The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the micro...The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.展开更多
To address the lack of systematic studies on heavy metal fluorescent probes in typical buffer solutions,this study developed a Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)fluorescent probe,DHU‑NP‑4,based on a naphthalimide fluorophore.Comparat...To address the lack of systematic studies on heavy metal fluorescent probes in typical buffer solutions,this study developed a Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)fluorescent probe,DHU‑NP‑4,based on a naphthalimide fluorophore.Comparative analysis of the probe's performance in various buffer systems revealed that buffers with high organic content are unsuitable for evaluating such probes.Furthermore,the pH of the solvent system was found to significantly influence the probe's behavior.Under highly acidic conditions(pH≤2),DHU‑NP‑4 exhibited exceptional specificity for Fe^(3+),while in alkaline conditions,it demonstrated high specificity for Cu^(2+).Leveraging these properties,the probe enabled the quantitative detection of Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)in solution.展开更多
China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for Ch...China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for China to achieve carbon neutrality and meet its sustainable global development goals.We constructed a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission model for China’s iron and steel industry froma life cycle perspective,conducted an empirical analysis based on data from2019,and calculated the CO_(2)emissions of the industry throughout its life cycle.Key emission reduction factors were identified using sensitivity analysis.The results demonstrated that the CO_(2)emission intensity of the steel industry was 2.33 ton CO_(2)/ton,and the production and manufacturing stages were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions,accounting for 89.84%of the total steel life-cycle emissions.Notably,fossil fuel combustion had the highest sensitivity to steel CO_(2)emissions,with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.68,reducing the amount of fossil fuel combustion by 20%and carbon emissions by 13.60%.The sensitivities of power structure optimization and scrap consumption were similar,while that of the transportation structure adjustment was the lowest,with a sensitivity coefficient of less than 0.1.Given the current strategic goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality,it is in the best interest of the Chinese government to actively promote energy-saving and low-carbon technologies,increase the ratio of scrap steel to steelmaking,and build a new power system.展开更多
The earthworm-based vermiremediation facilitated with benign chemicals such as nano zero-valent iron(nZVI)is a promising approach for the remediation of a variety of soil contaminants including cyanotoxins.As themost ...The earthworm-based vermiremediation facilitated with benign chemicals such as nano zero-valent iron(nZVI)is a promising approach for the remediation of a variety of soil contaminants including cyanotoxins.As themost toxic cyanotoxin,microcystin-LR(MC-LR)enter soil via runoff,irrigated surface water and sewage,and the application of cyanobacterial biofertilizers as part of the sustainable agricultural practice.Earthworms in such remediation systems must sustain the potential risk from both nZVI and MC-LR.In the present study,earthworms(Eisenia fetida)were exposed up to 14 days to MC-LR and nZVI(individually and inmixture),and the toxicity was investigated at both the organismal andmetabolic levels,including growth,tissue damage,oxidative stress,metabolic response and gut microbiota.Results showed that co-exposure of MC-LR and nZVI is less potent to earthworms than that of separate exposure.Histological observations in the co-exposure group revealed only minor epidermal brokenness,and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that co-exposure induced earthworms to regulate glutathione biosynthesis for detoxification and reduced adverse effects from MC-LR.The combined use of nZVI promoted the growth and reproduction of soil and earthworm gut bacteria(e.g.,Sphingobacterium and Acinetobacter)responsible for the degradation of MC-LR,whichmight explain the observed antagonism between nZVI and MC-LR in earthworm microcosm.Our study suggests the beneficial use of nZVI to detoxify pollutants in earthworm-based vermiremediation systems where freshwater containing cyanobacterial blooms is frequently used to irrigate soil and supply water for the growth and metabolism of earthworms.展开更多
Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)have wide applications in the biomedical field due to their outstanding physical and chemical properties.However,the potential adverse effects and relatedmechanisms of IONPs in human org...Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)have wide applications in the biomedical field due to their outstanding physical and chemical properties.However,the potential adverse effects and relatedmechanisms of IONPs in human organs,especially the lung,are still largely ignored.In this study,we found that group-modified IONPs(carboxylated,aminated and silica coated)induce slight lung cell damage(in terms of the cell cycle,reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,cell membrane integrity and DNA damage)at a sublethal dosage.However,aminated IONPs could release more iron ions in the lysosome than the other two types of IONPs,but the abnormally elevated iron ion concentration did not induce ferroptosis.In-triguingly,amino-modified IONPs aggravated the accumulation of intracellular peroxides induced by the ferroptosis activator RSL3 and thus caused ferroptosis in vitro,and the coadministration of amino-modified IONPs and RSL3 induced more severe lung injury in vivo.Therefore,our data revealed that the surface functionalization of IONPs plays an important role in determining their potential pulmonary toxicity,as surface modification influences their degradation behavior.These results provide guidance for the design of future IONPs and the corresponding safety evaluations and predictions.展开更多
Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic ...Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic fertilizer is not well understood.In a 3-year field experiment, we aimed to investigate the factors which drive the stability of soil aggregates in greenhouse soil.To explore the impact of organic fertilizer on soil aggregates, we established four treatments:no fertilization (CK);inorganic fertilizer (CF);organic fertilizer (OF);and combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers(COF).The application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the stability of aggregates, that is it enhanced the mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and aggregate content (%) of>0.25 mm aggregate fractions.OF and COF treatments increased the concentration of SOC, especially the aliphatic-C, aromatic-C and polysaccharide-C components of SOC, particularly in>0.25 mm aggregates.Organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of free Fe(Fed), reactive Fe (Feo), and non-crystalline Fe in both bulk soil and aggregates.Furthermore, non-crystalline Fe showed a positive correlation with SOC content in both bulk soil and aggregates.Both non-crystalline Fe and SOC were significantly positively correlated with>2 mm mean weight diameter.Overall, we believe that the increase of SOC, aromatic-C, and non-crystal ine Fe concentrations in soil after the application of organic fertilizer is the reason for improving soil aggregate stability.展开更多
The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered...The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered significant attention as a promising positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its advantages of low cost,high safety,long cycle life,high voltage,good high-temperature performance,and high energy density.Although LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)has made significant breakthroughs in the past few decades,there are still facing great challenges in poor electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion,manganese dissolution affecting battery cycling performance,as well as low tap density.This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms,various synthesis methods,and electrochemical properties of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)to analyze reaction processes accurately and guide material preparation.Later,the main challenges currently faced are concluded,and the corresponding various modification strategies are discussed to enhance the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4),including multi-scale particle regulation,heteroatom doping,surface coating,as well as microscopic morphology design.Finally,in view of the current research challenges faced by intrinsic reaction processes,kinetics,and energy storage applications,the promising research directions are anticipated.More importantly,it is expected to provide key insights into the development of high-performance and stable LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)materials,to achieve practical energy storage requirements.展开更多
The muscular system plays a critical role in the human body by governing skeletal movement,cardiovascular function,and the activities of digestive organs.Additionally,muscle tissues serve an endocrine function by secr...The muscular system plays a critical role in the human body by governing skeletal movement,cardiovascular function,and the activities of digestive organs.Additionally,muscle tissues serve an endocrine function by secreting myogenic cytokines,thereby regulating metabolism throughout the entire body.Maintaining muscle function requires iron homeostasis.Recent studies suggest that disruptions in iron metabolism and ferroptosis,a form of iron-dependent cell death,are essential contributors to the progression of a wide range of muscle diseases and disorders,including sarcopenia,cardiomyopathy,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Thus,a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms regulating iron metabolism and ferroptosis in these conditions is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new strategies for disease treatment and/or prevention.This review aims to summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in the context of muscle injury,as well as associated muscle diseases and disorders.Moreover,we discuss potential targets within the ferroptosis pathway and possible strategies for managing muscle disorders.Finally,we shed new light on current limitations and future prospects for therapeutic interventions targeting ferroptosis.展开更多
The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environment...The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environmentally friendly and economical method of P recovery from municipal wastewater,providing the P source for LiFePO_(4) cathodes.The novel approach utilizes the sludge of Fe-coagulant-based chemical P removal(CPR)in wastewater treatment.After a sintering treatment with acid washing,the CPR sludge,enriched with P and Fe,transforms into purified P-Fe oxides(Fe2.1P1.0O5.6).These oxides can substitute up to 35%of the FePO_(4) reagent as precursor,producing a carbon-coated LiFePO_(4)(LiFePO_(4)/C)cathode with a specific discharge capacity of 114.9 mA·h·g^(-1)at current density of 17 mA·g^(-1)),and cycle stability of 99.2%after 100 cycles.The enhanced cycle performance of the as-prepared LiFePO_(4)/C cathode may be attributed to the incorporations of impurities(such as Ca^(2+)and Na^(+))from sludge,with improved stability of crystal structure.Unlike conventional P-fertilizers,this P recovery technology converts 100%of P in CPR sludge into the production of value-added LiFePO_(4)/C cathodes.The recovered P from municipal wastewater can meet up to 35%of the P demand in the Chinese LIBs industry,offering a cost-effective solution for addressing the pressing challenges of P scarcity.展开更多
