between 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 agricultural seasons)was developed to predict plant height using remote sensing and phenology data,aiming to replicate same zonal maps but without relying on direct field measurements of plant height.Both approaches were tested in three fields and on two different dates per field.Results The predictive model for plant height of SUF performed well,as indicated by the model metrics.However,when comparing zonal application maps for specific field-date combinations,the predicted plant height exhibited lower variability compared with field measurements.This led to variable compatibility between SUF maps,which utilized the model predictions,and the UF maps,which were based on the real field data.Fields characterized by much pronounced soil texture variability yielded the highest compatibility between the zonal application maps produced by both SUF and UF approaches.This was predominantly due to the greater consistency in estimating plant development patterns within these heterogeneous field environments.While VR application approach can facilitate product savings during the application operation,other key factors must be considered.These include the availability of specialized machinery required for this type of applications,as well as the inherent operational costs associated with applying a single CGR product which differs from the typical uniform rate applications that often integrate multi-ple inputs.Conclusion Predictive modeling shows promise for assisting in the creation of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree of agreement with the actual variability in crop growth found in the field should be evaluated on a field-by-field basis.The SUF approach,which is based on plant heigh prediction,demonstrated potential for supporting the development of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree to which this approach aligns itself with the actual variability in crop growth observed in the field may vary,necessi-tating field-by-field evaluation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by AHA Career Development Award 938683 (to PJD)NIH grant R01MH123700 (to MLD)
文摘Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,No.2021J02035(to WX).
文摘Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are newly discovered types of regulated cell deaths that have been shown to exacerbate inflammation and lead to cell death in damaged spinal cords.Autophagy,a complex form of cell death that is interconnected with various regulated cell death mechanisms,has garnered significant attention in the study of spinal cord injury.This injury triggers not only cell death but also cellular survival responses.Multiple signaling pathways play pivotal roles in influencing the processes of both deterioration and repair in spinal cord injury by regulating pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy.Therefore,this review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms underlying regulated cell deaths,the signaling pathways that modulate these mechanisms,and the potential therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.Our analysis suggests that targeting the common regulatory signaling pathways of different regulated cell deaths could be a promising strategy to promote cell survival and enhance the repair of spinal cord injury.Moreover,a holistic approach that incorporates multiple regulated cell deaths and their regulatory pathways presents a promising multi-target therapeutic strategy for the management of spinal cord injury.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32230097 and 32172512)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(20)2023]+1 种基金the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization(Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health,Nos.AA025919,AA025919-03S1,and AA025919-05S1(all to RAF).
文摘Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly understood.Recently,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.Here,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse model.We found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice.This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells.RGS6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing neurons.Thus,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia,China(2024AAC02039)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Leadership Talent Program of Ningxia,China(2022GKLRLX07)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260727 and 32371924)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-29-zp-6)。
文摘The postharvest senescence phase of table grapes comprises a series of biological processes.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)regulate downstream genes at the post-transcriptional level;however,whether miRNAs are involved in postharvest grape senescence remains unclear.We used small RNA sequencing to identify postharvest-related miRNAs in‘Red Globe'(Vitis vinifera)grapes harvested after 0,30,and 60 d of storage at 4℃(RG0,RG30,RG60).In total,42 known and 219 novel miRNA candidates were obtained.During fruit senescence,the expression of PC-3p-3343_1921,mi R2950,miR395k,miR2111,miR159c,miR169q,PC-5p-1112_4500,and miR167b changed signifcantly(P<0.05).Degradation sequencing identifed 218 targets associated with cell wall organization,tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycling,pathogen defense,carbon metabolism,hormone signaling,the anthocyanin metabolism pathway,and energy regulation,of which ARF6,GRF3,TCP2,CP1,MYBA2,and WRKY72 were closely related to fruit senescence.We also verified that VIT_00s2146g00010,VIT_02s0012g01750,and VIT_03s0038g00160 with unknown functions are cleaved by senescence-related PC-5p-1112_4500 via the dual luciferase assay,and the transient transformation of grape berries showed that they regulate berry senescence.These results deepen our understanding of the role of mi RNAs in regulating grape berry senescence and prolonging the shelf life of horticultural products.Based on these results,we propose a new theoretical strategy for delaying the postharvest senescence of horticultural products by regulating the expression of key miRNAs(e.g.,PC-5p-1112_4500),thereby extending their shelf life.
