Schizophrenia is characterized by psychotic symptoms,negative symptoms,and cognitive deficits,profoundly affecting individuals and their families.The etiology is multifactorial,involving genetic,endocrine,and immunolo...Schizophrenia is characterized by psychotic symptoms,negative symptoms,and cognitive deficits,profoundly affecting individuals and their families.The etiology is multifactorial,involving genetic,endocrine,and immunological risk factors.It is thought that schizophrenia is exclusively linked to alterations in brain structure and function,while the relationship between the brain and many organs may lack sufficient attention.Increasing evidence indicates abnormalities of the interactions between the brain and many organs in patients with schizophrenia.Inter-organ crosstalk affects the onset,course,and management of schizophrenia.Besides,the complex relationship between autonomic nervous system,endocrine system,and immune system further facilitates the development of schizophrenia.The present review summarizes the relationships between the brain and multiple organ systems in schizophrenia,providing new perspectives on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia.展开更多
Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectur...Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectures.However,current artificial synapses rely primarily on electrical signals,and little attention has been paid to the vital role of neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses.Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter associated with emotion regulation and cognitive processes that needs to be monitored in real time to advance the development of disease diagnostics and neuroscience.To provide insights into the development of artificial synapses with neurotransmitter involvement,this review proposes three steps towards future biomimic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.We first summarize OECT-based dopamine detection devices,and then review advances in neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses and resultant advanced neuromorphic systems.Finally,by exploring the challenges and opportunities related to such neuromorphic systems,we provide a perspective on the future development of biomimetic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.展开更多
Soil organic carbon （SOC） is an important indicator of soil degradation process. In this study, the long-term SOC evolution in Chinese mollisol farmland was simulated and predicted by validating, analyzing, processi...Soil organic carbon （SOC） is an important indicator of soil degradation process. In this study, the long-term SOC evolution in Chinese mollisol farmland was simulated and predicted by validating, analyzing, processing and assorting concerning data, based on clarifying parameters of Century model need, combined with best use of recorded data of field management, observed data of long-term experiments, climate, soil, and biology, and achieved results from Hailun Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results were showed as follows： Before reclamation, SOC content was around 58.00 g kg^-1, SOC content dropped quickly in early years, and then decreased slowly after reclamation. SOC content was around 34.00 g kg^-1 with a yearly average rate of 8.91‰ decrease before long-term experiments was established. After a long-term experiment, SOC would change under different farming systems. Shift farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 30.19 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 5.97‰; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 24.31 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 3.36‰. Organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased slowly from 34.03 to 33.39 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.95‰, 5‰ less than that of shift farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 32.21 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.55‰. ＂Petroleum＂ farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 32.88 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 1.72‰, much more than that of organic farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 30.89 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.96‰. Combined ＂petroleum＂-organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content was increased slightly; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content increased from 34.03 to 34.41g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.11‰. The above results provided an optimal way for maintaining SOC in Chinese mollisol farmland： To increase, as much as possible within agro-ecosystem, soil organic matter returns such as crop stubble, crop litter, crop straw or stalk, and manure, besides applying chemical nitrogen and phosphorous, which increased system productivity and maintained SOC content as well. Also, the results provided a valuable methodology both for a study of CO2 sequestration capacity and for a target fertility determination in Chinese mollisol.展开更多
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and d...The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and data latency.In contrast,data-centric computing that integrates processing and storage has the potential of reducing latency and energy usage.Organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors have emerged as one type of promising devices to implement the data-centric com-puting paradigm owing to their superiority of flexibility,low cost,and large-area fabrication.However,sophisticated functions including vector-matrix multiplication that a single device can achieve are limited.Thus,the fabrication and utilization of organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor arrays(OOSTAs)are imperative.Here,we summarize the recent advances in OOSTAs.Various strategies for manufacturing OOSTAs are introduced,including coating and casting,physical vapor deposition,printing,and photolithography.Furthermore,innovative applications of the OOSTA system integration are discussed,including neuromor-phic visual systems and neuromorphic computing systems.At last,challenges and future perspectives of utilizing OOSTAs in real-world applications are discussed.展开更多