Beta thalassemia(β-thalassemia)syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited hemoglobinopathies caused by molecular defects in the beta-globin gene that lead to the impaired synthesis of beta-globin chains of the ...Beta thalassemia(β-thalassemia)syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited hemoglobinopathies caused by molecular defects in the beta-globin gene that lead to the impaired synthesis of beta-globin chains of the hemoglobin.The hallmarks of the disease include ineffective erythropoiesis,chronic hemolytic anemia,and iron overload.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic carriers to severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions with subsequent devastating complications.The management of patients with severeβ-thalassemia represents a global health problem,particularly in low-income countries.Until recently,management strategies were limited to regular transfusions and iron chelation therapy,with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation available only for a subset of patients.Better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms ofβ-thalassemia syndromes and associated clinical phenotypes has paved the way for novel therapeutic options,including pharmacologic enhancers of effective erythropoiesis and gene therapy.展开更多
In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and...In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and exceptional properties.Graphene oxide(GO),a two-dimensional material with an extremely high specific surface area and excellent conductivity,offers new possibilities for enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal oxides.In this work,we synthesized met-al-organic framework(MOF)and GO composites by regulating the amount of GO,and successfully prepared composites of metal oxides supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks and GO through a simple one-step calcination process.Based on the electrochemical tests,the optimal amount of GO was determined.This research will provide new insights into and directions for designing and synthesizing metal oxide and graphene oxide composite materials with an ideal electro-chemical performance.展开更多
Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月...Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。展开更多
Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月...Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。展开更多
Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN11-3678/TFISSN1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊...Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN11-3678/TFISSN1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。JISRI被SCI科学引文索引、EI工程索引、美国化学文摘(CAS)、JST日本科学技术振兴机构数据库、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)等国内外著名检索机构及数据库收录.展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent conditions that greatly impact human health.These diseases are primarily characterized by the progressive loss and eventual death of neuronal function,although the precise mech...Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent conditions that greatly impact human health.These diseases are primarily characterized by the progressive loss and eventual death of neuronal function,although the precise mechanisms underlying these processes remain incompletely understood.Iron is an essential trace element in the human body,playing a crucial role in various biological processes.The maintenance of iron homeostasis relies on the body's intricate and nuanced regulatory mechanisms.In recent years,considerable attention has been directed toward the relationship between dysregulated iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases.The regulation of iron homeostasis within cells is crucial for maintaining proper nervous system function.Research has already revealed that disruptions in iron homeostasis may lead to ferroptosis and oxidative stress,which,in turn,can impact neuronal health and contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.This article primarily explores the intimate relationship between iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to provide novel insights and strategies for treating these debilitating conditions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated liver injury(SALI)refers to secondary liver function impairment caused by sepsis,patients with SALI often have worse clinical outcomes.The early identification and assessment of the occurr...BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated liver injury(SALI)refers to secondary liver function impairment caused by sepsis,patients with SALI often have worse clinical outcomes.The early identification and assessment of the occurrence and progression of SALI are pressing issues that urgently need to be resolved.AIM To investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and SALI.METHODS In this prospective study,139 patients were recruited,with 53 assigned to the SALI group.The relationships between SALI and various iron metabolism-related biomarkers were examined.These biomarkers included serum iron(SI),total iron-binding capacity(TIBC),serum ferritin,transferrin,and transferrin saturation.To identify independent risk factors for SALI,both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Additionally,receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was utilized to assess the predictive value of these biomarkers for the occurrence of SALI.RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in age,sex,body mass index,Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores(excluding liver function),or APACHE II scores between the two groups of patients.Compared with the sepsis group,the SALI group presented significantly higher SI(P<0.001),TIBC(P<0.001),serum ferritin(P=0.001),transferrin(P=0.005),and transferrin saturation levels(P<0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SI(odds ratio=1.24,95%confidence interval:1.11-1.40,P<0.001)and TIBC levels(odds ratio=1.13,95%confidence interval:1.05-1.21,P<0.001)were independent predictors of SALI.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that SI and TIBC had areas under the curve of 0.816 and 0.757,respectively,indicating moderate predictive accuracy for SALI.CONCLUSION Iron metabolism disorders are closely associated with the development of SALI,and SI and TIBC may serve as potential predictive biomarkers.The combined use of SI and TIBC has superior diagnostic efficacy for SALI.These findings provide valuable insights for the early identification and management of SALI among patients with sepsis.展开更多