文摘In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the pendulum arms in the upright position and the car to reach the equilibrium position.Grey Wolf Optimization-based Linear Quadratic Regulator(GWO-LQR)and GWO-based Fuzzy LQR(FLQR)control algorithms are used in the control process.To improve the performance of the LQR and FLQR methods,the optimum values of the coefficients corresponding to the foot points of the membership functions are determined by the GWO algorithm.Both a graphic and a numerical analysis of the outcomes are provided.In the comparative analysis,it is observed that the GWO-based FLQR method reduces the settling time by 22.58% and the maximum peak value by 18.2% when evaluated in terms of the angular response of the pendulum arm.Furthermore,this approach outperformed comparable research in the literature with a settling time of 2.4 s.These findings demonstrate that the suggested GWO-based FLQR controlmethod outperforms existing literature in terms of the time required for the pendulum arm to reach equilibrium.
文摘This paper reviewed the toxicity,maximum residue limits(MRLs)and current residue status of commonly used plant growth regulators in vegetables,including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA),ethephon,gibberellin,and paclobutrazol.Methods for reducing residues of plant growth regulators in vegetables were discussed,and recommendations and strategies for their application were proposed.
基金Supported by Outstanding Talent Development Program of Hebei ProvinceTangshan Talent Funding Project(A202202005).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was established to determine the residual levels of 10 PGRs in bean sprouts.[Results]Under optimized conditions,the retention time of the 10 PGRs ranged from 6.45 to 11.43 min.When the mass concentration ranged from 0.005 to 0.05μg/ml,all PGRs exhibited good linearity,with correlation coefficients(r)≥0.9991.The limits of detection(LODs,S/N=3)were in the range of 0.30-0.92μg/kg,and the limits of quantification(LOQs)were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery values at three concentration levels ranged from 80%to 105.8%,with relative standard deviations(RSD s,n=6)of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and provides technical reference for food safety monitoring.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200500,2022YFD1201700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071921)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(2021LZGC022)the Taishan Scholars Project。
文摘Maize(Zea mays L.)is one of the world's most important staple crops,and is used for manufacturing food,feed,and industrial products.A key factor in maize yield is the grain weight,which directly influences productivity.In this study,we revealed the role of smk23 in maize kernel development.The ethyl methanesulfonate mutant smk23 is characterized by substantially reduced kernel weight.Through map-based cloning,smk23 was found to be located on Chr5 and encode a putative B-type response regulator,Zm RR5.A change from G to A occurs in the coding sequence of Zm RR5,resulting in the early termination of smk23.In Arabidopsis,B-type response regulators are involved in cytokinin signaling.Histological analysis and in situ hybridization of the mutant revealed abnormal endosperm development,particularly in the basal endosperm transfer layer(BETL),a specialized tissue critical for nutrient transport from the maternal tissues to the developing kernel.Zm RR5 positively regulates key genes involved in BETL development and function,including MRP1 and TCRR1.Furthermore,RNA sequencing revealed that several genes closely linked to BETL development,including BETL2,MEG1,and MN1,were significantly downregulated in smk23.These genes are essential for nutrient transport,tissue development and signal transduction.In addition,haploid analysis of Zm RR5 revealed natural variations(Hap 2)that may contribute to the increased kernel yield.Disruption of Zm RR5 function in smk23 leads to defects in BETL development,impairing its ability to transport nutrients,and ultimately resulting in a smaller kernel size.This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which Zm RR5 regulates maize kernel development and offers potential strategies for improving grain yield.