Objective: Serum from SSc patients was analyzed centrally to determine ANA patterns and extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) between lcSSc and dcSSc and associations with organ involvement. Methods: 1145 SSc patients h...Objective: Serum from SSc patients was analyzed centrally to determine ANA patterns and extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) between lcSSc and dcSSc and associations with organ involvement. Methods: 1145 SSc patients had ANA and ENA analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 substrate at a screening serum dilution of 1/160. Most ENA antibodies [Sm. U1-RNP, Ro52, SS-A/Ro60, topoisomeraseI (Topo1), SS-B/La, chromatin, ribosomal P and Jo1] were measured by laser bead immunoassay;and RNA polymerase III (RNAP) by ELISA. Results: ANA was positive in 95% (same in lcSSc, and dcSSc). Centromere pattern was present in 34%, speckled 22%, nucleolar 18%, homogeneous and speckled (H&S) 16%, multiple nuclear dots 6%. Anti-centromere Ab (ACA) occurred in 46% of lcSSc and 11% of dcSSc (P = 0.0001). ENAs that differed between lcSSc and dcSSc subsets were Topo1 (OR 2.4, P = 0.0001) and RNAP (OR 5.6, P 0.0001) more common in dcSSc. Overall, 15% had positive Topo1;usually with a H&S pattern (67%);Topo1 was associated with ILD on CXR (OR 2.3;95% CI 1.5 - 3.5) and HRCT (OR 3.8;95% CI 1.8 - 8.2). RNAP occurred in 18.5% (35.4% in dcSSc vs. 8.9% in lcSSc). Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) was 13 times more likely if RNAP positive;P = 0.0001. ACA was only weakly associated with sPAP > 50 mmHg (OR 1.8;95%CI 1.1 - 3.0). Conclusion: ANA homogeneous pattern alone is rare in SSc;ACA was significantly more common in lcSSc. Many ENAs are equal in lcSSc and dcSSc except RNAP and Topo1. RNAP has the highest OR of SRC. Topo1 is less strongly associated with ILD. Abstract word count: 249, Body word count 1246, Figures 2, Tables 2. Key Messages: 1) 95% of SSc has a positive ANA and ANA patterns in SSc include centromere, nucleolar, and homogeneous and speckled together;2) Most ENAs are equal in both dcSSc and lcSSc except anti RNA polymerase III and topoisomerase I;3) RNA polymerase III has the highest association (odds ratio) with scleroderma renal crisis, topoisomerase I is associated with interstitial lung disease;whereas anticentromere was not associated with elevated pulmonary arterial pressures on echocardiogram.展开更多
Researches on organization and structure in complex systems are academic and industrial fronts in modern sciences. Though many theories are tentatively proposed to analyze complex systems, we still lack a rigorous the...Researches on organization and structure in complex systems are academic and industrial fronts in modern sciences. Though many theories are tentatively proposed to analyze complex systems, we still lack a rigorous theory on them. Complex systems possess various degrees of freedom, which means that they should exhibit all kinds of structures. However, complex systems often show similar patterns and structures. Then the question arises why such similar structures appear in all kinds of complex systems. The paper outlines a theory on freedom degree compression and the existence of hierarchical self-organization for all complex systems is found. It is freedom degree compression and hierarchical self-organization that are responsible for the existence of these similar patterns or structures observed in the complex systems.展开更多
BACKGROUND:The early identification of severe acute pancreatitis is important for the management and for improving outcomes.The bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis(BISAP)has been considered as an accurate...BACKGROUND:The early identification of severe acute pancreatitis is important for the management and for improving outcomes.The bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis(BISAP)has been considered as an accurate method for risk stratification in patients with acute pancreatitis.This study aimed to evaluate the comparative usefulness of the BISAP.METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 303 patients with acute pancreatitis diagnosed at our hospital from March 2007to December 2010.BISAP,APACHE-II,Ranson criteria,and CT severity index(CTSI)of all patients were calculated.We stratified the number of patiants with severe pancreatitis,pancreatic necrosis,and organ failure as well as the number of deaths by BISAP score.We used the area under the receiveroperating curve(AUC)to compare BISAP with other scoring systems,C-reactive protein(CRP),hematocrit,and body mass index(BMI)with regard to prediction of severe acute pancreatitis,necrosis,organ failure,and death.RESULTS:Of the 303 patiants,31(10.2%)were classified as having severe acute pancreatitis.Organ failure occurred in 23(7.6%)patients,pancreatic necrosis in 40(13.2%),and death in6(2.0%).A BISAP score of 2 was a statistically significant cutoff value for the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis,organ failure,and mortality.AUCs for BISAP predicting severe pancreatitis and death were 0.80 and 0.86,respectively,which were similar to those for APACHE-II(0.80,0.87)and Ranson criteria(0.74,0.74)and greater than AUCs for CTSI(0.67,0.42).The AUC for organ failure predicted by BISAP,APACHE-II,Ranson criteria,and CTSI was 0.93,0.95,0.84 and 0.57,respectively.AUCs for BISAP predicting severity,organ failure,and death were greater than those for CRP(0.69,0.80,0.72),hematocrit(0.45,0.35,0.14),and BMI(0.41,0.47,0.17).CONCLUSION:The BISAP predicts severity,death,and especially organ failure in acute pancreatitis as well as APACHE-II does and better than Ranson criteria,CTSI,CRP,hematocrit,and BMI.展开更多
The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption was studied. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of t...The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption was studied. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis showed that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner （CCL） could be 3-4 orders of magnitude is greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner （GCL） composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry＇s coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.展开更多