This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,...This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in Najaf Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Qadisiyah in Diwaniyah Governorate,and the Nile District in Babylon Governorate.The results showed that the soils of Najaf and Qadisiyah were superior in terms of their content of total free iron oxides(Fet)compared to the soils of Karbala and Babylon.The relative distribution of free iron oxides was generally close among the studied sites,with a homogeneous pattern in the distribution of these oxides within the soil horizons.As for silicate iron oxides(Fes),a homogeneous pattern was observed in the soil of Babylon with its content increasing with depth,while these patterns varied in the soils of Karbala,Najaf and Qadisiyah.Regarding the ratios of crystalline iron oxides(Fed/Fet),the study showed that the Babylon and Qadisiyah soils recorded the highest values,while these values were lower in the Najaf and Karbala soils.On the other hand,amorphous iron oxides(FeO)showed similar values in the Najaf and Qadisiyah soils.In general,these results clearly showed the effect of environmental and geochemical factors of the study areas on the distribution and transformations of iron oxides in the soil of the Middle Euphrates regions.展开更多
Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified...Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified the cytoplasmic ATP-citrate lyase(ACL)subunit A2 in rice(Oryza sativa L.),OsACL-A2(Os12g0566300),as a critical factor for iron uptake and transport.The osacl-a2 mutant exhibited reduced leaf iron levels,leading to iron deficiency-induced chlorosis,activated defense signaling,and eventual necrosis in mature leaves.Additionally,blast resistance was weakened in immature osacl-a2 leaves.Exogenous iron supplementation rescued these defects.The mutant displayed reduced ATP-citrate lyase activity but increased citric acid levels compared with its wild type(WT),suggesting that the osacl-a2 mutation impairs enzyme activity.Thus,OsACL-A2-mediated citrate lyase activity plays a vital role in promoting iron uptake and associated blast resistance in rice.展开更多
Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)contamination in farmland disrupts soil micro-ecological functions,posing a risk to soil health and productivity.Sulfidated zero-valent iron(SZVI),a promising green material known for its good rea...Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)contamination in farmland disrupts soil micro-ecological functions,posing a risk to soil health and productivity.Sulfidated zero-valent iron(SZVI),a promising green material known for its good reactivity,had been used for soil remediation.However,existing studies often overlooked the effects of particle size and sulfur content on the long-term performance of SZVI and its impact on soil micro-ecological safety.This study employed polysulfide-modified nano,micro-nano,and micron-sized SZVI to investigate how particle size and sulfur content influenced the reactivity and durability,as well as the iron oxide forms and microbial community of soil during the SMX remediation.The results demonstrated that micro-nano sized SZVI(nm-SZVI)exhibited prolonged reactivity,achieving 83.12%-99.91%SMX removal over 30 days and maintaining higher levels of soil amorphous and reactive ferrous iron.Although sulfidation improved reactivity,excessive sulfur content reduced removal efficiency and accelerated the conversion to soil crystalline iron forms.Compared to nanoparticles,nm-SZVI fostered microbial diversity and balanced functional bacteria for electron transfer,organic matter utilization,and nutrient cycling.However,the elevated sulfur content in SZVI inhibited the stability of the microbial network.Finally,it was found that SMX underwent isoxazole reduction cleavage and oxidative removal pathways,reducing ecological toxicity.This study provided a new insight into the rational design of SZVI to achieve long-term pollutant removal and ensuring the health and stability of the microbial community by regulating particle size and sulfur content in soil remediation.展开更多
A Peking Opera mask shaped like a monkey peered out from Charassri Jiraphas’phone case.In a caféat U-Center in Beijing’s Wudaokou area,she recalled her favorite scene from Shaw Brothers’cinematic adaptation of...A Peking Opera mask shaped like a monkey peered out from Charassri Jiraphas’phone case.In a caféat U-Center in Beijing’s Wudaokou area,she recalled her favorite scene from Shaw Brothers’cinematic adaptation of Journey to the West.“When the Monkey King shrinks into an insect just to enter the belly of Princess Iron Fan,”she recounted,her eyes sparkling with reminiscent wonder,“he punches and kicks until Princess Iron Fan can’t take it anymore,gives in,and lends him her Iron Fan.”Later,the Monkey King uses the magical fan to conjure such strong wind that the Flaming Mountains subside,breaking yet another impasse impeding the four Buddhist scriptureseeking monks.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974212 and 52274316)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202116)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Wuhan(No.2023020302020572)the Foundation of Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education(No.FMRUlab23-04)。
文摘The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.
文摘To address the lack of systematic studies on heavy metal fluorescent probes in typical buffer solutions,this study developed a Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)fluorescent probe,DHU‑NP‑4,based on a naphthalimide fluorophore.Comparative analysis of the probe's performance in various buffer systems revealed that buffers with high organic content are unsuitable for evaluating such probes.Furthermore,the pH of the solvent system was found to significantly influence the probe's behavior.Under highly acidic conditions(pH≤2),DHU‑NP‑4 exhibited exceptional specificity for Fe^(3+),while in alkaline conditions,it demonstrated high specificity for Cu^(2+).Leveraging these properties,the probe enabled the quantitative detection of Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)in solution.
