In order to significantly improve the efficiency of driving water turbine used in hose reel irrigator,a new water turbine structure was proposed by the method of performance test and numerical calculation.The internal...In order to significantly improve the efficiency of driving water turbine used in hose reel irrigator,a new water turbine structure was proposed by the method of performance test and numerical calculation.The internal flow characteristics of original water turbine were analyzed,and it was found that unreasonable design of main flow passage components such as inlet,outlet and runner could not effectively translated pressure energy of upper stream into impact kinetic energy of blade,and gave rise to low energy conversion efficiency of water turbine.The inadequate internal flow and uneven pressure distribution were also not conducive to energy conversion efficiency.Then a new structure of water turbine structure was presented,in which the inlet has a tangential nozzle jet and the outlet is in axial direction.The computational analysis showed that the nozzle jet at the inlet of the new water turbine runner,which makes jet flow mainly concentrate in the impacted blade passage,can reduce the loss of flow kinetic energy.The axial outflow increases the distance of inflow in the runner,which is more conducive to the runner blades work.Performance experiments on both original and new water turbines showed that the highest efficiency of the new turbine is almost 20 percentages higher than that of the original turbine,and the new turbine is nearly triple output power over the original turbine.The internal flow characteristic analysis and the performance experiment were conducted to assess the feasibility of the replacement of the original water turbine by the new water turbine.展开更多
Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in ...Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system.A15N2-labeling chamber system was placed in a rice field to evaluate BNF with straw incorporation under CFI or IFI for 90 d.The nif H(gene encoding the nitrogenase reductase subunit)DNA and c DNA in soil were amplified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and high-throughput sequencing was applied to the nif H gene.The total fixed N in the straw incorporation treatment was 14.3 kg ha^(-1)under CFI,being 116%higher than that under IFI(6.62 kg ha^(-1)).Straw incorporation and CFI showed significant interactive effects on the total fixed N and abundances of nif H DNA and c DNA.The increase in BNF was mainly due to the increase in the abundances of heterotrophic diazotrophs such as Desulfovibrio,Azonexus,and Azotobacter.These results indicated that straw incorporation stimulated BNF under CFI relative to IFI,which might ultimately lead to a rapid enhancement of soil fertility.展开更多
Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective ...Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.展开更多
Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classificatio...Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classification(SPLC)method combined with a fusion model(flexible spatiotemporal data fusion,FSDAF)(abbreviated as SPLC-F)was proposed to map multi-year land cover and crop type(LC-CT)distribution in agricultural irrigated areas with complex landscapes and cropping system,using time series optical images(Landsat and MODIS).The SPLC-F method was well validated and applied in a super-large irrigated area(Hetao)of the upper Yellow River Basin(YRB).Results showed that the SPLC-F method had a satisfactory performance in producing long-term LC-CT maps in Hetao,without the requirement of field sampling.Then,the spatio-temporal variation and the driving factors of the cropping systems were further analyzed with the aid of detailed household surveys and statistics.We clarified that irrigation and salinity conditions were the main factors that had impacts on crop spatial distribution in the upper YRB.Investment costs,market demand,and crop price are the main driving factors in determining the temporal variations in cropping distribution.Overall,this study provided essential multi-year LC-CT maps for sustainable management of agriculture,eco-environments,and food security in the upper YRB.展开更多
Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch dr...Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch drip irrigation emitters,focusing on the anti-clogging performance through the experiment,were investigated.The dynamic variations in the clogging characteristics of emitters,specifically were subjected to statistical analysis.The movement mechanism of emitter clogging and discharging sediment was studied.The effects of emitter structure and position factors on emitter clogging were analyzed.The results show that the pressure-compensated emitter exhibits superior anti-clogging perfor-mance,with a service life that is 227.8%greater than that of the labyrinth channel emitter.A single structural factor cannot completely evaluate the anti-clogging performance of emitters.All factors causing emitter clogging should be considered comprehensively.Emitters contain sensitive sediment prone to clogging,however,significant blockage occurs primarily when the sediment content is elevated.The discharge of sediment,denoted as V90,from the emitter is affected by the accumulative effect of clogged sediment.These results may offer valuable insights for the application and advancement of drip irrigation technology.展开更多
Spray irrigation is one of the effective techniques in saving water and increasing crop yield.Large-scale linear move spray irrigation systems are widely used in China.However,the traditional go-stop-go driving method...Spray irrigation is one of the effective techniques in saving water and increasing crop yield.Large-scale linear move spray irrigation systems are widely used in China.However,the traditional go-stop-go driving method causes difficulty in controlling the linear move irrigator.A new control method efficient in operation and the consumption of water,electricity,and labor is needed.Because of the difficulty in real-life examination of the designed systems,virtual reality technology was used to simulate the controlling and driving system in this study.Three-dimensional models of the irrigation system components were built at proper sizes.The three-dimensional images of the farmland as well as the mechanical models of the irrigation system were also built following the principles of ground vehicle dynamics.Application programs were developed to simulate the control system and the driving system.Through simulation an optimal control method was found,which was then used in the field test to control the large scale irrigator to move straight forward with an angle error of less than 0.06°.展开更多
Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination...Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination of alternative irrigation and moistube irrigation.In order to investigate the effects of AMI on plant growth,greenhouse experiments were conducted on spinach(Spinacia oleracea)and water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica)plants at different time.We measured soil water content at a depth of 20 cm in the planting boxes,and also determined seed emergence rate,plant height,largest leaf area,fresh weight per plant,yield,and irrigation water productivity(IWP)for both spinach and water spinach.The results showed that the AMI treatments had significantly higher soil water content than the conventional surface irrigation control(CK).The emergence rates of spinach and water spinach were significantly higher in the AMI treatments than in the CK,and the plant height,largest leaf area,and fresh weight during the middle and late stages of spinach and water spinach growth were also significantly higher than those of the CK.Both spinach and water spinach grew well and produced high yield with high IWP under AMI with a high water head pressure of 1.5 m at tube spacing of 20 or 30 cm.We found that AMI with a suitable combination of head pressure and tube spacing can promote plant growth and increase yield and IWP under controlled conditions.展开更多
Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-...Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.展开更多
In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resource...In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.展开更多
A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying sc...A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.展开更多
In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. Thi...In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. This study was carried out on the Konni irrigated perimeter, the objective of which is to analyze the physical state of hydraulic infrastructures and their operation before the rehabilitation of the said perimeter. The methodology adopted consisted, first of all, of documentary research focused on data relating to this scope and our theme to properly guide the collection of data in the field. The field phase was then followed with an observation of hydraulic infrastructures one by one in order to assess their condition. Thus, the collected data was processed and analyzed. The results of this study show a notable deterioration of hydraulic infrastructure which affected the operating yield of the study area, with the development of barely 700 ha out of 1226 ha planned by the basic study for off-season production (57%). Bathymetric measurements showed that the volume of sediment that accumulated in the Zongo Dam is 1.2 million m3, which reduces its initial capacity from 12 million m3 to 10.8 million m3 after 43 years of service. The expansion joints of the feed canal are all in poor condition. 90% of the total length of the tertiary canals are degraded, 82.32% of the panels of the main canal C are degraded and 17.68% are cracked. All crossing structures are blocked between the RN1 and the Zongo dam. Based on this critical situation, it would be essential to consider rehabilitation work on all infrastructure in order to restore the hydraulic and even agronomic performance of the Konni irrigated area.展开更多
BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have signi...BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(N...BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl),combined with internal heating and ultrasonic activation,ensures that canals are cleaned,disinfected,and sealed properly.Magnification devices,such as dental operating microscopes(DOM),provide precise visualization for accurate material placement,while the micro apical placement system ensures void-free MTA delivery.This modern approach improves procedural outcomes,lowers iatrogenic errors,and increases long-term success in apexification,making it a dependable and predictable treatment option for immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY Apexification is a regenerative endodontic procedure that involves creating a calcified barrier at the apex of a nonvital tooth with an open apex.This technique is commonly used in immature teeth with necrotic pulps to ensure proper root canal sealing.Traditionally,calcium hydroxide was the preferred material,but advances have introduced bioceramic cements like MTA or Biodentine,which provide superior results with less treatment time.Apexification not only helps to maintain the tooth's structural integrity but also prevents further complications,making it an important procedure in such cases.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced materials,precise irrigation protocols,and magnification tools in the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of MTA created a stable apical barrier,while bioceramic sealers enhanced the seal and promoted long-term healing.NaOCl with internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needles ensured thorough irrigation and disinfection,especially in complex canal anatomy.展开更多
Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to es...Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and future irrigation water needs for rice cultivation in this critical subregion,aiming to identify optimal sowing schedules(OSS)that enhance rainwater utilization and reduce irrigation dependency.The model was driven by current climate data and future projections(2041-2070 and 2071-2099)derived from downscaled Global Circulation Models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The AquaCrop model demonstrated robust performance during validation and calibration,with d-values(0.82-0.93)and R²values(0.85-0.92)indicating strong predictive accuracy for rice yield.Simulation results for efficient irrigation water potential(IWP)under RCP4.5 revealed that strategic shifts in sowing dates can substantially alter water requirements;for instance,advancing the winter-spring sowing to December 5th decreased IWP by 15.6%in the 2041-2070 period,while delaying summer-autumn crop sowing to April 20th increased IWP by 48.6%due to greater reliance on irrigation as rainfall patterns shift.Similar dynamic responses were observed for the 2071-2099 period and for autumn-winter crops.These findings underscore that AquaCrop modeling can effectively predict future irrigation needs and that adjusting cultivation calendars presents a viable,low-cost adaptation strategy.This approach allows farmers in the Plain of Reeds to optimize rainwater use,thereby reducing dependency on supplementary irrigation and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate variability,contributing to more sustainable agricultural water management.展开更多
Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the fo...Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.展开更多
Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A f...Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 on saline-alkaline soil with cotton under drip irrigation to examine how amount and timing of leaching affected soils salinity, cotton fiber yield and quality. There were five leaching amounts(CK: 0 mm, W1: 75 mm, W2: 150 mm, W3: 225 mm and W4: 300 mm) and three leaching timings(T1: once at the seedling stage, T2: twice at the seedling and budding stages, and T3: thrice at the seedling, budding and pollen-setting stages). Soil salinity, soil nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)-N), cotton nitrogen(N) uptake, irrigation water productivity(IWP), cotton fiber yield, fiber length, fiber uniformity, fiber strength, fiber elongation, micronaire and fiber quality index(FQI) were investigated. The results indicated that soil salinity and NO_(3)-N reduced with increasing leaching amount. The N uptake of cotton bolls was greater than in cotton leaves, stems and roots, and total N accumulation increased with increasing leaching amount. The optimal cotton fiber yield and IWP occurred in treatment W3T2, and were 3,199 and 2,771 kg ha^(-1), and 0.5482 and 0.4912 kg m-3in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Fiber length, strength, elongation, and uniformity increased with increasing leaching amount, while there was a negative relationship between fiber micronaire and leaching amount. Soil salinity, NO_(3)-N and fiber micronaire were negatively correlated with fiber quality(i.e., length, strength, elongation and uniformity) and yield, nitrogen uptake of various organs(i.e., root, stems and leaves) and whole plant nitrogen uptake. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that fiber elongation was most sensitive to soil salinity. The method of Entropy–Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(EM–TOPSIS) indicated that leaching of 300 mm of water applied equally at the seedling and budding periods was the optimal treatment to maintain soil salinity and nutrient levels and achieve high cotton fiber yield and quality. In conclusion, the optimal level of leaching treatment decreased soil salinity and improved nitrogen uptake and was beneficial to achieve high fiber yield and quality. Our results will be significant for guiding drip irrigation practice of leaching on saline-alkaline soils for sustainable cotton fiber production.展开更多
The digital revolution in agriculture has introduced data-driven decision-making,where artificial intelligence,especially machine learning(ML),helps analyze large and varied data sources to improve soil quality and cr...The digital revolution in agriculture has introduced data-driven decision-making,where artificial intelligence,especially machine learning(ML),helps analyze large and varied data sources to improve soil quality and crop growth indices.Thus,a thorough evaluation of scientific publications from 2007 to 2024 was conducted via the Scopus and Web of Science databases with the PRISMA guidelines to determine the realistic role of ML in soil health and crop improvement under the SDGs.In addition,the present review focused to identify and analyze the trends,challenges,and opportunities associated with the successful implementation of ML in agriculture.The assessment of various databases clearly revealed that ML implementation depends on crop management,while its limited potential in terms of soil health was explored.ML models,such as random forest and XGBoost,have demonstrated high accuracies of up to 99%in crop yield prediction and disease detection.Advanced ML frameworks,including the SHIDS-ADLT and EfficientNetB3,have improved soil health monitoring and plant disease classification.Irrigation management using ML has achieved over 50%water savings and irrigation efficiency by 10%-35%.These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve sustainable agricultural practices and soil health.A significant improvement discussed in this review is AutoML,which simplifies ML model implementation by automating feature selection,model selection,and hyperparameter tuning,reducing dependency on ML expertise.The integration of ML with remote sensing,Internet of Things(IoT),and big data analytics is expected to further transform the precision agriculture and real-time decisionmaking approaches to optimize resource utilization.Conclusively,the present review offers a quantitative perspective on the evolution of ML in agriculture,soil health management,crop yield prediction,and resource optimization.展开更多
