Low-cost Fe-based disordered rock salt(DRX)Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)is capable of providing high capacity(295 mA h g^(-1))by redox activity of cations(Fe^(2+)/Fe^(4+)and Ti^(3+)/Ti^(4+))and anionic oxygen.However,DRX structures...Low-cost Fe-based disordered rock salt(DRX)Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)is capable of providing high capacity(295 mA h g^(-1))by redox activity of cations(Fe^(2+)/Fe^(4+)and Ti^(3+)/Ti^(4+))and anionic oxygen.However,DRX structures lack transport channels for ions and electrons,resulting in sluggish kinetics,poor electrochemical activity,and cyclability.Herein,graphene conductive carbon network permeated Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)(LFT/C/G)nanofibers are successfully prepared by a facile sol-gel assisted electrospinning method.Ultrafine Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)nanoparticles(2 nm)and one-dimensional(1D)structure provide abu ndant active sites and unobstructed diffu sion channels,accelerating ion diffusion.In addition,introducing graphene reduces the band gap and Li^(+)diffusion barrier and improves the dynamic properties of Li_(2)FeTiO_(4),thus achieving a relatively mild interfacial reaction and reversible redox reaction.As expected,the LFT/C/1.0G cathode delivers a remarkable discharge capacity(238.5 mA h g^(-1)),high energy density(508.8 Wh kg^(-1)),and excellent rate capability(51.2 mA hg^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)).Besides,the LFT/C/1.0G anode also displays a high capacity(514.5 mA h g^(-1)at 500 mA g^(-1))and a remarkable rate capability(243.9 mA h g^(-1)at 8 A g^(-1)).Moreover,the full batteries based on the LFT/C/1.0G symmetric electrode demonstrate a reversible capacity of 117.0 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 50 mA g^(-1).This study presents useful insights into developing cost-effective DRX cathodes with durable and fast lithium storage.展开更多
Focused ion-beam-induced deposition （FIBID） and focused electron-beam-induced deposition （FEBID） are conve- nient and useful in nanodevice fabrication. Since the deposition is from the organometallic platinum prec...Focused ion-beam-induced deposition （FIBID） and focused electron-beam-induced deposition （FEBID） are conve- nient and useful in nanodevice fabrication. Since the deposition is from the organometallic platinum precursor, the con- ductive lines directly written by focused ion-beam （FIB） and focused electron-beam （FEB） are carbon-rich materials. We discuss an alternative approach to enhancing the platinum content and improving the conductivity of the conductive leads produced by FIBID and FEBID, namely an annealing treatment. Annealing in pure oxygen at 500 ℃ for 30 min enhances the platinum content values from ~ 18% to 30% and ~ 50% to 90% of FIBID and FEBID, respectively. Moreover, we find that thin films will be formed in the FIBID and FEBID processes. The annealing treatment is helpful to avoid the current leakage caused by these thin films. A single electron transistor is fabricated by FEBID and the current-voltage curve shows the Coulomb blockade effect.展开更多
Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design ...Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design of new organometallic reagents and catalysts.Study of gas-phase reactions is one of the key approaches to probing the individual elementary steps under isolated and re-producible conditions.A series of investigations have been reported on the gas-phase reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under room temperature conditions.However,studies about the reactions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules un-der heating conditions are very limited.In this work,an apparatus with an electrospray ion-ization source and an ion funnel trap,which can be coupled with a high-temperature linear ion trap reactor,was designed and built.The apparatus can be used to investigate the reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under heating conditions.By using the apparatus,the adsorption reactions of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)and CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+under variable temperature conditions have been conducted.The experiments showed that the reaction rate constant of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO increases first and then decreases with increasing temperature.In contrast,the rate constant of CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)decreases monotonically as the temperature increases.Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption reaction of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)is subject to a small barrier,while CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+is barri-erless,which is consistent with the experimentally observed temperature-dependent rate con-stants.The newly built apparatus can thus provide new kinetic information to address reac-tion mechanisms for organometallic ions.展开更多
Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value,and stretchable electronic conductors(SECs)are essential for stretchable electronics,which not only...Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value,and stretchable electronic conductors(SECs)are essential for stretchable electronics,which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems.Herein,we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories,structure designs,fabrication techniques,and applications.The characteristics,performance enhancement strategies,and application requirements are emphasized.Based on the recent advances,the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.展开更多
Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system th...Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.展开更多
The effects of initial spin orientation on the final electron beam polarization in laser wakefield acceleration in a pre-polarized plasma are investigated theoretically and numerically.From the results of variation of...The effects of initial spin orientation on the final electron beam polarization in laser wakefield acceleration in a pre-polarized plasma are investigated theoretically and numerically.From the results of variation of the initial spin direction,the spin dynamics of the electron beam are found to depend on the self-injection mechanism.The effects of wakefields and laser fields are studied using test particle dynamics and particle-in-cell simulations based on the Thomas-Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation.Compared with transverse injection,longitudinal injection is found to be preferable for obtaining a highly polarized electron beam.展开更多
The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-ti...The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.展开更多
Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers fo...Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.展开更多
Electron beam injectors are pivotal components of large-scale scientific instruments,such as synchrotron radiation sources,free-electron lasers,and electron-positron colliders.The quality of the electron beam produced...Electron beam injectors are pivotal components of large-scale scientific instruments,such as synchrotron radiation sources,free-electron lasers,and electron-positron colliders.The quality of the electron beam produced by the injector critically influences the performance of the entire accelerator-based scientific research apparatus.The injectors of such facilities usually use photocathode and thermionic-cathode electron guns.Although the photocathode injector can produce electron beams of excellent quality,its associated laser system is massive and intricate.The thermionic-cathode electron gun,especially the gridded electron gun injector,has a simple structure capable of generating numerous electron beams.However,its emittance is typically high.In this study,methods to reduce beam emittance are explored through a comprehensive analysis of various grid structures and preliminary design results,examining the evolution of beam phase space at different grid positions.An optimization method for reducing the emittance of a gridded thermionic-cathode electron gun is proposed through theoretical derivation,electromagnetic-field simulation,and beam-dynamics simulation.A 50%reduction in emittance was achieved for a 50 keV,1.7 A electron gun,laying the foundation for the subsequent design of a high-current,low-emittance injector.展开更多
Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation...Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation,continue to limit performance and stability.Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport,modulating solvation structures,optimizing interfacial chemistry,and enhancing charge transfer kinetics.These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces,suppress side reactions,and mitigate anode corrosion,collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries.A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials.Herein,this review summarizes the development,classification,and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries.The roles of dipoles,including facilitating ion transport,controlling solvation dynamics,stabilizing the electric double layer,optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers,and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed.Finally,perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage.This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.展开更多
In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy respon...In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy response)of engineered polycarbonate films irradiated with an electron beam(0–600 kGy)were investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy.The results show a linear relationship between photoluminescence intensity and radiation dose when the thickness of the polycarbonate film is 0.3 mm.A higher fluorescence intensity can be obtained by preheating at 60℃ for 180 min before photoluminescence spectrum analysis.As the temperature during spectral testing and the ambient humidity(during and after irradiation)increased,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate films decreased.The photoluminescence intensity deviation of the polycarbonate films produced within the same batch at 100 kGy is 2.73%.After ten times of repeated excitations and readouts,the coefficients of variation in photoluminescence intensity are less than 8.6%,and the linear correlation coefficient between photoluminescence intensity and irradiation dose is 0.965 in the dose capture range of 20–600 kGy.Within 60 days of irradiation,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate film decreased to 60%of the initial value.The response of the 0.3 mm polycarbonate films to electron beams with energies exceeding 3.5 MeV does not differ significantly.This comprehensive analysis indicates the potential of polycarbonate films as a high-radiation dose detection material.展开更多