It is now possible to organize globally while worki ng locally: Information technologies like e-mail, the Internet, and video confere ncing to the desktop permit tight coordination of geographically dispersed worke rs...It is now possible to organize globally while worki ng locally: Information technologies like e-mail, the Internet, and video confere ncing to the desktop permit tight coordination of geographically dispersed worke rs across time zones and cultures. Companies are not limited to physical locatio ns for providing products and services. Networked information systems are allowi ng companies to coordinate their geographically distributed capabilities as virt ual organizations. In order for organizations to succeed, they must be able to r espond with agility in a geographically dispersed environment. The core for a vi rtual organization to increase the utilization rate of resources to the maxi mum and to make full use of the transient market opportunities lies in how to br ing the potential of information technology into play. Based on the philosophy o f agile manufacturing, this paper analyses the basic concepts and connotation of Virtual Organization Information systems(VOIS). VOIS is an information system composed of some independent information subsystems that are autonomous, collab orative and belong to umpty organizations respectively. VOIS support the operati on of virtual organization, and automate the information flow across organizatio nal boundaries. Such systems have capabilities as rapid construction, quick oper ation, and agile reengineering and swift adaptability. Differences between VOIS and traditional enterprise information systems are analyzed. On the basis of ana lyzing the structure of VOIS, an abstract hierarchical structure of VOIS is prop osed using object-oriented method. Reengineering ideology and methods of VOIS a re also explored in light of the three layers structure.展开更多
Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological product...Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.展开更多
Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="fo...Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, total nitrogen (TN), texture, and bulk density (BD) are important soil properties, which control climate change. Three land use systems (smallholder </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, grazing land</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and forest lands) that coexist in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bamenda Highlands (BH) influence ecosystem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> services and induce soil degradation with the loss of SOC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of SOC and some soil physicochemical properties as affected by the three land use systems (LUS). A total of 21 composite soil samples collected from 7 microclimatic zones of BH following “S” shape plots to the depth of 0 - 30 cm, were analysed for moisture content (MC), SOC, TN, BD, available phosphorus (Av.P), pH and texture. The results revealed that grazing land had the lowest mean sand content (40.79 ± 4.07). Mean MC, TN</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> SOC (%) content were significantly higher </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in forest land than those </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the grazing land </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Conversely, BD and Av.P were significantly higher</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05)</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in smallholder farmlands than grazing and forest lands probably due to different</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> litter accumulation and agricultural practices. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Moisture content and TN revealed positive significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) with SOC, while BD and Av.P revealed negative significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Mean SOC density in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">smallholder farmlands (132.91 ± 9.48 tC/ha)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lowest among the three land use types. Losses in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> equivalence, as a result of land use change </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">from forest lands to smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 137.33 t/ha while that from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">grazing lands to smallholder farmlands were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 109.13 t/ha. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Total organic carbon (TOC) stocks differed significantly (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) from smallholder farmlands (10.73 Mt) to forest lands (91.13 Mt)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. A sustainable farming</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> technique that enhances SOC sequestration and minimizes soil CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions is therefore recommended to replace tillage ridges formation commonly practiced by smallholder farmers.展开更多
Information Technology （IT） consolidates as an essential element to support the business strategies to survive and rapidly adapts to changes in the competitive environment. This paper examines the impact of the use ...Information Technology （IT） consolidates as an essential element to support the business strategies to survive and rapidly adapts to changes in the competitive environment. This paper examines the impact of the use of information systems （IS） and strategic organization knowledge （SOK） on firm performance in 150 Brazilian companies. The study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling （PLS-SEM） and establishes models to express the relationship among the constructs examined. The study identifies that the direct influence of 1S use on performance is moderately significant. However, when mediated by orientation strategy, the total effect of IS use on firm performance is demonstrated to be highly significant. The model explains 54% of the variability of firm performance and confirms IS use as a fundamental resource to support strategic business processes.展开更多