Oasis soils in Tunisia are characterized by low soil organic carbon(SOC)stocks,primarily due to their coarse texture and intensive irrigation practices.In the Gataaya Oasis,soils receive 3.000 to 4.000 L/m^(2) annuall...Oasis soils in Tunisia are characterized by low soil organic carbon(SOC)stocks,primarily due to their coarse texture and intensive irrigation practices.In the Gataaya Oasis,soils receive 3.000 to 4.000 L/m^(2) annually through submersion irrigation,leading to a rapid decline in SOC stocks.Despite their sandy texture,which promotes good water infiltration,these soils are enriched with clay,dissolved materials,and fertilizers in deeper horizons.This study aimed to assess SOC content in the Gataaya Oasis soils,investigate the transport of labile carbon in drainage water,and clarify the destiny of this transported carbon.Soil samples were collected systematically at three depths(0–10,10–20,and 20–30 cm),focusing on the top 30 cm depth,which is most affected by amendments.Two sampling points(P1 and P2)were selected,i.e.,P1 profile near the trunk of date palms(with manure input)and P2 profile between two adjacent date palms(without manure input).Water samples were collected from drainage systems within the oasis(W1,W2,and W3)and outside the oasis(W4).A laboratory experiment simulating manure application and irrigation was conducted to complement field observations.Physical-chemical analyses revealed a significant decrease in SOC stocks with soil depths.In P1 profile,SOC stocks declined from 17.71 t/hm^(2) at the 0–10 cm depth to 7.80 t/hm^(2) at the 20–30 cm depth.In P2 profile,SOC stocks were lower,decreasing from 6.73 t/hm^(2) at the 0–10 cm depth to 3.57 t/hm^(2) at the 20–30 cm depth.Labile carbon content in drainage water increased outside the oasis,with chemical oxygen demand(COD)values rising from 73 mg/L in W1 water sample to 290 mg/L in W4 water sample,indicating cumulative leaching effects from surrounding oases.The laboratory experiment confirmed field observations,showing a decline in soil organic matter(SOM)content from 3.27%to 2.62%after 12 irrigations,highlighting the vulnerability of SOC stocks to intensive irrigation.This study underscores the low SOC stocks in the Gataaya Oasis soils and their rapid depletion under successive irrigations.The findings provide insights into the dynamics of labile carbon transport and its contribution to regional carbon cycling,offering valuable information for sustainable soil management and ecological protection in arid ecosystems.展开更多
Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the...Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the decline in both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources.This study is focused on an intensively irrigated region of Northern India to investigate the sources and mechanism of groundwater recharge using a novel integrated approach combining isotope hydrology,Artificial Neural Network(ANN),and hydrogeochemical models.The study identifies several key sources of groundwater recharge,including natural precipitation,river infiltration,Irrigation Return Flow(IRF),and recharge from canals.Some groundwater samples exhibit mixing from various sources.Groundwater recharge from IRF is found to be isotopically enriched due to evaporation and characterized by high Cl−.Stable isotope modeling of evaporative enrichment in irrigated water helped to differentiate the IRF during various cultivation periods(Kharif and Rabi)and deduce the climatic conditions prevailed during the time of recharge.The model quantified that 29%of the irrigated water is lost due to evaporation during the Kharif period and 20%during the Rabi period,reflecting the seasonal variations in IRF contribution to the groundwater.The ANN model,trained with isotope hydrogeochemical data,effectively captures the complex interrelationships between various recharge sources,providing a robust framework for understanding the groundwater dynamics in the study area.A conceptual model was developed to visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge sources,highlighting how seasonal irrigation practices influence the groundwater.The integration of isotope hydrology with ANN methodologies proved to be effective in elucidating the multiple sources and processes of groundwater recharge,offering insights into the sustainability of aquifer systems in intensively irrigated regions.These findings are critical for developing data-driven groundwater management strategies that can adapt to future challenges,including climate change,shifting land use patterns,and evolving agricultural demands.The results have significant implications for policymakers and water resource managers seeking to ensure sustainable groundwater use in water-scarce regions.展开更多
Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of...Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of cotton,farmers always adopt salt leaching during winter and spring seasons.However,excessive amount of salt leaching might result in the waste of water resources and unsuitable irrigation seasons might further increase soil salinization.In this study,a field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkaline soil in 2020 and 2021 to determine the effects of leaching amount and period on water-salinity dynamics and cotton yield.Five leaching amounts(0.0(W0),75.0(W1),150.0(W2),225.0(W3),and 300.0(W4)mm)and three leaching periods(seedling stage(P1),seedling and squaring stages(P2),and seedling,squaring,flowering,and boll setting stages(P3))were used.In addition,a control treatment(CK)with a leaching amount of 300.0 mm in spring was performed.The soil water-salt dynamics,cotton growth,seed cotton yield,water productivity(WP),and irrigation water productivity(WPI)were analyzed.Results showed that leaching significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity(EC),and W3P2 treatment reduced EC by 11.79%in the 0-100 cm soil depth compared with CK.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,and yield under W3 and W4 treatments were greater than those under W1 and W2 treatments.Compared with W3P1 and W3P3 treatments,seed cotton yield under W3P2 treatment significantly enhanced and reached 6621 kg/hm^(2)in 2020 and 5340 kg/hm^(2)in 2021.Meanwhile,WP and WPI under W3P2 treatment were significantly higher than those under other leaching treatments.In conclusion,the treatment of 225.0 mm leaching amount and seedling and squaring stages-based leaching period was beneficial for the salt control,efficient water utilization,and yield improvement of cotton in southern Xinjiang,China.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFC0400202).