Robotic electronic skin(e-skin)is inspired by human skin and endows robots with tactile perception,temperature detection,and environmental interaction capabilities.However,its development is hampered by prolonged desi...Robotic electronic skin(e-skin)is inspired by human skin and endows robots with tactile perception,temperature detection,and environmental interaction capabilities.However,its development is hampered by prolonged design cycles,limited signal enhancement,and weak cognitive abilities.Given that the convergence of artificial intelligence(AI)with e-skin is fundamentally transforming this landscape,the present review highlights the pivotal contributions of AI across the entire development spectrum of robotic e-skin,including design optimization,signal processing,and cognitive enhancement.AI-driven design paradigms dramatically shorten development time and enable the discovery of optimal sensor materials and structures.In signal processing,AI algorithms notably improve the ability to decouple complex sensory data,enabling robust,multimodal,super-resolution sensing.AI endows e-skin with advanced cognitive capabilities,allowing it to interpret intricate tactile information and intelligently respond to external environments.By underscoring the potential of AI throughout the entire development pipeline,this review aims to drive the creation of e-skin with minimal hardware and maximal cognition and thus achieve revolutionary breakthroughs in cutting-edge fields such as human-robot interactions,precise robot control,and soft robotics for environmental exploration.展开更多
In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation pro...In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).Results indicated that the silicon and oxygen elements from the montmorillonite were incorporated into the catalyst matrix to form the Si-O-C structure.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array,achieving over 90 % removal rate of most pollutants within 60 min.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array.The salt bridge system confirmed that pollutants can provide electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,and we verified that the electron transfer process(ETP) mechanism was the main pathway for the degradation of pollutants in the Si-O-C/PMS system via the open-circuit potential analysis.In combination with the structural properties of different pollutants,we discovered that electron-donating pollutants can supply more electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,thereby enhancing the ETP process.The findings of this study are anticipated to advance the development and practical application of layered carbonaceous materials-based catalysts and support the design and implementation of nanoconfined catalysts in the field of AOPs.展开更多
Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Wide-temperature applications of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are severely limited by the sluggish ion insertion/diffusion kinetics of conversion-type anodes.Quantum-sized transition metal dichalcogenides possess unique ...Wide-temperature applications of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are severely limited by the sluggish ion insertion/diffusion kinetics of conversion-type anodes.Quantum-sized transition metal dichalcogenides possess unique advantages of charge delocalization and enrich uncoordinated electrons and short-range transfer kinetics,which are crucial to achieve rapid low-temperature charge transfer and high-temperature interface stability.Herein,a quantum-scale FeS_(2) loaded on three-dimensional Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene skeletons(FeS_(2) QD/MXene)fabricated as SIBs anode,demonstrating impressive performance under wide-temperature conditions(−35 to 65).The theoretical calculations combined with experimental characterization interprets that the unsaturated coordination edges of FeS_(2) QD can induce delocalized electronic regions,which reduces electrostatic potential and significantly facilitates efficient Na+diffusion across a broad temperature range.Moreover,the Ti_(3)C_(2) skeleton reinforces structural integrity via Fe-O-Ti bonding,while enabling excellent dispersion of FeS_(2) QD.As expected,FeS_(2) QD/MXene anode harvests capacities of 255.2 and 424.9 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 A g^(−1) under−35 and 65,and the energy density of FeS_(2) QD/MXene//NVP full cell can reach to 162.4 Wh kg^(−1) at−35,highlighting its practical potential for wide-temperatures conditions.This work extends the uncoordinated regions induced by quantum-size effects for exceptional Na^(+)ion storage and diffusion performance at wide-temperatures environment.展开更多
Vacancy defects,as fundamental disruptions in metallic lattices,play an important role in shaping the mechanical and electronic properties of aluminum crystals.However,the influence of vacancy position under coupled t...Vacancy defects,as fundamental disruptions in metallic lattices,play an important role in shaping the mechanical and electronic properties of aluminum crystals.However,the influence of vacancy position under coupled thermomechanical fields remains insufficiently understood.In this study,transmission and scanning electron microscopy were employed to observe dislocation structures and grain boundary heterogeneities in processed aluminum alloys,suggesting stress concentrations and microstructural inhomogeneities associated with vacancy accumulation.To complement these observations,first-principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for seven single-vacancy configurations in face-centered cubic aluminum.The stress response,total energy,density of states(DOS),and differential charge density were examined under varying compressive strain(ε=0–0.1)and temperature(0–600 K).The results indicate that face-centered vacancies tend to reduce mechanical strength and perturb electronic states near the Fermi level,whereas corner and edge vacancies appear to have weaker effects.Elevated temperatures may partially restore electronic uniformity through thermal excitation.Overall,these findings suggest that vacancy position exerts a critical but position-dependent influence on coupled structure-property relationships,offering theoretical insights and preliminary experimental support for defect-engineered aluminum alloy design.展开更多