In networked control systems （NCS）,the control performance depends on not only the control algorithm but also the communication protocol stack.The performance degradation introduced by the heterogeneous and dynamic ...In networked control systems （NCS）,the control performance depends on not only the control algorithm but also the communication protocol stack.The performance degradation introduced by the heterogeneous and dynamic communication environment has intensified the need for the reconfigurable protocol stack.In this paper,a novel architecture for the reconfigurable protocol stack is proposed,which is a unified specification of the protocol components and service interfaces supporting both static and dynamic reconfiguration for existing industrial communication standards.Within the architecture,a triple-level self-organization structure is designed to manage the dynamic reconfiguration procedure based on information exchanges inside and outside the protocol stack.Especially,the protocol stack can be self-adaptive to various environment and system requirements through the reconfiguration of working mode,routing and scheduling table.Finally,the study on the protocol of dynamic address management is conducted for the system of controller area network （CAN）.The results show the efficiency of our self-organizing architecture for the implementation of a reconfigurable protocol stack.展开更多
Background： The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its...Background： The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root（SBR） on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods： The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups（0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR） and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3-（rd） and 6-（th）wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation（RS） of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results： Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion： We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.展开更多
Polymorphism has been frequently used in tuning the singlet emissions of pure organic dyes. The modulation of triplet-involved emissions, particularly room temperature phosphorescence(RTP),however, is scarcely reporte...Polymorphism has been frequently used in tuning the singlet emissions of pure organic dyes. The modulation of triplet-involved emissions, particularly room temperature phosphorescence(RTP),however, is scarcely reported. Herein, polymorphism is reported to tune the triplet-involved emissions of 2 CZBZL, a newly designed pure organic luminogen consisting of twisted benzil and two planar carbazole moieties. Other than the conventional modulation through changing molecular conformation and packing, vibration can also finely tune the triplet-involved emissions. Besides prompt fluorescence(PF),polymorph B with relatively extended conformation emits thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF), whereas the others(A, C–E) with similarly more twisted conformations generate predominant RTP or simultaneous DF and RTP. These results demonstrate the fascinating chance to regulate the tripletinvolved emissions through controlling conformation and vibration.展开更多
Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to accoun...Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.展开更多
Zoning in ore bodies, ore deposits and ore regions are recognized as temporal-spatial structures generated by the dynamics of ore- forming processes. Viewed from the theory of dissipative structures, ore zoning is a k...Zoning in ore bodies, ore deposits and ore regions are recognized as temporal-spatial structures generated by the dynamics of ore- forming processes. Viewed from the theory of dissipative structures, ore zoning is a kind of self-organization phenomenon occurring in far from-equilibrium geochemical dynamic systems. Therefore,kinetic and dynamic approaches must be taken to reveal the mechanisms of ore zoning. Two dominant coupling processes leading to ore zoning——reaction-transport feedbacks and double-diffusive convection——are discussed.展开更多
The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N, N-di (2-α-methylacryloyloxy propyl)-p-toluidine (MP)_2PT binary system has been studi...The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N, N-di (2-α-methylacryloyloxy propyl)-p-toluidine (MP)_2PT binary system has been studied. It was found that the (MP)_2PT promotes MMA polymerization, and the kinetics of MMA polymerization fits the radical polymerization rate equation. Based on the ESR studies and the end-group analysis the initiation mechanism is proposed.展开更多
Precessing ball solitons (PBS) in a ferromagnet during the first order phase transition is induced by a magnetic field directed along the axis of anisotropy, while the action of the periodic field perpendicular to the...Precessing ball solitons (PBS) in a ferromagnet during the first order phase transition is induced by a magnetic field directed along the axis of anisotropy, while the action of the periodic field perpendicular to the main magnetic field has been analyzed. Under these conditions, the characteristics of arising equilibrium PBS are uniquely determined by the frequency of the periodic field, but the solitons with other frequencies are impossible. For such structure, the entropy increase connected with dissipation is compensated by the decrease of the entropy due to the external periodic field. It is shown that the equilibrium PBS are essentially the “self-organizing systems” that can arise spotaneously in a metastable state of ferromagnet.展开更多
基金Supported by Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific and Technological Development Fund Project,No.BJZYYB-2023-66Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7212050the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research,No.2020-4-2126.
