Theories of civil war onset are adjuncts to extant literature on the“correlates of war”.The theories are fresh efforts at explaining and examining the evolution of empirical research on the causes of internal confli...Theories of civil war onset are adjuncts to extant literature on the“correlates of war”.The theories are fresh efforts at explaining and examining the evolution of empirical research on the causes of internal conflict onset.These theories serve as frameworks to analyse the structural and psychological conditions responsible for the fragility of war within the state,particularly in respect of mobilization and strategic confrontation.This article reviews the theories in light of the Nigerian experience and contends that some of the underlying issues that precipitated the Nigerian Civil War(1967-1970)still exist and need to be de-established in order to attenuate their resurgent capability.The article makes a case for constructive and functional integration of the multiple nationalities that make up the Nigerian state as a way of preserving the corporate existence of the country.It also submits that perceived injustice is not just injurious to a system;it is capable of causing a dysfunction within the state because of its inflammatory war potential.展开更多
South Asia,characterized by rapid economic growth and increasing energy demands,is turning to hydropower as a cornerstone of its renewable energy strategy.Hydropower offers low-carbon electricity,grid stability,water ...South Asia,characterized by rapid economic growth and increasing energy demands,is turning to hydropower as a cornerstone of its renewable energy strategy.Hydropower offers low-carbon electricity,grid stability,water regulation,and rural electrification,with countries like Bhutan,Nepal,and India relying heavily on it for domestic needs and regional energy trade.However,the hydropower sector faces significant challenges due to climate change,which is altering hydrological regimes and threatening infrastructure reliability.Rising temperatures,glacial retreat,and erratic monsoons have disrupted water flow patterns,complicating predictions of water availability and stressing existing infrastructure.Additionally,hydropower development in the region is shaped by complex socio-political dynamics,including transboundary water governance,geopolitical tensions,and environmental justice concerns.Large-scale dam projects often result in ecological degradation and social displacement,disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities.Despite these challenges,recent technological advancements in turbine design,reservoir modeling,and energy storage offer potential solutions to enhance hydropower resilience and sustainability.Furthermore,integrating hydropower with complementary renewables like solar and wind could address climate vulnerabilities and provide load balancing.This study explores the evolving role of hydropower in South Asia,focusing on climate resilience,energy security,and social equity.It synthesizes technological,environmental,and political perspectives to offer insights into how hydropower can be sustainably developed amid climatic and socio-economic transformations.The study emphasizes the need for adaptive policy frameworks,cross-border cooperation,and inclusive governance to ensure that hydropower development aligns with sustainable development goals and environmental justice principles.Ultimately,the future of hydropower in South Asia hinges on a comprehensive approach that integrates infrastructure,governance,and climate resilience.展开更多
文摘Theories of civil war onset are adjuncts to extant literature on the“correlates of war”.The theories are fresh efforts at explaining and examining the evolution of empirical research on the causes of internal conflict onset.These theories serve as frameworks to analyse the structural and psychological conditions responsible for the fragility of war within the state,particularly in respect of mobilization and strategic confrontation.This article reviews the theories in light of the Nigerian experience and contends that some of the underlying issues that precipitated the Nigerian Civil War(1967-1970)still exist and need to be de-established in order to attenuate their resurgent capability.The article makes a case for constructive and functional integration of the multiple nationalities that make up the Nigerian state as a way of preserving the corporate existence of the country.It also submits that perceived injustice is not just injurious to a system;it is capable of causing a dysfunction within the state because of its inflammatory war potential.
文摘South Asia,characterized by rapid economic growth and increasing energy demands,is turning to hydropower as a cornerstone of its renewable energy strategy.Hydropower offers low-carbon electricity,grid stability,water regulation,and rural electrification,with countries like Bhutan,Nepal,and India relying heavily on it for domestic needs and regional energy trade.However,the hydropower sector faces significant challenges due to climate change,which is altering hydrological regimes and threatening infrastructure reliability.Rising temperatures,glacial retreat,and erratic monsoons have disrupted water flow patterns,complicating predictions of water availability and stressing existing infrastructure.Additionally,hydropower development in the region is shaped by complex socio-political dynamics,including transboundary water governance,geopolitical tensions,and environmental justice concerns.Large-scale dam projects often result in ecological degradation and social displacement,disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities.Despite these challenges,recent technological advancements in turbine design,reservoir modeling,and energy storage offer potential solutions to enhance hydropower resilience and sustainability.Furthermore,integrating hydropower with complementary renewables like solar and wind could address climate vulnerabilities and provide load balancing.This study explores the evolving role of hydropower in South Asia,focusing on climate resilience,energy security,and social equity.It synthesizes technological,environmental,and political perspectives to offer insights into how hydropower can be sustainably developed amid climatic and socio-economic transformations.The study emphasizes the need for adaptive policy frameworks,cross-border cooperation,and inclusive governance to ensure that hydropower development aligns with sustainable development goals and environmental justice principles.Ultimately,the future of hydropower in South Asia hinges on a comprehensive approach that integrates infrastructure,governance,and climate resilience.