基金supported by Ningbo’s major scientific and technological breakthrough project“Research and Demonstration on the Technology of Collaborative Disposal of Secondary Ash in Typical Industrial Furnaces” (No.20212ZDYF020047)the central balance fund project“Research on Carbon Emission Accounting and Emission Reduction Potential Assessment for the Whole Life Cycle of Iron and Steel Industry” (No.2021-JY-07).
文摘China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for China to achieve carbon neutrality and meet its sustainable global development goals.We constructed a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission model for China’s iron and steel industry froma life cycle perspective,conducted an empirical analysis based on data from2019,and calculated the CO_(2)emissions of the industry throughout its life cycle.Key emission reduction factors were identified using sensitivity analysis.The results demonstrated that the CO_(2)emission intensity of the steel industry was 2.33 ton CO_(2)/ton,and the production and manufacturing stages were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions,accounting for 89.84%of the total steel life-cycle emissions.Notably,fossil fuel combustion had the highest sensitivity to steel CO_(2)emissions,with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.68,reducing the amount of fossil fuel combustion by 20%and carbon emissions by 13.60%.The sensitivities of power structure optimization and scrap consumption were similar,while that of the transportation structure adjustment was the lowest,with a sensitivity coefficient of less than 0.1.Given the current strategic goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality,it is in the best interest of the Chinese government to actively promote energy-saving and low-carbon technologies,increase the ratio of scrap steel to steelmaking,and build a new power system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21777139)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0207003).
文摘The earthworm-based vermiremediation facilitated with benign chemicals such as nano zero-valent iron(nZVI)is a promising approach for the remediation of a variety of soil contaminants including cyanotoxins.As themost toxic cyanotoxin,microcystin-LR(MC-LR)enter soil via runoff,irrigated surface water and sewage,and the application of cyanobacterial biofertilizers as part of the sustainable agricultural practice.Earthworms in such remediation systems must sustain the potential risk from both nZVI and MC-LR.In the present study,earthworms(Eisenia fetida)were exposed up to 14 days to MC-LR and nZVI(individually and inmixture),and the toxicity was investigated at both the organismal andmetabolic levels,including growth,tissue damage,oxidative stress,metabolic response and gut microbiota.Results showed that co-exposure of MC-LR and nZVI is less potent to earthworms than that of separate exposure.Histological observations in the co-exposure group revealed only minor epidermal brokenness,and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that co-exposure induced earthworms to regulate glutathione biosynthesis for detoxification and reduced adverse effects from MC-LR.The combined use of nZVI promoted the growth and reproduction of soil and earthworm gut bacteria(e.g.,Sphingobacterium and Acinetobacter)responsible for the degradation of MC-LR,whichmight explain the observed antagonism between nZVI and MC-LR in earthworm microcosm.Our study suggests the beneficial use of nZVI to detoxify pollutants in earthworm-based vermiremediation systems where freshwater containing cyanobacterial blooms is frequently used to irrigate soil and supply water for the growth and metabolism of earthworms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22076212 and 22222611)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(No.2021040).
文摘Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)have wide applications in the biomedical field due to their outstanding physical and chemical properties.However,the potential adverse effects and relatedmechanisms of IONPs in human organs,especially the lung,are still largely ignored.In this study,we found that group-modified IONPs(carboxylated,aminated and silica coated)induce slight lung cell damage(in terms of the cell cycle,reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,cell membrane integrity and DNA damage)at a sublethal dosage.However,aminated IONPs could release more iron ions in the lysosome than the other two types of IONPs,but the abnormally elevated iron ion concentration did not induce ferroptosis.In-triguingly,amino-modified IONPs aggravated the accumulation of intracellular peroxides induced by the ferroptosis activator RSL3 and thus caused ferroptosis in vitro,and the coadministration of amino-modified IONPs and RSL3 induced more severe lung injury in vivo.Therefore,our data revealed that the surface functionalization of IONPs plays an important role in determining their potential pulmonary toxicity,as surface modification influences their degradation behavior.These results provide guidance for the design of future IONPs and the corresponding safety evaluations and predictions.
基金supported by the Shenyang Municipal Science and Technology Project,China(23-409-2-03)the Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology Project,China(Z20230183)the Liaoning Provincial Applied Basic Research Program,China(2022JH2/101300173).