文摘Schizophrenia is characterized by psychotic symptoms,negative symptoms,and cognitive deficits,profoundly affecting individuals and their families.The etiology is multifactorial,involving genetic,endocrine,and immunological risk factors.It is thought that schizophrenia is exclusively linked to alterations in brain structure and function,while the relationship between the brain and many organs may lack sufficient attention.Increasing evidence indicates abnormalities of the interactions between the brain and many organs in patients with schizophrenia.Inter-organ crosstalk affects the onset,course,and management of schizophrenia.Besides,the complex relationship between autonomic nervous system,endocrine system,and immune system further facilitates the development of schizophrenia.The present review summarizes the relationships between the brain and multiple organ systems in schizophrenia,providing new perspectives on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62074163)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.JQ24030).
文摘Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectures.However,current artificial synapses rely primarily on electrical signals,and little attention has been paid to the vital role of neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses.Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter associated with emotion regulation and cognitive processes that needs to be monitored in real time to advance the development of disease diagnostics and neuroscience.To provide insights into the development of artificial synapses with neurotransmitter involvement,this review proposes three steps towards future biomimic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.We first summarize OECT-based dopamine detection devices,and then review advances in neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses and resultant advanced neuromorphic systems.Finally,by exploring the challenges and opportunities related to such neuromorphic systems,we provide a perspective on the future development of biomimetic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.
基金grants from Dis-tinguished Young Scholar Fund of Heilongjiang Prov-ince (JC200718)the National 863 Program of China(2006AA10Z424)
文摘Soil organic carbon （SOC） is an important indicator of soil degradation process. In this study, the long-term SOC evolution in Chinese mollisol farmland was simulated and predicted by validating, analyzing, processing and assorting concerning data, based on clarifying parameters of Century model need, combined with best use of recorded data of field management, observed data of long-term experiments, climate, soil, and biology, and achieved results from Hailun Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results were showed as follows： Before reclamation, SOC content was around 58.00 g kg^-1, SOC content dropped quickly in early years, and then decreased slowly after reclamation. SOC content was around 34.00 g kg^-1 with a yearly average rate of 8.91‰ decrease before long-term experiments was established. After a long-term experiment, SOC would change under different farming systems. Shift farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 30.19 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 5.97‰; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 24.31 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 3.36‰. Organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased slowly from 34.03 to 33.39 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.95‰, 5‰ less than that of shift farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 32.21 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.55‰. ＂Petroleum＂ farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 32.88 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 1.72‰, much more than that of organic farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 30.89 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.96‰. Combined ＂petroleum＂-organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content was increased slightly; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content increased from 34.03 to 34.41g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.11‰. The above results provided an optimal way for maintaining SOC in Chinese mollisol farmland： To increase, as much as possible within agro-ecosystem, soil organic matter returns such as crop stubble, crop litter, crop straw or stalk, and manure, besides applying chemical nitrogen and phosphorous, which increased system productivity and maintained SOC content as well. Also, the results provided a valuable methodology both for a study of CO2 sequestration capacity and for a target fertility determination in Chinese mollisol.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1101303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374115)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2021-01-07-00-07-E00096).
