The healthcare sector involves many steps to ensure efficient care for patients,such as appointment scheduling,consultation plans,online follow-up,and more.However,existing healthcare mechanisms are unable to facilita...The healthcare sector involves many steps to ensure efficient care for patients,such as appointment scheduling,consultation plans,online follow-up,and more.However,existing healthcare mechanisms are unable to facilitate a large number of patients,as these systems are centralized and hence vulnerable to various issues,including single points of failure,performance bottlenecks,and substantial monetary costs.Furthermore,these mechanisms are unable to provide an efficient mechanism for saving data against unauthorized access.To address these issues,this study proposes a blockchain-based authentication mechanism that authenticates all healthcare stakeholders based on their credentials.Furthermore,also utilize the capabilities of the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)to store the Electronic Health Record(EHR)in a distributed way.This IPFS platform addresses not only the issue of high data storage costs on blockchain but also the issue of a single point of failure in the traditional centralized data storage model.The simulation results demonstrate that our model outperforms the benchmark schemes and provides an efficient mechanism for managing healthcare sector operations.The results show that it takes approximately 3.5 s for the smart contract to authenticate the node and provide it with the decryption key,which is ultimately used to access the data.The simulation results show that our proposed model outperforms existing solutions in terms of execution time and scalability.The execution time of our model smart contract is around 9000 transactions in just 6.5 s,while benchmark schemes require approximately 7 s for the same number of transactions.展开更多
In recent decades,intelligent transportation systems(ITS)have improved drivers’safety and have shared information(such as traffic congestion and accidents)in a very efficient way.However,the privacy of vehicles and t...In recent decades,intelligent transportation systems(ITS)have improved drivers’safety and have shared information(such as traffic congestion and accidents)in a very efficient way.However,the privacy of vehicles and the security of event information is a major concern.The problem of secure sharing of event information without compromising the trusted third party(TTP)and data storage is the main issue in ITS.Blockchain technologies can resolve this problem.A work has been published on blockchain-based protocol for secure sharing of events and authentication of vehicles.This protocol addresses the issue of the safe storing of event information.However,authentication of vehicles solely depends on the cloud server.As a result,their scheme utilizes the notion of partially decentralized architecture.This paper proposes a novel decentralized architecture for the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)without the cloud server.This work also presents a protocol for securing event information and vehicle authentication using the blockchain mechanism.In this protocol,the registered user accesses the event information securely from the interplanetary file system(IPFS).We incorporate the IPFS,along with blockchain,to store the information in a fully distributed manner.The proposed protocol is compared with the state-of-the-art.The comparison provides desirable security at a reasonable cost.The evaluation of the proposed smart contract in terms of cost(GAS)is also discussed.展开更多
Sealed-bid auctions are a vital transaction tool in the e-commerce field.Traditional centralized auction schemes typically result in severe threats to data integrity,information transparency,and traceability owing to ...Sealed-bid auctions are a vital transaction tool in the e-commerce field.Traditional centralized auction schemes typically result in severe threats to data integrity,information transparency,and traceability owing to their excessive reliance on third parties,and blockchain-based auction schemes generally suffer from high storage costs and are deficient in functional and architectural design.To solve these problems,this study presents a sealed-bid auction scheme that removes the third-party based on an Ethereum smart contract,ensuring data integrity,openness,and transparency in the execution process.The commitment mechanism and distributed storage system help to significantly reduce the user’s storage cost and protect the privacy of user bids.For the functional design,this study introduces a fulltext-retrieval and dispute-processing module for commodities,which reduces the defects existing in the functional module design of existing auction systems.Furthermore,a prototype auction system on the Ethereum test chain is built to validate the proposed scheme.Experiments show that compared with traditional storage methods,indirect storage based on a distributed storage system of texts and images can reduce the storage cost by at least 50%while ensuring data integrity.Finally,the gas cost at each stage of the auction scheme and the time required for the full-text retrieval of products are recorded to evaluate the scheme performance and analyze the test results.展开更多