文摘In order to significantly improve the efficiency of driving water turbine used in hose reel irrigator,a new water turbine structure was proposed by the method of performance test and numerical calculation.The internal flow characteristics of original water turbine were analyzed,and it was found that unreasonable design of main flow passage components such as inlet,outlet and runner could not effectively translated pressure energy of upper stream into impact kinetic energy of blade,and gave rise to low energy conversion efficiency of water turbine.The inadequate internal flow and uneven pressure distribution were also not conducive to energy conversion efficiency.Then a new structure of water turbine structure was presented,in which the inlet has a tangential nozzle jet and the outlet is in axial direction.The computational analysis showed that the nozzle jet at the inlet of the new water turbine runner,which makes jet flow mainly concentrate in the impacted blade passage,can reduce the loss of flow kinetic energy.The axial outflow increases the distance of inflow in the runner,which is more conducive to the runner blades work.Performance experiments on both original and new water turbines showed that the highest efficiency of the new turbine is almost 20 percentages higher than that of the original turbine,and the new turbine is nearly triple output power over the original turbine.The internal flow characteristic analysis and the performance experiment were conducted to assess the feasibility of the replacement of the original water turbine by the new water turbine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42177333 and 31870500)the National Special Program for Key Basic Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2015FY110700)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(No.JASTIFCX(20)2003)。
文摘Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system.A15N2-labeling chamber system was placed in a rice field to evaluate BNF with straw incorporation under CFI or IFI for 90 d.The nif H(gene encoding the nitrogenase reductase subunit)DNA and c DNA in soil were amplified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and high-throughput sequencing was applied to the nif H gene.The total fixed N in the straw incorporation treatment was 14.3 kg ha^(-1)under CFI,being 116%higher than that under IFI(6.62 kg ha^(-1)).Straw incorporation and CFI showed significant interactive effects on the total fixed N and abundances of nif H DNA and c DNA.The increase in BNF was mainly due to the increase in the abundances of heterotrophic diazotrophs such as Desulfovibrio,Azonexus,and Azotobacter.These results indicated that straw incorporation stimulated BNF under CFI relative to IFI,which might ultimately lead to a rapid enhancement of soil fertility.
文摘Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.52379053,No.52022108The Key Research Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,No.NMKJXM202208,No.NMKJXM202301The Project Funded by the Water Resources Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,No.NSK202103。
文摘Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classification(SPLC)method combined with a fusion model(flexible spatiotemporal data fusion,FSDAF)(abbreviated as SPLC-F)was proposed to map multi-year land cover and crop type(LC-CT)distribution in agricultural irrigated areas with complex landscapes and cropping system,using time series optical images(Landsat and MODIS).The SPLC-F method was well validated and applied in a super-large irrigated area(Hetao)of the upper Yellow River Basin(YRB).Results showed that the SPLC-F method had a satisfactory performance in producing long-term LC-CT maps in Hetao,without the requirement of field sampling.Then,the spatio-temporal variation and the driving factors of the cropping systems were further analyzed with the aid of detailed household surveys and statistics.We clarified that irrigation and salinity conditions were the main factors that had impacts on crop spatial distribution in the upper YRB.Investment costs,market demand,and crop price are the main driving factors in determining the temporal variations in cropping distribution.Overall,this study provided essential multi-year LC-CT maps for sustainable management of agriculture,eco-environments,and food security in the upper YRB.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52269011,52469008)。
文摘Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch drip irrigation emitters,focusing on the anti-clogging performance through the experiment,were investigated.The dynamic variations in the clogging characteristics of emitters,specifically were subjected to statistical analysis.The movement mechanism of emitter clogging and discharging sediment was studied.The effects of emitter structure and position factors on emitter clogging were analyzed.The results show that the pressure-compensated emitter exhibits superior anti-clogging perfor-mance,with a service life that is 227.8%greater than that of the labyrinth channel emitter.A single structural factor cannot completely evaluate the anti-clogging performance of emitters.All factors causing emitter clogging should be considered comprehensively.Emitters contain sensitive sediment prone to clogging,however,significant blockage occurs primarily when the sediment content is elevated.The discharge of sediment,denoted as V90,from the emitter is affected by the accumulative effect of clogged sediment.These results may offer valuable insights for the application and advancement of drip irrigation technology.
基金This work was primarily funded by the Chinese National High Technology Program(“863”program)(No.2006AA10A305,2008AA100902)the“11th Five Year”program(No.2006BAD11A01,2006BAD11A01)of China.
文摘Spray irrigation is one of the effective techniques in saving water and increasing crop yield.Large-scale linear move spray irrigation systems are widely used in China.However,the traditional go-stop-go driving method causes difficulty in controlling the linear move irrigator.A new control method efficient in operation and the consumption of water,electricity,and labor is needed.Because of the difficulty in real-life examination of the designed systems,virtual reality technology was used to simulate the controlling and driving system in this study.Three-dimensional models of the irrigation system components were built at proper sizes.The three-dimensional images of the farmland as well as the mechanical models of the irrigation system were also built following the principles of ground vehicle dynamics.Application programs were developed to simulate the control system and the driving system.Through simulation an optimal control method was found,which was then used in the field test to control the large scale irrigator to move straight forward with an angle error of less than 0.06°.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(202302140601009).