文摘Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic fertilizer is not well understood.In a 3-year field experiment, we aimed to investigate the factors which drive the stability of soil aggregates in greenhouse soil.To explore the impact of organic fertilizer on soil aggregates, we established four treatments:no fertilization (CK);inorganic fertilizer (CF);organic fertilizer (OF);and combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers(COF).The application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the stability of aggregates, that is it enhanced the mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and aggregate content (%) of>0.25 mm aggregate fractions.OF and COF treatments increased the concentration of SOC, especially the aliphatic-C, aromatic-C and polysaccharide-C components of SOC, particularly in>0.25 mm aggregates.Organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of free Fe(Fed), reactive Fe (Feo), and non-crystalline Fe in both bulk soil and aggregates.Furthermore, non-crystalline Fe showed a positive correlation with SOC content in both bulk soil and aggregates.Both non-crystalline Fe and SOC were significantly positively correlated with>2 mm mean weight diameter.Overall, we believe that the increase of SOC, aromatic-C, and non-crystal ine Fe concentrations in soil after the application of organic fertilizer is the reason for improving soil aggregate stability.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104294)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-19-079A1)。
文摘The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered significant attention as a promising positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its advantages of low cost,high safety,long cycle life,high voltage,good high-temperature performance,and high energy density.Although LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)has made significant breakthroughs in the past few decades,there are still facing great challenges in poor electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion,manganese dissolution affecting battery cycling performance,as well as low tap density.This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms,various synthesis methods,and electrochemical properties of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)to analyze reaction processes accurately and guide material preparation.Later,the main challenges currently faced are concluded,and the corresponding various modification strategies are discussed to enhance the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4),including multi-scale particle regulation,heteroatom doping,surface coating,as well as microscopic morphology design.Finally,in view of the current research challenges faced by intrinsic reaction processes,kinetics,and energy storage applications,the promising research directions are anticipated.More importantly,it is expected to provide key insights into the development of high-performance and stable LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)materials,to achieve practical energy storage requirements.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471593 to J.M.32330047 and 31930057 to F.W.+2 种基金and 82071970 to Y.W.and 82072506 to Y.L.)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province(2023AFA109 to Y.W.)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2024AFB963 to Q.R.).
文摘The muscular system plays a critical role in the human body by governing skeletal movement,cardiovascular function,and the activities of digestive organs.Additionally,muscle tissues serve an endocrine function by secreting myogenic cytokines,thereby regulating metabolism throughout the entire body.Maintaining muscle function requires iron homeostasis.Recent studies suggest that disruptions in iron metabolism and ferroptosis,a form of iron-dependent cell death,are essential contributors to the progression of a wide range of muscle diseases and disorders,including sarcopenia,cardiomyopathy,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Thus,a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms regulating iron metabolism and ferroptosis in these conditions is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new strategies for disease treatment and/or prevention.This review aims to summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in the context of muscle injury,as well as associated muscle diseases and disorders.Moreover,we discuss potential targets within the ferroptosis pathway and possible strategies for managing muscle disorders.Finally,we shed new light on current limitations and future prospects for therapeutic interventions targeting ferroptosis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100093,52270128,and 52261135627)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011734 and 2021B1515120068)+2 种基金the Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council of the Shen-zhen Government(KCXFZ20211020163556020 and SGDX20230116092359002)the Research Grants Council(17210219)the Innovation and Technology Fund(ITS/242/20FP)of the Hong Kong SAR Government。
文摘The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environmentally friendly and economical method of P recovery from municipal wastewater,providing the P source for LiFePO_(4) cathodes.The novel approach utilizes the sludge of Fe-coagulant-based chemical P removal(CPR)in wastewater treatment.After a sintering treatment with acid washing,the CPR sludge,enriched with P and Fe,transforms into purified P-Fe oxides(Fe2.1P1.0O5.6).These oxides can substitute up to 35%of the FePO_(4) reagent as precursor,producing a carbon-coated LiFePO_(4)(LiFePO_(4)/C)cathode with a specific discharge capacity of 114.9 mA·h·g^(-1)at current density of 17 mA·g^(-1)),and cycle stability of 99.2%after 100 cycles.The enhanced cycle performance of the as-prepared LiFePO_(4)/C cathode may be attributed to the incorporations of impurities(such as Ca^(2+)and Na^(+))from sludge,with improved stability of crystal structure.Unlike conventional P-fertilizers,this P recovery technology converts 100%of P in CPR sludge into the production of value-added LiFePO_(4)/C cathodes.The recovered P from municipal wastewater can meet up to 35%of the P demand in the Chinese LIBs industry,offering a cost-effective solution for addressing the pressing challenges of P scarcity.