The single electron capture processes in Si^(3,4+)+He collisions have been investigated theoretically employing the two-center atomic orbital close-coupling method in the energy range 0.01-100 keV/u.Total and state-se...The single electron capture processes in Si^(3,4+)+He collisions have been investigated theoretically employing the two-center atomic orbital close-coupling method in the energy range 0.01-100 keV/u.Total and state-selective electron capture cross sections for the dominant and subdominant reaction channels are calculated and compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.For the total charge transfer cross sections,the present results show better agreements with the available experimental data than the other theoretical ones in the overlapping energy region for both collision systems.For the state-selective cross sections,the present results for 3s and 3p states are in general agreement with the previous MOCC results in the low energy region for both collision systems.Furthermore,the cross sections for electron captured to the 3d,4l and 5l(l=0,1,...,n-1)states of Si^(2+)and Si^(3+)ions are first provided in a broad energy region in our work.These results are useful for the investigations in astrophysics.The datasets presented in this paper,including the total and state-selective electron capture cross sections of Si^(3,4+)+He collisions in 0.01-100 ke V/u,are openly available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00257.展开更多
Triclosan(TCS) poses harmful risks to ecosystems and human health owing to its endocrine-disrupting effects.Therefore,developing an efficient and sustainable technology to degrade TCS is urgently needed.Herein,cobalt ...Triclosan(TCS) poses harmful risks to ecosystems and human health owing to its endocrine-disrupting effects.Therefore,developing an efficient and sustainable technology to degrade TCS is urgently needed.Herein,cobalt oxyhydroxide @covalent organic frameworks(CoOOH@COFs) S-scheme heterojunction was synthesized,which combined the visible-light-driven photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate(PMS) activation to synergistically generate abundant reactive oxygen species(ROSs) for TCS degradation.The degradation efficiency of TCS reached 100 % within 8 min in the Vis-CoOOH@COFs/PMS system,and the reaction rate constant was 0.456 min^(-1),which was nearly 1.90 and 2.85 times that of single Co OOH and COFs,and2.36 times that under dark condition,respectively.The density functional theory(DFT) calculations confirmed the energy band bending of CoOOH@COFs and S-scheme charge transport from COFs to Co OOH.Both experimental and theoretical analyses indicated that Co OOH@COFs in photocatalytic-PMS activation systems synergistically facilitated photo-generated carrier separation,enhanced interfacial electron transfer,accelerated PMS activation,and generated multiple ROSs.In particular,photogenerated electrons(e^(-))accelerated the Co(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅱ) redox cycle,while the PMS captured the e-,which significantly decreased the charge combination of Co OOH@COFs.Radicals(O_(2)^(·-),^(·)OH,and SO_(4)^(·-)) and non-radicals(such as ^(1)O_(2),h^(+),and e^(-)) were both presented in the Vis-CoOOH@COFs/PMS system,with O_(2)^(-) playing a dominant role in TCS degradation.Furthermore,the pathway of TCS degradation and toxicity of intermediates were explored by DFT calculation and transformation product identification.Importantly,the environmentally friendly CoOOH@COFs S-scheme heterojunction exhibited excellent stability and reusability.In conclusion,this study innovatively designed an S-scheme heterojunction in the photocatalytic-PMS activation system,providing guidance and theoretical support for efficient and eco-friendly wastewater treatment.展开更多
X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system ...X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system generally has a large scale,which is not suitable for on-site testing.Compared with the S-band(S-linac)at the same stage of beam energy,the accelerator working in the X-band(X-linac)can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction,which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment.To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA),was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac.Additionally,the designs of the focusing coils,electron gun,and RF couplers,which are other key components of the X-linac,were introduced in this context.In particular,the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm.Furthermore,after designing such key components,PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields.The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%,an energy spread of less than 10%,and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV.The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGAⅡ-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design.Furthermore,it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278347)the Excellent Doctoral Student Research Innovation Project of Xinjiang University of China(XJU2022BS048)the Postgraduate Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China(XJ2023G027).