文摘Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination of alternative irrigation and moistube irrigation.In order to investigate the effects of AMI on plant growth,greenhouse experiments were conducted on spinach(Spinacia oleracea)and water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica)plants at different time.We measured soil water content at a depth of 20 cm in the planting boxes,and also determined seed emergence rate,plant height,largest leaf area,fresh weight per plant,yield,and irrigation water productivity(IWP)for both spinach and water spinach.The results showed that the AMI treatments had significantly higher soil water content than the conventional surface irrigation control(CK).The emergence rates of spinach and water spinach were significantly higher in the AMI treatments than in the CK,and the plant height,largest leaf area,and fresh weight during the middle and late stages of spinach and water spinach growth were also significantly higher than those of the CK.Both spinach and water spinach grew well and produced high yield with high IWP under AMI with a high water head pressure of 1.5 m at tube spacing of 20 or 30 cm.We found that AMI with a suitable combination of head pressure and tube spacing can promote plant growth and increase yield and IWP under controlled conditions.
文摘Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900405)。
文摘In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020MS04001)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program Project+1 种基金Hetao College Science and Technology Research Project(HYYB202303)Hetao College Science and Technology Innovation Team.
文摘A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.
文摘In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. This study was carried out on the Konni irrigated perimeter, the objective of which is to analyze the physical state of hydraulic infrastructures and their operation before the rehabilitation of the said perimeter. The methodology adopted consisted, first of all, of documentary research focused on data relating to this scope and our theme to properly guide the collection of data in the field. The field phase was then followed with an observation of hydraulic infrastructures one by one in order to assess their condition. Thus, the collected data was processed and analyzed. The results of this study show a notable deterioration of hydraulic infrastructure which affected the operating yield of the study area, with the development of barely 700 ha out of 1226 ha planned by the basic study for off-season production (57%). Bathymetric measurements showed that the volume of sediment that accumulated in the Zongo Dam is 1.2 million m3, which reduces its initial capacity from 12 million m3 to 10.8 million m3 after 43 years of service. The expansion joints of the feed canal are all in poor condition. 90% of the total length of the tertiary canals are degraded, 82.32% of the panels of the main canal C are degraded and 17.68% are cracked. All crossing structures are blocked between the RN1 and the Zongo dam. Based on this critical situation, it would be essential to consider rehabilitation work on all infrastructure in order to restore the hydraulic and even agronomic performance of the Konni irrigated area.
文摘BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.
文摘BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl),combined with internal heating and ultrasonic activation,ensures that canals are cleaned,disinfected,and sealed properly.Magnification devices,such as dental operating microscopes(DOM),provide precise visualization for accurate material placement,while the micro apical placement system ensures void-free MTA delivery.This modern approach improves procedural outcomes,lowers iatrogenic errors,and increases long-term success in apexification,making it a dependable and predictable treatment option for immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY Apexification is a regenerative endodontic procedure that involves creating a calcified barrier at the apex of a nonvital tooth with an open apex.This technique is commonly used in immature teeth with necrotic pulps to ensure proper root canal sealing.Traditionally,calcium hydroxide was the preferred material,but advances have introduced bioceramic cements like MTA or Biodentine,which provide superior results with less treatment time.Apexification not only helps to maintain the tooth's structural integrity but also prevents further complications,making it an important procedure in such cases.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced materials,precise irrigation protocols,and magnification tools in the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of MTA created a stable apical barrier,while bioceramic sealers enhanced the seal and promoted long-term healing.NaOCl with internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needles ensured thorough irrigation and disinfection,especially in complex canal anatomy.
文摘Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and future irrigation water needs for rice cultivation in this critical subregion,aiming to identify optimal sowing schedules(OSS)that enhance rainwater utilization and reduce irrigation dependency.The model was driven by current climate data and future projections(2041-2070 and 2071-2099)derived from downscaled Global Circulation Models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The AquaCrop model demonstrated robust performance during validation and calibration,with d-values(0.82-0.93)and R²values(0.85-0.92)indicating strong predictive accuracy for rice yield.Simulation results for efficient irrigation water potential(IWP)under RCP4.5 revealed that strategic shifts in sowing dates can substantially alter water requirements;for instance,advancing the winter-spring sowing to December 5th decreased IWP by 15.6%in the 2041-2070 period,while delaying summer-autumn crop sowing to April 20th increased IWP by 48.6%due to greater reliance on irrigation as rainfall patterns shift.Similar dynamic responses were observed for the 2071-2099 period and for autumn-winter crops.These findings underscore that AquaCrop modeling can effectively predict future irrigation needs and that adjusting cultivation calendars presents a viable,low-cost adaptation strategy.This approach allows farmers in the Plain of Reeds to optimize rainwater use,thereby reducing dependency on supplementary irrigation and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate variability,contributing to more sustainable agricultural water management.
