Interruption,as a linguistic phenomenon,can be see everywhere.And talk show programs are common setting for interruptions.So in this thesis three questions are addressed as followed:What function does the interruption...Interruption,as a linguistic phenomenon,can be see everywhere.And talk show programs are common setting for interruptions.So in this thesis three questions are addressed as followed:What function does the interruption have in these two kinds of talk shows(relatively formal and informal) respectively;what are the similarities of relatively formal and informal talk show programs;what are the differences between relatively formal and informal talk shows.展开更多
Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective ...Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council （TUBITAK） to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so.Design/methodology/approach： We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science （WoS） database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series （ITS） analysis technique （also known as ＂quasi-experimental time series analysis＂ or ＂intervention analysis＂） to test if TOBITAK＇s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA （1,1,0） model for ITS data and observed the impact of TOBiTAK＇s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 （after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively）. The majority of publications （93%） were full papers （articles）, which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis.Findings： TUBITAK＇s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TUBITAK＇s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations： Interrupted time series analysis shows if the ＂intervention＂ has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the＂intervention＂, other ＂event（s）＂ that might affect the time series data （e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years） should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications： TUBITAK＇s ＂cash-for-publication＂ program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as ＂micropayments.＂ Originality/value： Based on 25 years＇ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that ＂cash-for-publication＂ policies or ＂piece rates＂ paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers＇ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs （based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors） and revising their reward policies.展开更多
目的评估甲型肝炎(简称甲肝)疫苗(hepatitis A vaccine,HepA)试点(1996年)以及2008年被纳入国家扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization,EPI)前后,对上海市甲肝发病率的影响,为上海市甲肝的防控效果评价提供科学依据。方法利用...目的评估甲型肝炎(简称甲肝)疫苗(hepatitis A vaccine,HepA)试点(1996年)以及2008年被纳入国家扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization,EPI)前后,对上海市甲肝发病率的影响,为上海市甲肝的防控效果评价提供科学依据。方法利用国家人口健康科学数据中心和《中国卫生年鉴》获取甲肝报告发病资料(1990—2019年),选中断时间序列(interrupted time series,ITS)方法构建中断线性回归模型,模拟HepA试点和HepA纳入EPI前后甲肝的发病率水平和斜率改变情况,利用t检验行模型系数检验、灰色模型(grey model,GM)拟合2008年后甲肝的发病数据,采用Mantel-Haenszelχ^(2)检验行甲肝发病率线性趋势分析。结果1990—2019年上海市甲肝年均发病率为5.24/10万,发病率呈线性下降趋势(χ^(2)_(趋势)=17.92,P<0.001)。HepA试点前发病率为13.95/10万,下降斜率为3.21/10万,试点后发病率为4.95/10万,下降斜率为0.26/10万。HepA纳入EPI前发病率为8.22/10万,下降斜率为1.22/10万,纳入EPI后发病率为4.13/10万,斜率为0.25/10万。结论甲肝发病率在HepA试点后呈下降趋势,HepA纳入EPI后甲肝发病率虽有小范围波动,但平均发病率较HepA纳入EPI前低,整体上甲肝发病率维持在较低水平,HepA试点和HepA纳入EPI对降低上海市甲肝发病率发挥重要作用。展开更多
针对目前动态经济调度在旋转备用配置上存在的问题,提出一种计及用户停电损失的动态经济调度方法。该方法不再预先指定系统的备用需求,而是通过系统的电量不足期望(expected energy not supplied,EENS)与停电损失评价率(interrupted ene...针对目前动态经济调度在旋转备用配置上存在的问题,提出一种计及用户停电损失的动态经济调度方法。该方法不再预先指定系统的备用需求,而是通过系统的电量不足期望(expected energy not supplied,EENS)与停电损失评价率(interrupted energy assessment rate,IEAR)将调度所对应的用户停电损失期望(expected customer interruption cost,ECOST)体现于目标函数中,在寻求扩展目标函数最小的同时自动为系统配置适宜备用。在解法上,通过对EENS指标的适当变换,使用户停电损失期望嵌入传统动态经济调度模型中,形成{0,1}混合整数优化问题,从而达到整体求解效果。在算法上,通过引入附加约束,将混合整数优化问题转化为连续变量的二次优化问题,采用解耦的原–对偶内点法求解。算例及其分析证明了该方法的有效性和可行性。展开更多
文摘Interruption,as a linguistic phenomenon,can be see everywhere.And talk show programs are common setting for interruptions.So in this thesis three questions are addressed as followed:What function does the interruption have in these two kinds of talk shows(relatively formal and informal) respectively;what are the similarities of relatively formal and informal talk show programs;what are the differences between relatively formal and informal talk shows.