文摘The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and data latency.In contrast,data-centric computing that integrates processing and storage has the potential of reducing latency and energy usage.Organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors have emerged as one type of promising devices to implement the data-centric com-puting paradigm owing to their superiority of flexibility,low cost,and large-area fabrication.However,sophisticated functions including vector-matrix multiplication that a single device can achieve are limited.Thus,the fabrication and utilization of organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor arrays(OOSTAs)are imperative.Here,we summarize the recent advances in OOSTAs.Various strategies for manufacturing OOSTAs are introduced,including coating and casting,physical vapor deposition,printing,and photolithography.Furthermore,innovative applications of the OOSTA system integration are discussed,including neuromor-phic visual systems and neuromorphic computing systems.At last,challenges and future perspectives of utilizing OOSTAs in real-world applications are discussed.
文摘Objective: Serum from SSc patients was analyzed centrally to determine ANA patterns and extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) between lcSSc and dcSSc and associations with organ involvement. Methods: 1145 SSc patients had ANA and ENA analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 substrate at a screening serum dilution of 1/160. Most ENA antibodies [Sm. U1-RNP, Ro52, SS-A/Ro60, topoisomeraseI (Topo1), SS-B/La, chromatin, ribosomal P and Jo1] were measured by laser bead immunoassay;and RNA polymerase III (RNAP) by ELISA. Results: ANA was positive in 95% (same in lcSSc, and dcSSc). Centromere pattern was present in 34%, speckled 22%, nucleolar 18%, homogeneous and speckled (H&S) 16%, multiple nuclear dots 6%. Anti-centromere Ab (ACA) occurred in 46% of lcSSc and 11% of dcSSc (P = 0.0001). ENAs that differed between lcSSc and dcSSc subsets were Topo1 (OR 2.4, P = 0.0001) and RNAP (OR 5.6, P 0.0001) more common in dcSSc. Overall, 15% had positive Topo1;usually with a H&S pattern (67%);Topo1 was associated with ILD on CXR (OR 2.3;95% CI 1.5 - 3.5) and HRCT (OR 3.8;95% CI 1.8 - 8.2). RNAP occurred in 18.5% (35.4% in dcSSc vs. 8.9% in lcSSc). Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) was 13 times more likely if RNAP positive;P = 0.0001. ACA was only weakly associated with sPAP > 50 mmHg (OR 1.8;95%CI 1.1 - 3.0). Conclusion: ANA homogeneous pattern alone is rare in SSc;ACA was significantly more common in lcSSc. Many ENAs are equal in lcSSc and dcSSc except RNAP and Topo1. RNAP has the highest OR of SRC. Topo1 is less strongly associated with ILD. Abstract word count: 249, Body word count 1246, Figures 2, Tables 2. Key Messages: 1) 95% of SSc has a positive ANA and ANA patterns in SSc include centromere, nucleolar, and homogeneous and speckled together;2) Most ENAs are equal in both dcSSc and lcSSc except anti RNA polymerase III and topoisomerase I;3) RNA polymerase III has the highest association (odds ratio) with scleroderma renal crisis, topoisomerase I is associated with interstitial lung disease;whereas anticentromere was not associated with elevated pulmonary arterial pressures on echocardiogram.
基金Supported by the Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars
文摘Researches on organization and structure in complex systems are academic and industrial fronts in modern sciences. Though many theories are tentatively proposed to analyze complex systems, we still lack a rigorous theory on them. Complex systems possess various degrees of freedom, which means that they should exhibit all kinds of structures. However, complex systems often show similar patterns and structures. Then the question arises why such similar structures appear in all kinds of complex systems. The paper outlines a theory on freedom degree compression and the existence of hierarchical self-organization for all complex systems is found. It is freedom degree compression and hierarchical self-organization that are responsible for the existence of these similar patterns or structures observed in the complex systems.