In response to problems in the centralized storage of personal resumes on third-party recruitment platforms,such as inadequate privacy protection,inability of individuals to accurately authorize downloads,and inabilit...In response to problems in the centralized storage of personal resumes on third-party recruitment platforms,such as inadequate privacy protection,inability of individuals to accurately authorize downloads,and inability to determine who downloaded the resume and when,this study proposes a blockchain-based framework for secure storage and sharing of resumes.Users can employ an authorized access mechanism to protect their privacy rights.The proposed framework uses smart contracts,interplanetary file system,symmetric encryption,and digital signatures to protect,verify,and share resumes.Encryption keys are split and stored in multiple depositories through secret-sharing technology to improve the security of these keys.Corresponding key escrow incentives are implemented using smart contracts to automatically verify the correctness of keys and encourage the active participation of honest key escrow parties.This framework combines blockchain and searchable symmetric encryption technology to realize multikeyword search using inverted indexing and Bloom filters and verify search results on the chain.Escrow search service fees are charged through contracts.Only after the search results are verified can the search service provider obtain the search fee,thus ensuring fair and efficient search for encrypted resumes.The framework is decentralized,secure,and tamper-evident,and achieves controlled sharing while protecting personal privacy and information security.展开更多
Data island and information opacity are two major problems in collaborative administration. Blockchain has the potential to provide a trustable and transparent environment encouraging data sharing among administration...Data island and information opacity are two major problems in collaborative administration. Blockchain has the potential to provide a trustable and transparent environment encouraging data sharing among administration members. However, the blockchain only stores Hash values and transactions in blocks which makes it unable to store big data and trace their changes. In this paper, a labor arbitration scheme based on blockchain was proposed to share labor arbitration data. In the system, a collaborative administration scheme that provides a big data storage model combined blockchain and interplanetary file system(IPFS) is designed. It can store big data and share these data among different parties. Moreover, a file version control mechanism based on blockchain is designed to manage the data changes in IPFS network. It creates a tracing chain that consists of many IPFS objects to track changes of stored data. The relationship of previous and current IPFS objects recorded by blockchain can describe the changes of administration data and trace the data operations. The proposed platform is used in Rizhao City in China, and the experiment result shows collaborative administration scheme achieves traceability with high throughput and is more efficient than traditional hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) way to share data.展开更多
To address the challenges of low credibility,difficult data sharing,and regulatory supervision issues involving electronic evidence storage in the judicial preservation process,this paper proposes a blockchain-based j...To address the challenges of low credibility,difficult data sharing,and regulatory supervision issues involving electronic evidence storage in the judicial preservation process,this paper proposes a blockchain-based judicial evidence preservation scheme.The scheme utilizes the characteristics of blockchain’s immutability to achieve credible forensics of electronic evidence on the chain and employs the decentralized storage of the interplanetary file system for secure and efficient off-chain storage.Simultaneously,it resolves the problem of declining throughput due to limited block capacity.Additionally,it leverages smart contract technology to encompass major aspects of the judicial process,including user case registration,authority management,judicial evidence uploading and downloading,case data sharing,partial disclosure of case information,and regulatory review.Simulation experiments demonstrate that the scheme significantly improves throughput and stability.Performance tests indicate that the transfer speed of the interplanetary file system can meet the data-sharing needs of judicial organizations.展开更多
The content-based addressing method of Interplanetary File System(IPFS)leads to the lack of the function of retrieving relevant data through key information.To solve this problem,this paper proposes an efficient IPFS ...The content-based addressing method of Interplanetary File System(IPFS)leads to the lack of the function of retrieving relevant data through key information.To solve this problem,this paper proposes an efficient IPFS keyword retrieval model–IPFS-DKRM(IPFS-Distributed keyword retrieval model).This model combines the global index with Adaptive Radix Tree,and optimizes the storage mode of IPFS network and node-local data index:The model adopts the global index method and uses ART to store the key information of global index locally and stores the complete index information in IPFS to reduce the time of data retrieval and update;The nodes of network through the Publish-Subscribe Pattern synchronization index,and the use of Conflict-free Replication Data Type(CRDT)to maintain the final consistency of the global index of each node,to ensure that all nodes in the local to provide efficient retrieval services.In the simulation experiment,the index of open source data set Crosswikis was constructed,and the performance