文摘To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.Engine makers are developing dual fuel engines to operate on ammonia.The prerequisite to use ammonia is a robust and safe infrastructure to supply green ammonia as fuel in ports worldwide.Fuel supply can be done by pipelines in ports,ship to ship transfer at anchorages or in ports,and truck to ship bunkering in ports.Ammonia being a corrosive and toxic chemical,and hazard identification and risk assessment needs to be carried out.Procedure for measurement of ammonia quantity and quality will need to be formulated.IGF Code will be applicable to Ammonia as fuel.All safety aspects will need to be included in a rigorous crew training and certification as per STCW convention.The methodology used for the paper is literature review,study of existing industry practices for bunkering of alternate fuels like LNG,Methanol and LPG and how it can be safely applied for ammonia bunkering.Key findings are that it will be safe to bunker ammonia by designing a robust system with inbuilt safety features similar to what is used for cryogenic fuel like Liquefied Natural Gas with stress on handling of toxic and corrosive properties and considering safety of crew and environmental protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302437)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.SBK2023045424)。
文摘Waveform regulator in charge is a method that can realize multi-source detonation wave superposition through a single point detonation.The method does not need to weaken the strength of shell,and relies on the high stress generated by superposition to cut shell into regular fragments.Additionally,it can be combined with different initiation methods to alter the fragmentation outcomes.In this study,aiming at the fracture strain of metal cylindrical shell driven by explosive charge with waveform regulator,theoretical analysis was first adopted to obtain the prediction model of the fracture strain of cylindrical shell with waveform regulator and the model of the axial distribution of the stress concentration factor.On this basis,both theoretical analysis and numerical models were utilized to investigate the effect of waveform regulator on the initial velocity of fragments.Finally,experiments were conducted to validate the fracture strain prediction model for cylindrical shell with waveform regulator.The research results show that the collision angles of the detonation waves at different axial positions are different,which leads to the stress concentration factor on the shell presenting a trend of gradually decreasing,then sharply increasing,and then rapidly decreasing along the axial direction.Additionally,the changes in the slot spacing and the thickness of outer charge will also affect the stress concentration factor,and the influence of outer charge thickness is relatively large.The smaller the ratio of charge volume to waveform regulator volume,the larger the axial sparse wave intensity and the more the fragment initial velocity decrease.From the initiation end to the non-initiation end,the failure modes of the shell sequentially change from pure shear,to mixed tensile-shear,and finally to pure tensile failure.The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated results of the fracture strain model,and the maximum relative error is less than 10%,which indicates that the fracture strain prediction model of the cylindrical shell with waveform regulator established in this paper by considering the increase of elastic energy per unit volume caused by stress concentration on the shell is reliable.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472594)the Independent Deployment Project of Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2023IOZ010).
文摘Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves the synergistic action of many factors.Yue Wu et al.'s latest research results on the immunomodulatory mechanism of rice(ROD1 and the interaction between various proteins in rice)are introduced in this paper.
文摘Objective To analyze the current situation of drug regulation after introducing the new policy for China’s online pharmacy,and to provide reference for the regulation of online pharmacy based on the international experience.Methods Through literature research and comparative analysis,the history of policies for online pharmacy in China was investigated,and the current situation and problems of regulation for online pharmacy were explored.Results and Conclusion It is found that the body,basis and behavior of online prescription drug supervision in China should be improved.Combining experience in regulating online prescription drug at home and abroad,we provide some suggestions for the implementation of China’s online prescription drug policy by establishing a government-led multiple regulatory mechanism,standardizing the access qualifications for enterprises with business in online prescription drugs,improving the prescription inquiry and review system,and paying attention to consumer needs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22073090,No.21991132,No.52021002)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0710700)the Funds of Youth Innovation Promotion Association,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK3450000009).
文摘CRISPR-based tran-scription regulators(CRISPR-TRs)have revolutionized the field of synthetic biol-ogy by enabling tar-geted activation or repression of any de-sired gene.However,the majority of exist-ing inducible CRISPR-TRs are limited by their dependence on specific sequences,which restricts their flex-ibility and controllability in genetic engineering applications.In this study,we proposed a novel strategy to construct sequence-independent inducible CRISPR-TRs,which is achieved by the design of stem loop 2 in the single guide RNA(sgRNA).Under this strategy,by utiliz-ing toehold-mediated strand displacement(TMSD)reactions between small endogenous molecules(miR-20a and TK1 mRNA)and bridge RNA(bRNA)to link bRNA with sgRNA,we achieved synergistic transcriptional activation of VP64 and p65-HSF1 in response to en-dogenous molecules.To enable response to exogenous molecules,we added response se-quences and bRNA sequences to the 5'end of sgRNA to block sgRNA activity,and achieved activation of sgRNA by shearing the response sequence,called sequential unlimited interlock-ing(SUI).Compared with conventional sequence-restricted interlocking(spacer-blocking hairpin(SBH)),the transcriptional activation ratio between response and non-response to the Cas6A protein using our approach was increased by 2.28-fold.Our work presents a modular and versatile framework for endogenous and exogenous molecule-responsive CRISPR-TRs in mammalian cells,without limitations imposed by sequence dependence.
