Based on two waves of CHARLS data,this paper uses descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression estimation model to analyze the effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly w...Based on two waves of CHARLS data,this paper uses descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression estimation model to analyze the effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly within the framework of three-generation lineal group families.The study found that the diffusion effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly still existed when using a five-year age group model as the measure.In the distribution of intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly by age group,there was a notable decline in economic support from the filial generation for those aged 85 and above.For the age group of 85 and above,it was the grandchild generation that gradually increased its economic support,the result of a form of intergenerational relay for the care of the elderly.Comparison of the two waves of data reveals that familism still exhibits a strong resilience and is behind the intergenerational cooperation in Chinese rural families.The culture of filial piety and respect for elders,which reflects China’s national characteristics as well as contemporary values,should continue to be promoted.To achieve this,it is necessary to maintain the supportive function of family-based care for the rural elderly through family-friendly policies and the systematic improvement of the current multi-tiered policies for the care of the rural elderly.展开更多
This study explores the impact of intergenerational differences on farmers' terrace abandonment in response to increasing intergenerational differentiation among rural households and the practical issue of terrace...This study explores the impact of intergenerational differences on farmers' terrace abandonment in response to increasing intergenerational differentiation among rural households and the practical issue of terrace abandonment. Logit and Tobit models are employed to conduct empirical analysis and it is found that terrace abandonment increases sequentially among the new, middle, and old generations, confirming that intergenerational differences significantly influence whether farmers abandon terraces and the terrace abandonment scale. Village characteristics and government subsidies significantly influence farmers' terrace abandonment. An increase in the number of migrant workers in the village increases terrace abandonment among new and middle generation farmers, whereas an increase in the distance from the village to the county significantly increases terrace abandonment among old generation farmers. An increase in the village's total population significantly reduces terrace abandonment among new generation farmers. An increase in government subsidies significantly reduces terrace abandonment among middle and old generation farmers. The impact of intergenerational differences on terrace abandonment is more pronounced in low-altitude areas. To reduce terrace abandonment, it is necessary to promote terrace transfer, develop characteristic agriculture, improve terrace farming subsidies, and propose targeted strategies for the different generations of farmers.展开更多
Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a di...Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.展开更多
Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle can influence the health of both mothers and offspring.However,its transgenerational transmission and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,using a maternal...Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle can influence the health of both mothers and offspring.However,its transgenerational transmission and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,using a maternal lactation-period low-protein diet(LPD)mouse model,we show that maternal LPD during lactation causes decreased survival and stunted growth,significantly reduces ovulation and litter size,and alters the gut microbiome in the female LPD-F1 offspring.The transcriptome of LPD-F1 metaphase II(MII)oocytes shows that differentially expressed genes are enriched in female pregnancy and multiple metabolic processes.Moreover,maternal LPD causes early stunted growth and impairs metabolic health,which is transmitted over two generations.The methylome alteration of LPD-F1 oocytes can be partly transmitted to the F2 oocytes.Together,our results reveal that LPD during lactation transgenerationally affects offspring health,probably via oocyte epigenetic changes.展开更多
Introduction: Malaria control needs the development of complementary and/or alternative strategies such as biological controls. Despite, malaria’s current control efforts, the spread and the emergence of insecticide ...Introduction: Malaria control needs the development of complementary and/or alternative strategies such as biological controls. Despite, malaria’s current control efforts, the spread and the emergence of insecticide resistance in vectors undermine the fight against vectors. Endonsymbiotic fungi can be a good candidate to include in the existence of Arsenal. However, we know little about endosymbiotic fungi transmission and its impact on malaria transmission. In this paper, the authors aimed to investigate Microsporidia sp MB transgenerational and sexual autodissemination and malaria parasites within Anopheline mosquitoes. Methods: An entomology survey was conducted in Burkina Faso for one year (June 2020 to June 2021) using the Residual Fauna Capture method. Infection rates in collected females, sexual autodissemination of Microsporidia sp MB in both Microsporidia sp MB negative females and Microsporidia sp MB negative males through mating, transgenerational prevalence from parents to offsprings and the correlation between Microsporidia sp MB and Plasmodium falciparum were investigated. Results: Results show Microsporidia sp MB infection in An. gambaie s.l in Burkina Faso. The prevalence was significantly higher (21.78%) in An. coluzzii than An. gambiae s.s (16.89%) (p-value = 0.03). Sexual auto-dissemination of Microsporidia sp MB in Microsporidia sp MB uninfected females was significantly 3-fold lower than those in Microsporidia sp MB uninfected males (9.23% and 33.33%, p-value = 0.03) during mating for An. coluzzii lines. Microsporidia sp MB prevalence was significantly higher through mosquitos’ generations in An. gambaie s.s than An. coluzzii (30.23% vs 26.41%, p-value Microsporidia sp MB and Plasmodium infection rate with 73% of Microsporidia sp MB positive mosquitoes which were negative at Plasmodium infection (p-value Conclusions: Our findings pave the road to developing new malaria control technologies by making Microsporidia sp MB-positive males sexually competitive with wild males to spread the fungus to wild female mosquitoes.展开更多
Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children ...Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.展开更多
With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of...With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of immigrant groups and their construction of cultural identity.In the German-speaking area,immigrant literature has gradually taken center stage over the years,becoming an important part of the German language literature,and immigrant writers have also frequently won various literary prizes,which can be described as particularly dazzling.Meanwhile,generations of writers have been thinking about and exploring the intergenerational relationships and differences among immigrant groups in the context of their own experiences.This paper will focus on some outstanding immigrant writers and discuss the intergenerational writing in immigrant literature by means of their works.展开更多
伴随着代际学习项目的广泛开展,代际学习研究日益受到关注,然而,其理论往往源于实践,效果通常无法被测试或评价,故而引发疑问——代际学习是否真的有利于促进积极老龄化?基于世界卫生组织对积极老龄化维度的划分,从“健康”“参与”“...伴随着代际学习项目的广泛开展,代际学习研究日益受到关注,然而,其理论往往源于实践,效果通常无法被测试或评价,故而引发疑问——代际学习是否真的有利于促进积极老龄化?基于世界卫生组织对积极老龄化维度的划分,从“健康”“参与”“保障”三个维度对2000—2019年发表于《Journal of Intergenerational Relationships》期刊上关于代际学习的文献进行梳理并发现,代际学习在促进“健康”“参与”维度效果明显,而在“保障”维度存在不足。从现有研究看,其主要呈现如下特点:一是从当前研究结论看,具有较好的效果,但存在短板;二是从研究变量看,主要关注因变量,忽视自变量;三是从研究方法看,多采用质的研究,缺少量的研究。基于此,对我国未来研究提出了三点思考:一是开展代际学习理论研究,提升代际学习实践的科学性;二是开展代际学习异域研究,提升代际学习实践的指导性;三是开展代际学习本土研究,提升代际学习研究的创新性。展开更多
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is commonly used to solve male infertility problems. Previous studies showed that early environmental exposure of an embryo may influence postnatal development. To detect whethe...Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is commonly used to solve male infertility problems. Previous studies showed that early environmental exposure of an embryo may influence postnatal development. To detect whether ICSI operations affect the reproductive health of a male or his offspring, we established assisted reproductive technologies (ART) conceived mouse models, and analyzed gene expression profiles in the testes of both ICSI and naturally conceived (NC) newborn F1 mice using micro-array analysis. Among the differentially expressed genes, we focused on the expression of eight male reproduction-related genes. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression of these genes in the testes of both adult and old F1 generation mice and adult F2 generation mice. Our results showed that down-regulated and somatic cell-expressed genes in newborn mice retained their differential expression patterns in adult and old F1 generation individuals, implying the persistence and fetal origin of the alteration in the expression of these genes. The intergenerational transmission of differential gene expression was observed, but most changes tended to be reduced in adult F2 generations. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) mice models were added to explore the precise factors contributing to the differences in ICSI offspring. The data demonstrated that superovulation, in vitro culture, and mechanical stimulation involved in ICSI had a cumulative effect on the differential expression of these male reproductive genes.展开更多
This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment...This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market.The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005,2008,2012,2016,and 2019.Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted.We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China,especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children.The intergenerational earnings'elasticities were much less than those in urban areas,which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China.The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market,gain a high education and have more skills.Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.展开更多
Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capit...Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.展开更多
Many environmental contaminants could be transmitted fromparents and generate impairments to their progeny.The 2,4,6-tribromophenol(TBP),a novel brominated flame retardant which has been frequently detected in various...Many environmental contaminants could be transmitted fromparents and generate impairments to their progeny.The 2,4,6-tribromophenol(TBP),a novel brominated flame retardant which has been frequently detected in various organisms,was supposed to be bioaccumulated and intergenerational transmitted in human beings.Previous studies revealed that TBP could disrupt thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae.However,there is no available data regarding the parental and transgenerational toxicity of this contaminant.Thus,in this study adult zebrafish were exposed to environmental contaminated levels of TBP for 60 days to investigate the parental and transgenerational impairments on thyroid endocrine system.Chemical analysis verified the bioaccumulation of TBP in tested organs of parents(concentration:liver>gonads>brain)and its transmission into eggs.For adults,increased thyroid hormones,disturbed transcriptions of related genes and histopathological changes in thyroid follicles indicate obvious thyroid endocrine disruptions.Transgenerational effects are indicated by the increased thyroid hormones both in eggs(maternal source)and in developed larvae(newly synthesized),aswell as disrupted transcriptional profiles of key genes in HPT axis.The overall results suggest that the accumulated TBP could be transmitted from parent to offspring and generate thyroid endocrine disruptions in both generations.展开更多