文摘Low-cost Fe-based disordered rock salt(DRX)Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)is capable of providing high capacity(295 mA h g^(-1))by redox activity of cations(Fe^(2+)/Fe^(4+)and Ti^(3+)/Ti^(4+))and anionic oxygen.However,DRX structures lack transport channels for ions and electrons,resulting in sluggish kinetics,poor electrochemical activity,and cyclability.Herein,graphene conductive carbon network permeated Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)(LFT/C/G)nanofibers are successfully prepared by a facile sol-gel assisted electrospinning method.Ultrafine Li_(2)FeTiO_(4)nanoparticles(2 nm)and one-dimensional(1D)structure provide abu ndant active sites and unobstructed diffu sion channels,accelerating ion diffusion.In addition,introducing graphene reduces the band gap and Li^(+)diffusion barrier and improves the dynamic properties of Li_(2)FeTiO_(4),thus achieving a relatively mild interfacial reaction and reversible redox reaction.As expected,the LFT/C/1.0G cathode delivers a remarkable discharge capacity(238.5 mA h g^(-1)),high energy density(508.8 Wh kg^(-1)),and excellent rate capability(51.2 mA hg^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)).Besides,the LFT/C/1.0G anode also displays a high capacity(514.5 mA h g^(-1)at 500 mA g^(-1))and a remarkable rate capability(243.9 mA h g^(-1)at 8 A g^(-1)).Moreover,the full batteries based on the LFT/C/1.0G symmetric electrode demonstrate a reversible capacity of 117.0 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 50 mA g^(-1).This study presents useful insights into developing cost-effective DRX cathodes with durable and fast lithium storage.
基金Project supported by the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology,China(Grant No.JC13-02-14)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11104349)
文摘Focused ion-beam-induced deposition （FIBID） and focused electron-beam-induced deposition （FEBID） are conve- nient and useful in nanodevice fabrication. Since the deposition is from the organometallic platinum precursor, the con- ductive lines directly written by focused ion-beam （FIB） and focused electron-beam （FEB） are carbon-rich materials. We discuss an alternative approach to enhancing the platinum content and improving the conductivity of the conductive leads produced by FIBID and FEBID, namely an annealing treatment. Annealing in pure oxygen at 500 ℃ for 30 min enhances the platinum content values from ~ 18% to 30% and ~ 50% to 90% of FIBID and FEBID, respectively. Moreover, we find that thin films will be formed in the FIBID and FEBID processes. The annealing treatment is helpful to avoid the current leakage caused by these thin films. A single electron transistor is fabricated by FEBID and the current-voltage curve shows the Coulomb blockade effect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92461313 and 22121002)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1500704).
文摘Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design of new organometallic reagents and catalysts.Study of gas-phase reactions is one of the key approaches to probing the individual elementary steps under isolated and re-producible conditions.A series of investigations have been reported on the gas-phase reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under room temperature conditions.However,studies about the reactions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules un-der heating conditions are very limited.In this work,an apparatus with an electrospray ion-ization source and an ion funnel trap,which can be coupled with a high-temperature linear ion trap reactor,was designed and built.The apparatus can be used to investigate the reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under heating conditions.By using the apparatus,the adsorption reactions of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)and CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+under variable temperature conditions have been conducted.The experiments showed that the reaction rate constant of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO increases first and then decreases with increasing temperature.In contrast,the rate constant of CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)decreases monotonically as the temperature increases.Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption reaction of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)is subject to a small barrier,while CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+is barri-erless,which is consistent with the experimentally observed temperature-dependent rate con-stants.The newly built apparatus can thus provide new kinetic information to address reac-tion mechanisms for organometallic ions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172170)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(2023B1515020114)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(24lgqb003)Guangdong University Innovation and Enhancement Program(2024KTSCX003)Science and Technology Projects of Guangzhou(2025A04J4230).
文摘Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value,and stretchable electronic conductors(SECs)are essential for stretchable electronics,which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems.Herein,we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories,structure designs,fabrication techniques,and applications.The characteristics,performance enhancement strategies,and application requirements are emphasized.Based on the recent advances,the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2024YFB4405300 and 2022YFA1204300the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2023JJ20016+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants of 52221001 and 62090035the Key Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province under grants of 2022GK3002 and 2023GK2012the Key Program of Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province under grant of 2020XK2001。
文摘Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11804348,11775056,11975154,12225505,and 12405281)the Science Challenge(Project No.TZ2018005)+2 种基金supported by the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.23PJ1414600)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0890203)supported by the Accelerator Technology Helmholtz Infrastructure consortium ATHENA.