基金supported by a grant from the 2007 InjeUniversity(0001200743900)
文摘BACKGROUND:The early identification of severe acute pancreatitis is important for the management and for improving outcomes.The bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis(BISAP)has been considered as an accurate method for risk stratification in patients with acute pancreatitis.This study aimed to evaluate the comparative usefulness of the BISAP.METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 303 patients with acute pancreatitis diagnosed at our hospital from March 2007to December 2010.BISAP,APACHE-II,Ranson criteria,and CT severity index(CTSI)of all patients were calculated.We stratified the number of patiants with severe pancreatitis,pancreatic necrosis,and organ failure as well as the number of deaths by BISAP score.We used the area under the receiveroperating curve(AUC)to compare BISAP with other scoring systems,C-reactive protein(CRP),hematocrit,and body mass index(BMI)with regard to prediction of severe acute pancreatitis,necrosis,organ failure,and death.RESULTS:Of the 303 patiants,31(10.2%)were classified as having severe acute pancreatitis.Organ failure occurred in 23(7.6%)patients,pancreatic necrosis in 40(13.2%),and death in6(2.0%).A BISAP score of 2 was a statistically significant cutoff value for the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis,organ failure,and mortality.AUCs for BISAP predicting severe pancreatitis and death were 0.80 and 0.86,respectively,which were similar to those for APACHE-II(0.80,0.87)and Ranson criteria(0.74,0.74)and greater than AUCs for CTSI(0.67,0.42).The AUC for organ failure predicted by BISAP,APACHE-II,Ranson criteria,and CTSI was 0.93,0.95,0.84 and 0.57,respectively.AUCs for BISAP predicting severity,organ failure,and death were greater than those for CRP(0.69,0.80,0.72),hematocrit(0.45,0.35,0.14),and BMI(0.41,0.47,0.17).CONCLUSION:The BISAP predicts severity,death,and especially organ failure in acute pancreatitis as well as APACHE-II does and better than Ranson criteria,CTSI,CRP,hematocrit,and BMI.
基金supported by the National Science Fundfor Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 50425825)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50538080)
文摘The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption was studied. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis showed that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner （CCL） could be 3-4 orders of magnitude is greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner （GCL） composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry＇s coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.
文摘It is now possible to organize globally while worki ng locally: Information technologies like e-mail, the Internet, and video confere ncing to the desktop permit tight coordination of geographically dispersed worke rs across time zones and cultures. Companies are not limited to physical locatio ns for providing products and services. Networked information systems are allowi ng companies to coordinate their geographically distributed capabilities as virt ual organizations. In order for organizations to succeed, they must be able to r espond with agility in a geographically dispersed environment. The core for a vi rtual organization to increase the utilization rate of resources to the maxi mum and to make full use of the transient market opportunities lies in how to br ing the potential of information technology into play. Based on the philosophy o f agile manufacturing, this paper analyses the basic concepts and connotation of Virtual Organization Information systems(VOIS). VOIS is an information system composed of some independent information subsystems that are autonomous, collab orative and belong to umpty organizations respectively. VOIS support the operati on of virtual organization, and automate the information flow across organizatio nal boundaries. Such systems have capabilities as rapid construction, quick oper ation, and agile reengineering and swift adaptability. Differences between VOIS and traditional enterprise information systems are analyzed. On the basis of ana lyzing the structure of VOIS, an abstract hierarchical structure of VOIS is prop osed using object-oriented method. Reengineering ideology and methods of VOIS a re also explored in light of the three layers structure.
文摘Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.
文摘Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, total nitrogen (TN), texture, and bulk density (BD) are important soil properties, which control climate change. Three land use systems (smallholder </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, grazing land</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and forest lands) that coexist in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bamenda Highlands (BH) influence ecosystem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> services and induce soil degradation with the loss of SOC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of SOC and some soil physicochemical properties as affected by the three land use systems (LUS). A total of 21 composite soil samples collected from 7 microclimatic zones of BH following “S” shape plots to the depth of 0 - 30 cm, were analysed for moisture content (MC), SOC, TN, BD, available phosphorus (Av.P), pH and texture. The results revealed that grazing land had the lowest mean sand content (40.79 ± 4.07). Mean MC, TN</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> SOC (%) content were significantly higher </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in forest land than those </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the grazing land </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Conversely, BD and Av.P were significantly higher</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05)</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in smallholder farmlands than grazing and forest lands probably due to different</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> litter accumulation and agricultural practices. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Moisture content and TN revealed positive significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) with SOC, while BD and Av.P revealed negative significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Mean SOC density in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">smallholder farmlands (132.91 ± 9.48 tC/ha)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lowest among the three land use types. Losses in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> equivalence, as a result of land use change </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">from forest lands to smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 137.33 t/ha while that from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">grazing lands to smallholder farmlands were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 109.13 t/ha. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Total organic carbon (TOC) stocks differed significantly (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) from smallholder farmlands (10.73 Mt) to forest lands (91.13 Mt)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. A sustainable farming</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> technique that enhances SOC sequestration and minimizes soil CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions is therefore recommended to replace tillage ridges formation commonly practiced by smallholder farmers.