文摘Objective:Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,with tanshinones being its major active components.This study aims to systematically elucidate the core transcriptional circuitry controlling tanshinone production,thereby establishing a mechanistic framework to optimize phytochemical yield and advance sustainable cultivation strategies for this pharmaceutically vital species.Methods:Transcriptome profiling revealed that the transcription factor SmWRKY69 is specifically expressed in the root periderm of S.miltiorrhiza.DNA affinity purification sequencing(DAPseq)was used to identify its potential target genes,and cis-element analysis predicted W-box motifs in the promoters of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)assays were employed to validate its regulatory interactions with candidate gene promoters.Results:SmWRKY69 was found to directly bind to the promoters of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1,key genes in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway,through W-box elements,indicating its role as a transcriptional regulator.Conclusion:SmWRKY69 regulates tanshinone biosynthesis by directly targeting SmCPS1 and SmKSL1,providing a valuable genetic target for metabolic engineering to enhance the therapeutic quality of S.miltiorrhiza.
基金The financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD1700600)。
文摘Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typically exhibit diverse chemical structures,with common examples including indole rings,terpenoid frameworks,adenine motifs,cyclic lactones,cyclopentanones,and steroidal compounds,which are extensively employed in pesticides.This article explores the interactions and biological activities of small molecules on proteins,enzymes,and other reactive sites involved in the biosynthesis,metabolism,transport,and signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones.Additionally,it analyzes the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of pesticides incorporating these structural motifs to elucidate the relationship between active fragments,pharmacophores,and targets,highlighting the characteristics of potent small molecules and their derivatives.This comprehensive review aims to provide novel perspectives for the development and design of pesticides,offering valuable insights for researchers in the field.
文摘In the process of implementing data openness between banks and fin-tech companies,as the breadth and depth of cooperation between banks and enterprises continue to increase,there is a risk of“too much correlation to fail”and“too many links to fail”.There are problems with the implementation of financial data openness by regulatory agencies for banks and fin-tech enterprises,such as the ambiguity of regulatory responsibilities,the emphasis on financial regulatory goals,and the lag in regulatory methods.To address these issues,it is necessary to clarify the responsibilities of financial regulatory agencies,establish a collaborative mechanism for financial regulation,coordinate the types of risks in bank enterprise cooperation,achieve the technical implementation of financial regulatory measures and the design of regulatory systems,obtain regulatory data in real time,establish a hierarchical regulatory system for bank enterprise cooperation to improve the regulatory path,and ensure the rational and legal use of financial data in bank enterprise cooperation.
文摘Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.
文摘Background Zonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices.For cotton,zonal maps for crop growth regulator(CGR)applications under variable-rate(VR)strategies are commonly based exclusively on vegetation indices(VIs)variability.However,VIs often saturate in dense crop vegetation areas,limiting their effectiveness in distinguishing variability in crop growth.This study aimed to compare unsupervised framework(UF)and supervised framework(SUF)approaches for generat-ing zonal application maps for CGR under VR conditions.During 2022-2023 agricultural seasons,an UF was employed to generate zonal maps based on locally collected field data on plant height of cotton,satellite imagery,soil texture,and phenology data.Subsequently,a SUF(based on historical data between 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 agricultural seasons)was developed to predict plant height using remote sensing and phenology data,aiming to replicate same zonal maps but without relying on direct field measurements of plant height.Both approaches were tested in three fields and on two different dates per field.Results The predictive model for plant height of SUF performed well,as indicated by the model metrics.However,when comparing zonal application maps for specific field-date combinations,the predicted plant height exhibited lower variability compared with field measurements.This led to variable compatibility between SUF maps,which utilized the model predictions,and the UF maps,which were based on the real field data.Fields characterized by much pronounced soil texture variability yielded the highest compatibility between the zonal application maps produced by both SUF and UF approaches.This was predominantly due to the greater consistency in estimating plant development patterns within these heterogeneous field environments.While VR application approach can facilitate product savings during the application operation,other key factors must be considered.These include the availability of specialized machinery required for this type of applications,as well as the inherent operational costs associated with applying a single CGR product which differs from the typical uniform rate applications that often integrate multi-ple inputs.Conclusion Predictive modeling shows promise for assisting in the creation of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree of agreement with the actual variability in crop growth found in the field should be evaluated on a field-by-field basis.The SUF approach,which is based on plant heigh prediction,demonstrated potential for supporting the development of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications.However,the degree to which this approach aligns itself with the actual variability in crop growth observed in the field may vary,necessi-tating field-by-field evaluation.