文摘The effects of initial spin orientation on the final electron beam polarization in laser wakefield acceleration in a pre-polarized plasma are investigated theoretically and numerically.From the results of variation of the initial spin direction,the spin dynamics of the electron beam are found to depend on the self-injection mechanism.The effects of wakefields and laser fields are studied using test particle dynamics and particle-in-cell simulations based on the Thomas-Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation.Compared with transverse injection,longitudinal injection is found to be preferable for obtaining a highly polarized electron beam.
基金supported by the Advanced Materials-National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0618401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12504285)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20250472)NFSG grant from BITS-Pilani,Dubai campus。
文摘The rapid advancement of machine learning based tight-binding Hamiltonian(MLTB)methods has opened new avenues for efficient and accurate electronic structure simulations,particularly in large-scale systems and long-time scenarios.This review begins with a concise overview of traditional tight-binding(TB)models,including both(semi-)empirical and first-principles approaches,establishing the foundation for understanding MLTB developments.We then present a systematic classification of existing MLTB methodologies,grouped into two major categories:direct prediction of TB Hamiltonian elements and inference of empirical parameters.A comparative analysis with other ML-based electronic structure models is also provided,highlighting the advancement of MLTB approaches.Finally,we explore the emerging MLTB application ecosystem,highlighting how the integration of MLTB models with a diverse suite of post-processing tools from linear-scaling solvers to quantum transport frameworks and molecular dynamics interfaces is essential for tackling complex scientific problems across different domains.The continued advancement of this integrated paradigm promises to accelerate materials discovery and open new frontiers in the predictive simulation of complex quantum phenomena.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2023SFGC0101)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(No.2023HWYQ-047)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.U2106202).
文摘Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.
基金supported by the Hundred-person Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11905074).
文摘Electron beam injectors are pivotal components of large-scale scientific instruments,such as synchrotron radiation sources,free-electron lasers,and electron-positron colliders.The quality of the electron beam produced by the injector critically influences the performance of the entire accelerator-based scientific research apparatus.The injectors of such facilities usually use photocathode and thermionic-cathode electron guns.Although the photocathode injector can produce electron beams of excellent quality,its associated laser system is massive and intricate.The thermionic-cathode electron gun,especially the gridded electron gun injector,has a simple structure capable of generating numerous electron beams.However,its emittance is typically high.In this study,methods to reduce beam emittance are explored through a comprehensive analysis of various grid structures and preliminary design results,examining the evolution of beam phase space at different grid positions.An optimization method for reducing the emittance of a gridded thermionic-cathode electron gun is proposed through theoretical derivation,electromagnetic-field simulation,and beam-dynamics simulation.A 50%reduction in emittance was achieved for a 50 keV,1.7 A electron gun,laying the foundation for the subsequent design of a high-current,low-emittance injector.
基金supported by the introduction of Talent Research Fund in Nanjing Institute of Technology(YKJ202204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52401282 and 52300206)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230701 and BK20230705).
文摘Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation,continue to limit performance and stability.Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport,modulating solvation structures,optimizing interfacial chemistry,and enhancing charge transfer kinetics.These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces,suppress side reactions,and mitigate anode corrosion,collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries.A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials.Herein,this review summarizes the development,classification,and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries.The roles of dipoles,including facilitating ion transport,controlling solvation dynamics,stabilizing the electric double layer,optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers,and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed.Finally,perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage.This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12305385)Key Projects of Scientific Research of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education(22A0310)the Research Startup Project of University of South China(220XQD025).