文摘Information Technology （IT） consolidates as an essential element to support the business strategies to survive and rapidly adapts to changes in the competitive environment. This paper examines the impact of the use of information systems （IS） and strategic organization knowledge （SOK） on firm performance in 150 Brazilian companies. The study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling （PLS-SEM） and establishes models to express the relationship among the constructs examined. The study identifies that the direct influence of 1S use on performance is moderately significant. However, when mediated by orientation strategy, the total effect of IS use on firm performance is demonstrated to be highly significant. The model explains 54% of the variability of firm performance and confirms IS use as a fundamental resource to support strategic business processes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60674081,No. 60834002,No. 61074145)
文摘In networked control systems （NCS）,the control performance depends on not only the control algorithm but also the communication protocol stack.The performance degradation introduced by the heterogeneous and dynamic communication environment has intensified the need for the reconfigurable protocol stack.In this paper,a novel architecture for the reconfigurable protocol stack is proposed,which is a unified specification of the protocol components and service interfaces supporting both static and dynamic reconfiguration for existing industrial communication standards.Within the architecture,a triple-level self-organization structure is designed to manage the dynamic reconfiguration procedure based on information exchanges inside and outside the protocol stack.Especially,the protocol stack can be self-adaptive to various environment and system requirements through the reconfiguration of working mode,routing and scheduling table.Finally,the study on the protocol of dynamic address management is conducted for the system of controller area network （CAN）.The results show the efficiency of our self-organizing architecture for the implementation of a reconfigurable protocol stack.
基金supported by the Wroclaw Center for Biotechnology program KNOW(National Scientific Leadership Center)for the 2014–2018 award to BK
文摘Background： The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root（SBR） on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods： The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups（0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR） and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3-（rd） and 6-（th）wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation（RS） of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results： Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion： We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51822303, 51473092)
文摘Polymorphism has been frequently used in tuning the singlet emissions of pure organic dyes. The modulation of triplet-involved emissions, particularly room temperature phosphorescence(RTP),however, is scarcely reported. Herein, polymorphism is reported to tune the triplet-involved emissions of 2 CZBZL, a newly designed pure organic luminogen consisting of twisted benzil and two planar carbazole moieties. Other than the conventional modulation through changing molecular conformation and packing, vibration can also finely tune the triplet-involved emissions. Besides prompt fluorescence(PF),polymorph B with relatively extended conformation emits thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF), whereas the others(A, C–E) with similarly more twisted conformations generate predominant RTP or simultaneous DF and RTP. These results demonstrate the fascinating chance to regulate the tripletinvolved emissions through controlling conformation and vibration.
文摘Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.
文摘Zoning in ore bodies, ore deposits and ore regions are recognized as temporal-spatial structures generated by the dynamics of ore- forming processes. Viewed from the theory of dissipative structures, ore zoning is a kind of self-organization phenomenon occurring in far from-equilibrium geochemical dynamic systems. Therefore,kinetic and dynamic approaches must be taken to reveal the mechanisms of ore zoning. Two dominant coupling processes leading to ore zoning——reaction-transport feedbacks and double-diffusive convection——are discussed.
文摘The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N, N-di (2-α-methylacryloyloxy propyl)-p-toluidine (MP)_2PT binary system has been studied. It was found that the (MP)_2PT promotes MMA polymerization, and the kinetics of MMA polymerization fits the radical polymerization rate equation. Based on the ESR studies and the end-group analysis the initiation mechanism is proposed.
文摘Precessing ball solitons (PBS) in a ferromagnet during the first order phase transition is induced by a magnetic field directed along the axis of anisotropy, while the action of the periodic field perpendicular to the main magnetic field has been analyzed. Under these conditions, the characteristics of arising equilibrium PBS are uniquely determined by the frequency of the periodic field, but the solitons with other frequencies are impossible. For such structure, the entropy increase connected with dissipation is compensated by the decrease of the entropy due to the external periodic field. It is shown that the equilibrium PBS are essentially the “self-organizing systems” that can arise spotaneously in a metastable state of ferromagnet.