文摘Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1900401)the Science and Technology Project of Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China (2021AB037)。
文摘Improving cotton fiber quality can increase the economic income of cotton farmers, but achieving high fiber quality without decreasing cotton fiber yield remains a major challenge in saline-alkaline cotton fields. A field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 on saline-alkaline soil with cotton under drip irrigation to examine how amount and timing of leaching affected soils salinity, cotton fiber yield and quality. There were five leaching amounts(CK: 0 mm, W1: 75 mm, W2: 150 mm, W3: 225 mm and W4: 300 mm) and three leaching timings(T1: once at the seedling stage, T2: twice at the seedling and budding stages, and T3: thrice at the seedling, budding and pollen-setting stages). Soil salinity, soil nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)-N), cotton nitrogen(N) uptake, irrigation water productivity(IWP), cotton fiber yield, fiber length, fiber uniformity, fiber strength, fiber elongation, micronaire and fiber quality index(FQI) were investigated. The results indicated that soil salinity and NO_(3)-N reduced with increasing leaching amount. The N uptake of cotton bolls was greater than in cotton leaves, stems and roots, and total N accumulation increased with increasing leaching amount. The optimal cotton fiber yield and IWP occurred in treatment W3T2, and were 3,199 and 2,771 kg ha^(-1), and 0.5482 and 0.4912 kg m-3in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Fiber length, strength, elongation, and uniformity increased with increasing leaching amount, while there was a negative relationship between fiber micronaire and leaching amount. Soil salinity, NO_(3)-N and fiber micronaire were negatively correlated with fiber quality(i.e., length, strength, elongation and uniformity) and yield, nitrogen uptake of various organs(i.e., root, stems and leaves) and whole plant nitrogen uptake. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that fiber elongation was most sensitive to soil salinity. The method of Entropy–Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(EM–TOPSIS) indicated that leaching of 300 mm of water applied equally at the seedling and budding periods was the optimal treatment to maintain soil salinity and nutrient levels and achieve high cotton fiber yield and quality. In conclusion, the optimal level of leaching treatment decreased soil salinity and improved nitrogen uptake and was beneficial to achieve high fiber yield and quality. Our results will be significant for guiding drip irrigation practice of leaching on saline-alkaline soils for sustainable cotton fiber production.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(no.FENW-2023-0008)the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of Southern Federal University,known as“Priority 2030”.
文摘The digital revolution in agriculture has introduced data-driven decision-making,where artificial intelligence,especially machine learning(ML),helps analyze large and varied data sources to improve soil quality and crop growth indices.Thus,a thorough evaluation of scientific publications from 2007 to 2024 was conducted via the Scopus and Web of Science databases with the PRISMA guidelines to determine the realistic role of ML in soil health and crop improvement under the SDGs.In addition,the present review focused to identify and analyze the trends,challenges,and opportunities associated with the successful implementation of ML in agriculture.The assessment of various databases clearly revealed that ML implementation depends on crop management,while its limited potential in terms of soil health was explored.ML models,such as random forest and XGBoost,have demonstrated high accuracies of up to 99%in crop yield prediction and disease detection.Advanced ML frameworks,including the SHIDS-ADLT and EfficientNetB3,have improved soil health monitoring and plant disease classification.Irrigation management using ML has achieved over 50%water savings and irrigation efficiency by 10%-35%.These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve sustainable agricultural practices and soil health.A significant improvement discussed in this review is AutoML,which simplifies ML model implementation by automating feature selection,model selection,and hyperparameter tuning,reducing dependency on ML expertise.The integration of ML with remote sensing,Internet of Things(IoT),and big data analytics is expected to further transform the precision agriculture and real-time decisionmaking approaches to optimize resource utilization.Conclusively,the present review offers a quantitative perspective on the evolution of ML in agriculture,soil health management,crop yield prediction,and resource optimization.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia.