文摘Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council （TUBITAK） to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so.Design/methodology/approach： We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science （WoS） database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series （ITS） analysis technique （also known as ＂quasi-experimental time series analysis＂ or ＂intervention analysis＂） to test if TOBITAK＇s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA （1,1,0） model for ITS data and observed the impact of TOBiTAK＇s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 （after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively）. The majority of publications （93%） were full papers （articles）, which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis.Findings： TUBITAK＇s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TUBITAK＇s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations： Interrupted time series analysis shows if the ＂intervention＂ has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the＂intervention＂, other ＂event（s）＂ that might affect the time series data （e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years） should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications： TUBITAK＇s ＂cash-for-publication＂ program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as ＂micropayments.＂ Originality/value： Based on 25 years＇ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that ＂cash-for-publication＂ policies or ＂piece rates＂ paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers＇ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs （based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors） and revising their reward policies.
文摘目的评估甲型肝炎(简称甲肝)疫苗(hepatitis A vaccine,HepA)试点(1996年)以及2008年被纳入国家扩大免疫规划(expanded program on immunization,EPI)前后,对上海市甲肝发病率的影响,为上海市甲肝的防控效果评价提供科学依据。方法利用国家人口健康科学数据中心和《中国卫生年鉴》获取甲肝报告发病资料(1990—2019年),选中断时间序列(interrupted time series,ITS)方法构建中断线性回归模型,模拟HepA试点和HepA纳入EPI前后甲肝的发病率水平和斜率改变情况,利用t检验行模型系数检验、灰色模型(grey model,GM)拟合2008年后甲肝的发病数据,采用Mantel-Haenszelχ^(2)检验行甲肝发病率线性趋势分析。结果1990—2019年上海市甲肝年均发病率为5.24/10万,发病率呈线性下降趋势(χ^(2)_(趋势)=17.92,P<0.001)。HepA试点前发病率为13.95/10万,下降斜率为3.21/10万,试点后发病率为4.95/10万,下降斜率为0.26/10万。HepA纳入EPI前发病率为8.22/10万,下降斜率为1.22/10万,纳入EPI后发病率为4.13/10万,斜率为0.25/10万。结论甲肝发病率在HepA试点后呈下降趋势,HepA纳入EPI后甲肝发病率虽有小范围波动,但平均发病率较HepA纳入EPI前低,整体上甲肝发病率维持在较低水平,HepA试点和HepA纳入EPI对降低上海市甲肝发病率发挥重要作用。
文摘针对目前动态经济调度在旋转备用配置上存在的问题,提出一种计及用户停电损失的动态经济调度方法。该方法不再预先指定系统的备用需求,而是通过系统的电量不足期望(expected energy not supplied,EENS)与停电损失评价率(interrupted energy assessment rate,IEAR)将调度所对应的用户停电损失期望(expected customer interruption cost,ECOST)体现于目标函数中,在寻求扩展目标函数最小的同时自动为系统配置适宜备用。在解法上,通过对EENS指标的适当变换,使用户停电损失期望嵌入传统动态经济调度模型中,形成{0,1}混合整数优化问题,从而达到整体求解效果。在算法上,通过引入附加约束,将混合整数优化问题转化为连续变量的二次优化问题,采用解耦的原–对偶内点法求解。算例及其分析证明了该方法的有效性和可行性。