文摘Beta thalassemia(β-thalassemia)syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited hemoglobinopathies caused by molecular defects in the beta-globin gene that lead to the impaired synthesis of beta-globin chains of the hemoglobin.The hallmarks of the disease include ineffective erythropoiesis,chronic hemolytic anemia,and iron overload.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic carriers to severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions with subsequent devastating complications.The management of patients with severeβ-thalassemia represents a global health problem,particularly in low-income countries.Until recently,management strategies were limited to regular transfusions and iron chelation therapy,with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation available only for a subset of patients.Better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms ofβ-thalassemia syndromes and associated clinical phenotypes has paved the way for novel therapeutic options,including pharmacologic enhancers of effective erythropoiesis and gene therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51971157)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324115412035,JCYJ202103-24123202008,JCYJ20210324122803009 and ZDS-YS20210813095534001)Guangdong Foundation for Basic and Applied Basic Research Program(2021A1515110880).
文摘In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and exceptional properties.Graphene oxide(GO),a two-dimensional material with an extremely high specific surface area and excellent conductivity,offers new possibilities for enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal oxides.In this work,we synthesized met-al-organic framework(MOF)and GO composites by regulating the amount of GO,and successfully prepared composites of metal oxides supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks and GO through a simple one-step calcination process.Based on the electrochemical tests,the optimal amount of GO was determined.This research will provide new insights into and directions for designing and synthesizing metal oxide and graphene oxide composite materials with an ideal electro-chemical performance.
文摘Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。
文摘Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN 11-3678/TF,ISSN 1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。
文摘Journal of Iron and Steel Research International(中文刊名:钢铁研究学报(英文版),下文简称JISRI)是由中国钢铁工业协会主管、中国钢研科技集团有限公司主办的冶金领域学术期刊(CN11-3678/TFISSN1006-706X)。JISRI于1994年创刊,月刊,主编为田志凌教授。JISRI被SCI科学引文索引、EI工程索引、美国化学文摘(CAS)、JST日本科学技术振兴机构数据库、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)等国内外著名检索机构及数据库收录.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371153(to YS)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Nos.ZR2021MH378,ZR2022QH073(to LC)+1 种基金the Shandong Society of Geriatric Science and Technology Project,No.LKJGG2021Z020(to YS)the Yantai Science and Technology Innovation Development Project,Nos.2022YD009,2023YD050。
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent conditions that greatly impact human health.These diseases are primarily characterized by the progressive loss and eventual death of neuronal function,although the precise mechanisms underlying these processes remain incompletely understood.Iron is an essential trace element in the human body,playing a crucial role in various biological processes.The maintenance of iron homeostasis relies on the body's intricate and nuanced regulatory mechanisms.In recent years,considerable attention has been directed toward the relationship between dysregulated iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases.The regulation of iron homeostasis within cells is crucial for maintaining proper nervous system function.Research has already revealed that disruptions in iron homeostasis may lead to ferroptosis and oxidative stress,which,in turn,can impact neuronal health and contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.This article primarily explores the intimate relationship between iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to provide novel insights and strategies for treating these debilitating conditions.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20221280the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371336+2 种基金the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2022M711426the Special Fund for Social Key Research and Development Plan of Yangzhou City,No.YZ2022097Yangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,No.YZ2024091 and No.YZ2022098.
文摘BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated liver injury(SALI)refers to secondary liver function impairment caused by sepsis,patients with SALI often have worse clinical outcomes.The early identification and assessment of the occurrence and progression of SALI are pressing issues that urgently need to be resolved.AIM To investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and SALI.METHODS In this prospective study,139 patients were recruited,with 53 assigned to the SALI group.The relationships between SALI and various iron metabolism-related biomarkers were examined.These biomarkers included serum iron(SI),total iron-binding capacity(TIBC),serum ferritin,transferrin,and transferrin saturation.To identify independent risk factors for SALI,both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Additionally,receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was utilized to assess the predictive value of these biomarkers for the occurrence of SALI.RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in age,sex,body mass index,Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores(excluding liver function),or APACHE II scores between the two groups of patients.Compared with the sepsis group,the SALI group presented significantly higher SI(P<0.001),TIBC(P<0.001),serum ferritin(P=0.001),transferrin(P=0.005),and transferrin saturation levels(P<0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SI(odds ratio=1.24,95%confidence interval:1.11-1.40,P<0.001)and TIBC levels(odds ratio=1.13,95%confidence interval:1.05-1.21,P<0.001)were independent predictors of SALI.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that SI and TIBC had areas under the curve of 0.816 and 0.757,respectively,indicating moderate predictive accuracy for SALI.CONCLUSION Iron metabolism disorders are closely associated with the development of SALI,and SI and TIBC may serve as potential predictive biomarkers.The combined use of SI and TIBC has superior diagnostic efficacy for SALI.These findings provide valuable insights for the early identification and management of SALI among patients with sepsis.