文摘In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy response)of engineered polycarbonate films irradiated with an electron beam(0–600 kGy)were investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy.The results show a linear relationship between photoluminescence intensity and radiation dose when the thickness of the polycarbonate film is 0.3 mm.A higher fluorescence intensity can be obtained by preheating at 60℃ for 180 min before photoluminescence spectrum analysis.As the temperature during spectral testing and the ambient humidity(during and after irradiation)increased,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate films decreased.The photoluminescence intensity deviation of the polycarbonate films produced within the same batch at 100 kGy is 2.73%.After ten times of repeated excitations and readouts,the coefficients of variation in photoluminescence intensity are less than 8.6%,and the linear correlation coefficient between photoluminescence intensity and irradiation dose is 0.965 in the dose capture range of 20–600 kGy.Within 60 days of irradiation,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate film decreased to 60%of the initial value.The response of the 0.3 mm polycarbonate films to electron beams with energies exceeding 3.5 MeV does not differ significantly.This comprehensive analysis indicates the potential of polycarbonate films as a high-radiation dose detection material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52375031)the Dongfang Electric Corporation-Zhejiang University Joint Innovation Research Institutethe Bellwethers Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province(No.2023C01045)。
文摘Robotic electronic skin(e-skin)is inspired by human skin and endows robots with tactile perception,temperature detection,and environmental interaction capabilities.However,its development is hampered by prolonged design cycles,limited signal enhancement,and weak cognitive abilities.Given that the convergence of artificial intelligence(AI)with e-skin is fundamentally transforming this landscape,the present review highlights the pivotal contributions of AI across the entire development spectrum of robotic e-skin,including design optimization,signal processing,and cognitive enhancement.AI-driven design paradigms dramatically shorten development time and enable the discovery of optimal sensor materials and structures.In signal processing,AI algorithms notably improve the ability to decouple complex sensory data,enabling robust,multimodal,super-resolution sensing.AI endows e-skin with advanced cognitive capabilities,allowing it to interpret intricate tactile information and intelligently respond to external environments.By underscoring the potential of AI throughout the entire development pipeline,this review aims to drive the creation of e-skin with minimal hardware and maximal cognition and thus achieve revolutionary breakthroughs in cutting-edge fields such as human-robot interactions,precise robot control,and soft robotics for environmental exploration.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52170086,22476116,52074176)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Nos.ZR2021ME013,ZR2024ME156,ZR2022QB250)。
文摘In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).Results indicated that the silicon and oxygen elements from the montmorillonite were incorporated into the catalyst matrix to form the Si-O-C structure.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array,achieving over 90 % removal rate of most pollutants within 60 min.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array.The salt bridge system confirmed that pollutants can provide electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,and we verified that the electron transfer process(ETP) mechanism was the main pathway for the degradation of pollutants in the Si-O-C/PMS system via the open-circuit potential analysis.In combination with the structural properties of different pollutants,we discovered that electron-donating pollutants can supply more electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,thereby enhancing the ETP process.The findings of this study are anticipated to advance the development and practical application of layered carbonaceous materials-based catalysts and support the design and implementation of nanoconfined catalysts in the field of AOPs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
文摘Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.52202335 and 52171227)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20221137)National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFE0108500).
文摘Wide-temperature applications of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are severely limited by the sluggish ion insertion/diffusion kinetics of conversion-type anodes.Quantum-sized transition metal dichalcogenides possess unique advantages of charge delocalization and enrich uncoordinated electrons and short-range transfer kinetics,which are crucial to achieve rapid low-temperature charge transfer and high-temperature interface stability.Herein,a quantum-scale FeS_(2) loaded on three-dimensional Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene skeletons(FeS_(2) QD/MXene)fabricated as SIBs anode,demonstrating impressive performance under wide-temperature conditions(−35 to 65).The theoretical calculations combined with experimental characterization interprets that the unsaturated coordination edges of FeS_(2) QD can induce delocalized electronic regions,which reduces electrostatic potential and significantly facilitates efficient Na+diffusion across a broad temperature range.Moreover,the Ti_(3)C_(2) skeleton reinforces structural integrity via Fe-O-Ti bonding,while enabling excellent dispersion of FeS_(2) QD.As expected,FeS_(2) QD/MXene anode harvests capacities of 255.2 and 424.9 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 A g^(−1) under−35 and 65,and the energy density of FeS_(2) QD/MXene//NVP full cell can reach to 162.4 Wh kg^(−1) at−35,highlighting its practical potential for wide-temperatures conditions.This work extends the uncoordinated regions induced by quantum-size effects for exceptional Na^(+)ion storage and diffusion performance at wide-temperatures environment.
基金supported by the Research Project on Strengthening the Construction of an Important Ecological Security Barrier in Northern China by Higher Education Institutions in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(STAQZX202313)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Education Science‘14th Five-Year Plan’2024 Annual Research Project(NGJGH2024635).