文摘Oasis soils in Tunisia are characterized by low soil organic carbon(SOC)stocks,primarily due to their coarse texture and intensive irrigation practices.In the Gataaya Oasis,soils receive 3.000 to 4.000 L/m^(2) annually through submersion irrigation,leading to a rapid decline in SOC stocks.Despite their sandy texture,which promotes good water infiltration,these soils are enriched with clay,dissolved materials,and fertilizers in deeper horizons.This study aimed to assess SOC content in the Gataaya Oasis soils,investigate the transport of labile carbon in drainage water,and clarify the destiny of this transported carbon.Soil samples were collected systematically at three depths(0–10,10–20,and 20–30 cm),focusing on the top 30 cm depth,which is most affected by amendments.Two sampling points(P1 and P2)were selected,i.e.,P1 profile near the trunk of date palms(with manure input)and P2 profile between two adjacent date palms(without manure input).Water samples were collected from drainage systems within the oasis(W1,W2,and W3)and outside the oasis(W4).A laboratory experiment simulating manure application and irrigation was conducted to complement field observations.Physical-chemical analyses revealed a significant decrease in SOC stocks with soil depths.In P1 profile,SOC stocks declined from 17.71 t/hm^(2) at the 0–10 cm depth to 7.80 t/hm^(2) at the 20–30 cm depth.In P2 profile,SOC stocks were lower,decreasing from 6.73 t/hm^(2) at the 0–10 cm depth to 3.57 t/hm^(2) at the 20–30 cm depth.Labile carbon content in drainage water increased outside the oasis,with chemical oxygen demand(COD)values rising from 73 mg/L in W1 water sample to 290 mg/L in W4 water sample,indicating cumulative leaching effects from surrounding oases.The laboratory experiment confirmed field observations,showing a decline in soil organic matter(SOM)content from 3.27%to 2.62%after 12 irrigations,highlighting the vulnerability of SOC stocks to intensive irrigation.This study underscores the low SOC stocks in the Gataaya Oasis soils and their rapid depletion under successive irrigations.The findings provide insights into the dynamics of labile carbon transport and its contribution to regional carbon cycling,offering valuable information for sustainable soil management and ecological protection in arid ecosystems.
基金This study was conducted as a part of the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project(CRP)“Isotope techniques for the evaluation of water sources in irrigation systems(F-33025)”。
文摘Agriculture is a major contributor to the global economy,accounting for approximately 70%of the freshwater use,which cause significant stress on aquifers in intensively irrigated regions.This stress often leads to the decline in both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources.This study is focused on an intensively irrigated region of Northern India to investigate the sources and mechanism of groundwater recharge using a novel integrated approach combining isotope hydrology,Artificial Neural Network(ANN),and hydrogeochemical models.The study identifies several key sources of groundwater recharge,including natural precipitation,river infiltration,Irrigation Return Flow(IRF),and recharge from canals.Some groundwater samples exhibit mixing from various sources.Groundwater recharge from IRF is found to be isotopically enriched due to evaporation and characterized by high Cl−.Stable isotope modeling of evaporative enrichment in irrigated water helped to differentiate the IRF during various cultivation periods(Kharif and Rabi)and deduce the climatic conditions prevailed during the time of recharge.The model quantified that 29%of the irrigated water is lost due to evaporation during the Kharif period and 20%during the Rabi period,reflecting the seasonal variations in IRF contribution to the groundwater.The ANN model,trained with isotope hydrogeochemical data,effectively captures the complex interrelationships between various recharge sources,providing a robust framework for understanding the groundwater dynamics in the study area.A conceptual model was developed to visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge sources,highlighting how seasonal irrigation practices influence the groundwater.The integration of isotope hydrology with ANN methodologies proved to be effective in elucidating the multiple sources and processes of groundwater recharge,offering insights into the sustainability of aquifer systems in intensively irrigated regions.These findings are critical for developing data-driven groundwater management strategies that can adapt to future challenges,including climate change,shifting land use patterns,and evolving agricultural demands.The results have significant implications for policymakers and water resource managers seeking to ensure sustainable groundwater use in water-scarce regions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900805,2022YFD1900401)the Science and Technology Project,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,China(2021AB009,2024AB030).
文摘Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of cotton,farmers always adopt salt leaching during winter and spring seasons.However,excessive amount of salt leaching might result in the waste of water resources and unsuitable irrigation seasons might further increase soil salinization.In this study,a field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkaline soil in 2020 and 2021 to determine the effects of leaching amount and period on water-salinity dynamics and cotton yield.Five leaching amounts(0.0(W0),75.0(W1),150.0(W2),225.0(W3),and 300.0(W4)mm)and three leaching periods(seedling stage(P1),seedling and squaring stages(P2),and seedling,squaring,flowering,and boll setting stages(P3))were used.In addition,a control treatment(CK)with a leaching amount of 300.0 mm in spring was performed.The soil water-salt dynamics,cotton growth,seed cotton yield,water productivity(WP),and irrigation water productivity(WPI)were analyzed.Results showed that leaching significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity(EC),and W3P2 treatment reduced EC by 11.79%in the 0-100 cm soil depth compared with CK.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,and yield under W3 and W4 treatments were greater than those under W1 and W2 treatments.Compared with W3P1 and W3P3 treatments,seed cotton yield under W3P2 treatment significantly enhanced and reached 6621 kg/hm^(2)in 2020 and 5340 kg/hm^(2)in 2021.Meanwhile,WP and WPI under W3P2 treatment were significantly higher than those under other leaching treatments.In conclusion,the treatment of 225.0 mm leaching amount and seedling and squaring stages-based leaching period was beneficial for the salt control,efficient water utilization,and yield improvement of cotton in southern Xinjiang,China.