文摘This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in Najaf Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Qadisiyah in Diwaniyah Governorate,and the Nile District in Babylon Governorate.The results showed that the soils of Najaf and Qadisiyah were superior in terms of their content of total free iron oxides(Fet)compared to the soils of Karbala and Babylon.The relative distribution of free iron oxides was generally close among the studied sites,with a homogeneous pattern in the distribution of these oxides within the soil horizons.As for silicate iron oxides(Fes),a homogeneous pattern was observed in the soil of Babylon with its content increasing with depth,while these patterns varied in the soils of Karbala,Najaf and Qadisiyah.Regarding the ratios of crystalline iron oxides(Fed/Fet),the study showed that the Babylon and Qadisiyah soils recorded the highest values,while these values were lower in the Najaf and Karbala soils.On the other hand,amorphous iron oxides(FeO)showed similar values in the Najaf and Qadisiyah soils.In general,these results clearly showed the effect of environmental and geochemical factors of the study areas on the distribution and transformations of iron oxides in the soil of the Middle Euphrates regions.
基金supported by the Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LY23C130003)the Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding,China(Grant No.2023ZZKT20203)+5 种基金the Major Science and Technology Project of Guangxi,China(Grant No.AA23062015)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2013-CNRRI)the China Rice Research System,China(Grant No.CARS-01-011)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202301)High-Quality and Resistant Hybrid Rice Germplasm Creation and New Varieties Development with International Competitiveness,China(Grant Nos.2022KJCX45 and YBXM2437)Xi’nan League Science and Technology Project,China(Grant No.2023DXZD0001).
文摘Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified the cytoplasmic ATP-citrate lyase(ACL)subunit A2 in rice(Oryza sativa L.),OsACL-A2(Os12g0566300),as a critical factor for iron uptake and transport.The osacl-a2 mutant exhibited reduced leaf iron levels,leading to iron deficiency-induced chlorosis,activated defense signaling,and eventual necrosis in mature leaves.Additionally,blast resistance was weakened in immature osacl-a2 leaves.Exogenous iron supplementation rescued these defects.The mutant displayed reduced ATP-citrate lyase activity but increased citric acid levels compared with its wild type(WT),suggesting that the osacl-a2 mutation impairs enzyme activity.Thus,OsACL-A2-mediated citrate lyase activity plays a vital role in promoting iron uptake and associated blast resistance in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22478226)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2023JQ022 and ZR2024QE165)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20240917)Taishan Scholars Project of Shandong Province(No.tstp20230604)。
文摘Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)contamination in farmland disrupts soil micro-ecological functions,posing a risk to soil health and productivity.Sulfidated zero-valent iron(SZVI),a promising green material known for its good reactivity,had been used for soil remediation.However,existing studies often overlooked the effects of particle size and sulfur content on the long-term performance of SZVI and its impact on soil micro-ecological safety.This study employed polysulfide-modified nano,micro-nano,and micron-sized SZVI to investigate how particle size and sulfur content influenced the reactivity and durability,as well as the iron oxide forms and microbial community of soil during the SMX remediation.The results demonstrated that micro-nano sized SZVI(nm-SZVI)exhibited prolonged reactivity,achieving 83.12%-99.91%SMX removal over 30 days and maintaining higher levels of soil amorphous and reactive ferrous iron.Although sulfidation improved reactivity,excessive sulfur content reduced removal efficiency and accelerated the conversion to soil crystalline iron forms.Compared to nanoparticles,nm-SZVI fostered microbial diversity and balanced functional bacteria for electron transfer,organic matter utilization,and nutrient cycling.However,the elevated sulfur content in SZVI inhibited the stability of the microbial network.Finally,it was found that SMX underwent isoxazole reduction cleavage and oxidative removal pathways,reducing ecological toxicity.This study provided a new insight into the rational design of SZVI to achieve long-term pollutant removal and ensuring the health and stability of the microbial community by regulating particle size and sulfur content in soil remediation.
文摘A Peking Opera mask shaped like a monkey peered out from Charassri Jiraphas’phone case.In a caféat U-Center in Beijing’s Wudaokou area,she recalled her favorite scene from Shaw Brothers’cinematic adaptation of Journey to the West.“When the Monkey King shrinks into an insect just to enter the belly of Princess Iron Fan,”she recounted,her eyes sparkling with reminiscent wonder,“he punches and kicks until Princess Iron Fan can’t take it anymore,gives in,and lends him her Iron Fan.”Later,the Monkey King uses the magical fan to conjure such strong wind that the Flaming Mountains subside,breaking yet another impasse impeding the four Buddhist scriptureseeking monks.