文摘Vacancy defects,as fundamental disruptions in metallic lattices,play an important role in shaping the mechanical and electronic properties of aluminum crystals.However,the influence of vacancy position under coupled thermomechanical fields remains insufficiently understood.In this study,transmission and scanning electron microscopy were employed to observe dislocation structures and grain boundary heterogeneities in processed aluminum alloys,suggesting stress concentrations and microstructural inhomogeneities associated with vacancy accumulation.To complement these observations,first-principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for seven single-vacancy configurations in face-centered cubic aluminum.The stress response,total energy,density of states(DOS),and differential charge density were examined under varying compressive strain(ε=0–0.1)and temperature(0–600 K).The results indicate that face-centered vacancies tend to reduce mechanical strength and perturb electronic states near the Fermi level,whereas corner and edge vacancies appear to have weaker effects.Elevated temperatures may partially restore electronic uniformity through thermal excitation.Overall,these findings suggest that vacancy position exerts a critical but position-dependent influence on coupled structure-property relationships,offering theoretical insights and preliminary experimental support for defect-engineered aluminum alloy design.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1602504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12274040 and U2430208)。
文摘The single electron capture processes in Si^(3,4+)+He collisions have been investigated theoretically employing the two-center atomic orbital close-coupling method in the energy range 0.01-100 keV/u.Total and state-selective electron capture cross sections for the dominant and subdominant reaction channels are calculated and compared with the available experimental and theoretical data.For the total charge transfer cross sections,the present results show better agreements with the available experimental data than the other theoretical ones in the overlapping energy region for both collision systems.For the state-selective cross sections,the present results for 3s and 3p states are in general agreement with the previous MOCC results in the low energy region for both collision systems.Furthermore,the cross sections for electron captured to the 3d,4l and 5l(l=0,1,...,n-1)states of Si^(2+)and Si^(3+)ions are first provided in a broad energy region in our work.These results are useful for the investigations in astrophysics.The datasets presented in this paper,including the total and state-selective electron capture cross sections of Si^(3,4+)+He collisions in 0.01-100 ke V/u,are openly available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00257.
文摘Triclosan(TCS) poses harmful risks to ecosystems and human health owing to its endocrine-disrupting effects.Therefore,developing an efficient and sustainable technology to degrade TCS is urgently needed.Herein,cobalt oxyhydroxide @covalent organic frameworks(CoOOH@COFs) S-scheme heterojunction was synthesized,which combined the visible-light-driven photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate(PMS) activation to synergistically generate abundant reactive oxygen species(ROSs) for TCS degradation.The degradation efficiency of TCS reached 100 % within 8 min in the Vis-CoOOH@COFs/PMS system,and the reaction rate constant was 0.456 min^(-1),which was nearly 1.90 and 2.85 times that of single Co OOH and COFs,and2.36 times that under dark condition,respectively.The density functional theory(DFT) calculations confirmed the energy band bending of CoOOH@COFs and S-scheme charge transport from COFs to Co OOH.Both experimental and theoretical analyses indicated that Co OOH@COFs in photocatalytic-PMS activation systems synergistically facilitated photo-generated carrier separation,enhanced interfacial electron transfer,accelerated PMS activation,and generated multiple ROSs.In particular,photogenerated electrons(e^(-))accelerated the Co(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅱ) redox cycle,while the PMS captured the e-,which significantly decreased the charge combination of Co OOH@COFs.Radicals(O_(2)^(·-),^(·)OH,and SO_(4)^(·-)) and non-radicals(such as ^(1)O_(2),h^(+),and e^(-)) were both presented in the Vis-CoOOH@COFs/PMS system,with O_(2)^(-) playing a dominant role in TCS degradation.Furthermore,the pathway of TCS degradation and toxicity of intermediates were explored by DFT calculation and transformation product identification.Importantly,the environmentally friendly CoOOH@COFs S-scheme heterojunction exhibited excellent stability and reusability.In conclusion,this study innovatively designed an S-scheme heterojunction in the photocatalytic-PMS activation system,providing guidance and theoretical support for efficient and eco-friendly wastewater treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12341501 and 12575164)。
文摘X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system generally has a large scale,which is not suitable for on-site testing.Compared with the S-band(S-linac)at the same stage of beam energy,the accelerator working in the X-band(X-linac)can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction,which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment.To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA),was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac.Additionally,the designs of the focusing coils,electron gun,and RF couplers,which are other key components of the X-linac,were introduced in this context.In particular,the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm.Furthermore,after designing such key components,PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields.The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%,an energy spread of less than 10%,and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV.The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGAⅡ-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design.Furthermore,it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.