was analyzed based on the results of Siva data.The experimental results showed that compared with the Siva model,the response retrieval time of IPFS-DKRM was reduced by 75%,and the space occupied by node local storage index was reduced by 70%.It proves that the model only needs to occupy a small amount of space to store the global index information in the system to provide efficient retrieval function for IPFS,so that IPFS canmeet more application scenarios in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the Ongoing Research Funding program(ORF-2025-636),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The healthcare sector involves many steps to ensure efficient care for patients,such as appointment scheduling,consultation plans,online follow-up,and more.However,existing healthcare mechanisms are unable to facilitate a large number of patients,as these systems are centralized and hence vulnerable to various issues,including single points of failure,performance bottlenecks,and substantial monetary costs.Furthermore,these mechanisms are unable to provide an efficient mechanism for saving data against unauthorized access.To address these issues,this study proposes a blockchain-based authentication mechanism that authenticates all healthcare stakeholders based on their credentials.Furthermore,also utilize the capabilities of the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)to store the Electronic Health Record(EHR)in a distributed way.This IPFS platform addresses not only the issue of high data storage costs on blockchain but also the issue of a single point of failure in the traditional centralized data storage model.The simulation results demonstrate that our model outperforms the benchmark schemes and provides an efficient mechanism for managing healthcare sector operations.The results show that it takes approximately 3.5 s for the smart contract to authenticate the node and provide it with the decryption key,which is ultimately used to access the data.The simulation results show that our proposed model outperforms existing solutions in terms of execution time and scalability.The execution time of our model smart contract is around 9000 transactions in just 6.5 s,while benchmark schemes require approximately 7 s for the same number of transactions.
文摘In recent decades,intelligent transportation systems(ITS)have improved drivers’safety and have shared information(such as traffic congestion and accidents)in a very efficient way.However,the privacy of vehicles and the security of event information is a major concern.The problem of secure sharing of event information without compromising the trusted third party(TTP)and data storage is the main issue in ITS.Blockchain technologies can resolve this problem.A work has been published on blockchain-based protocol for secure sharing of events and authentication of vehicles.This protocol addresses the issue of the safe storing of event information.However,authentication of vehicles solely depends on the cloud server.As a result,their scheme utilizes the notion of partially decentralized architecture.This paper proposes a novel decentralized architecture for the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)without the cloud server.This work also presents a protocol for securing event information and vehicle authentication using the blockchain mechanism.In this protocol,the registered user accesses the event information securely from the interplanetary file system(IPFS).We incorporate the IPFS,along with blockchain,to store the information in a fully distributed manner.The proposed protocol is compared with the state-of-the-art.The comparison provides desirable security at a reasonable cost.The evaluation of the proposed smart contract in terms of cost(GAS)is also discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173066)Open Project of Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Terminal Co-built by Province and City(SCITLAB-1014)。
文摘Sealed-bid auctions are a vital transaction tool in the e-commerce field.Traditional centralized auction schemes typically result in severe threats to data integrity,information transparency,and traceability owing to their excessive reliance on third parties,and blockchain-based auction schemes generally suffer from high storage costs and are deficient in functional and architectural design.To solve these problems,this study presents a sealed-bid auction scheme that removes the third-party based on an Ethereum smart contract,ensuring data integrity,openness,and transparency in the execution process.The commitment mechanism and distributed storage system help to significantly reduce the user’s storage cost and protect the privacy of user bids.For the functional design,this study introduces a fulltext-retrieval and dispute-processing module for commodities,which reduces the defects existing in the functional module design of existing auction systems.Furthermore,a prototype auction system on the Ethereum test chain is built to validate the proposed scheme.Experiments show that compared with traditional storage methods,indirect storage based on a distributed storage system of texts and images can reduce the storage cost by at least 50%while ensuring data integrity.Finally,the gas cost at each stage of the auction scheme and the time required for the full-text retrieval of products are recorded to evaluate the scheme performance and analyze the test results.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports by Key Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2018AAA0102301).
文摘In response to problems in the centralized storage of personal resumes on third-party recruitment platforms,such as inadequate privacy protection,inability of individuals to accurately authorize downloads,and inability to determine who downloaded the resume and when,this study proposes a blockchain-based framework for secure storage and sharing of resumes.Users can employ an authorized access mechanism to protect their privacy rights.The proposed framework uses smart contracts,interplanetary file system,symmetric encryption,and digital signatures to protect,verify,and share resumes.Encryption keys are split and stored in multiple depositories through secret-sharing technology to improve the security of these keys.Corresponding key escrow incentives are implemented using smart contracts to automatically verify the correctness of keys and encourage the active participation of honest key escrow parties.This framework combines blockchain and searchable symmetric encryption technology to realize multikeyword search using inverted indexing and Bloom filters and verify search results on the chain.Escrow search service fees are charged through contracts.Only after the search results are verified can the search service provider obtain the search fee,thus ensuring fair and efficient search for encrypted resumes.The framework is decentralized,secure,and tamper-evident,and achieves controlled sharing while protecting personal privacy and information security.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2020YFB1807805, 2020YFB1807800 )the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62171049)。
文摘Data island and information opacity are two major problems in collaborative administration. Blockchain has the potential to provide a trustable and transparent environment encouraging data sharing among administration members. However, the blockchain only stores Hash values and transactions in blocks which makes it unable to store big data and trace their changes. In this paper, a labor arbitration scheme based on blockchain was proposed to share labor arbitration data. In the system, a collaborative administration scheme that provides a big data storage model combined blockchain and interplanetary file system(IPFS) is designed. It can store big data and share these data among different parties. Moreover, a file version control mechanism based on blockchain is designed to manage the data changes in IPFS network. It creates a tracing chain that consists of many IPFS objects to track changes of stored data. The relationship of previous and current IPFS objects recorded by blockchain can describe the changes of administration data and trace the data operations. The proposed platform is used in Rizhao City in China, and the experiment result shows collaborative administration scheme achieves traceability with high throughput and is more efficient than traditional hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) way to share data.
基金supported by the Sichuan Higher Education Personnel Training Quality and Teaching Reform Project,grant numbers:JG2021-1016,JG2021-995.
文摘To address the challenges of low credibility,difficult data sharing,and regulatory supervision issues involving electronic evidence storage in the judicial preservation process,this paper proposes a blockchain-based judicial evidence preservation scheme.The scheme utilizes the characteristics of blockchain’s immutability to achieve credible forensics of electronic evidence on the chain and employs the decentralized storage of the interplanetary file system for secure and efficient off-chain storage.Simultaneously,it resolves the problem of declining throughput due to limited block capacity.Additionally,it leverages smart contract technology to encompass major aspects of the judicial process,including user case registration,authority management,judicial evidence uploading and downloading,case data sharing,partial disclosure of case information,and regulatory review.Simulation experiments demonstrate that the scheme significantly improves throughput and stability.Performance tests indicate that the transfer speed of the interplanetary file system can meet the data-sharing needs of judicial organizations.
文摘The content-based addressing method of Interplanetary File System(IPFS)leads to the lack of the function of retrieving relevant data through key information.To solve this problem,this paper proposes an efficient IPFS keyword retrieval model–IPFS-DKRM(IPFS-Distributed keyword retrieval model).This model combines the global index with Adaptive Radix Tree,and optimizes the storage mode of IPFS network and node-local data index:The model adopts the global index method and uses ART to store the key information of global index locally and stores the complete index information in IPFS to reduce the time of data retrieval and update;The nodes of network through the Publish-Subscribe Pattern synchronization index,and the use of Conflict-free Replication Data Type(CRDT)to maintain the final consistency of the global index of each node,to ensure that all nodes in the local to provide efficient retrieval services.In the simulation experiment,the index of open source data set Crosswikis was constructed,and the performance was analyzed based on the results of Siva data.The experimental results showed that compared with the Siva model,the response retrieval time of IPFS-DKRM was reduced by 75%,and the space occupied by node local storage index was reduced by 70%.It proves that the model only needs to occupy a small amount of space to store the global index information in the system to provide efficient retrieval function for IPFS,so that IPFS canmeet more application scenarios in the future.