The progress of modern medicine would be impossible without the use of general anesthetics(GAs).Despite advancements in refining anesthesia approaches,the effects of GAs are not fully reversible upon GA withdrawal.Neu...The progress of modern medicine would be impossible without the use of general anesthetics(GAs).Despite advancements in refining anesthesia approaches,the effects of GAs are not fully reversible upon GA withdrawal.Neurocognitive deficiencies attributed to GA exposure may persist in neonates or endure for weeks to years in the elderly.Human studies on the mechanisms of the long-term adverse effects of GAs are needed to improve the safety of general anesthesia but they are hampered not only by ethical limitations specific to human research,but also by a lack of specific biological markers that can be used in human studies to safely and objectively study such effects.The latter can primarily be attributed to an insufficient understanding of the full range of the biological effects induced by GAs and the molecular mechanisms mediating such effects even in rodents,which are far more extensively studied than any other species.Our most recent experimental findings in rodents suggest that GAs may adversely affect many more people than is currently anticipated.Specifically,we have shown that anesthesia with the commonly used GA sevoflurane induces in exposed animals not only neuroendocrine abnormalities(somatic effects),but also epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells(germ cell effects).The latter may pass the neurobehavioral effects of parental sevoflurane exposure to the offspring,who may be affected even at levels of anesthesia that are not harmful to the exposed parents.The large number of patients who require general anesthesia,the even larger number of their future unexposed offspring whose health may be affected,and a growing number of neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown etiology underscore the translational importance of investigating the intergenerational effects of GAs.In this mini review,we discuss emerging experimental findings on neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of GAs.展开更多
There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environme...There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environmental cues(e.g., diet, heat stress, toxins) indicate that altered DNA methylations, histone modifications, or non-coding RNAs in the germ cells are responsible for the transgenerational effects. In addition,it has also become evident that maternal provision could provide a mechanism for the transgenerational inheritance of stress adaptations that result from ancestral environmental cues. However, how the signal of environmentally-induced stress response transmits from the soma to the germline, which may influence offspring fitness, remains largely elusive. Small RNAs could serve as signaling molecules that transmit between tissues and even across generations. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that neuronal mitochondrial perturbations induce a transgenerational induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response mediated by a Wnt-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA levels. Here, we review recent work on the molecular mechanism by which parental experience can affect future generations and the importance of soma-to-germline signaling for transgenerational inheritance.展开更多
In this paper,based on the stochastic optimal control method,the intergenerational risk and inflation risk,the optimal investment strategy of the target benefit pension plan is investigated on the basis of measuring t...In this paper,based on the stochastic optimal control method,the intergenerational risk and inflation risk,the optimal investment strategy of the target benefit pension plan is investigated on the basis of measuring the random wage rate under the random mortality and inflation risk of the personnel in the plan and the correlation between the wage change and the fluctuation of the financial market.The research shows that the financial market parameters and wage rate have a great influence on the optimal investment strategy,and gives the optimal investment strategy and the optimal income adjustment strategy of the target benefit pension.The research of this paper provides a reference for the policy formulation and implementation of the Target Benefit Pension Plan in our country.展开更多
Environmental conditions of a parent plant can influence the performance of their clonal offspring,and such clonal transgenerational effects may help offspring adapt to different environments.However,it is still uncle...Environmental conditions of a parent plant can influence the performance of their clonal offspring,and such clonal transgenerational effects may help offspring adapt to different environments.However,it is still unclear how many vegetative generations clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for and whether it depends on the environmental conditions of the offspring.We grew the ancestor ramets of the floating clonal plant Spirodela polyrhiza under a high and a low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of two types(from these two environments).Then we grew the 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of each type under the high and the low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 2^(nd)-generation offspring ramets of four types.We repeated this procedure for another five times and analyzed clonal transgenerational effects on growth,morphology and biomass allocation of the 1^(st)-to the 6^(th)-generation offspring ramets.We found positive,negative or neutral(no)transgenerational effects of the ancestor nutrient condition on the offspring of S.polyrhiza,depending on the number of vegetative generations,the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.We observed significant clonal transgenerational effects on the 6^(th)-generation offspring;such effects occurred for all three types of traits(growth,morphology and allocation),but varied depending on the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.Our results suggest that clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for multiple vegetative generations and such impacts can vary depending on the environmental conditions of offspring.展开更多
随着信息化时代的发展和人口老龄化问题的凸显,代际学习对于改善代际关系和践行终身学习理念的作用日渐突出,全球各领域的学者正对其展开广泛研究。基于《Journal of Intergenerational Relationships》期刊内容,运用内容分析法,对相关...随着信息化时代的发展和人口老龄化问题的凸显,代际学习对于改善代际关系和践行终身学习理念的作用日渐突出,全球各领域的学者正对其展开广泛研究。基于《Journal of Intergenerational Relationships》期刊内容,运用内容分析法,对相关文献作系统梳理,发现代际学习主要呈现基于“宗族关系”的家庭代际学习、基于“教学关系”的学校与企业代际学习和基于“历史和文化”的社会代际学习三大模式。结合我国代际学习的理论研究和实践发展,建议我国进一步重视代际学习环境治理、促进代际学习资源融通及加大代际学习项目开发。展开更多
Epigenetics provides a molecular mechanism of inheritance that is not solely dependent on DNA sequence and that can account for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Epigenetic changes underlie many normal developmental...Epigenetics provides a molecular mechanism of inheritance that is not solely dependent on DNA sequence and that can account for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Epigenetic changes underlie many normal developmental processes, and can lead to disease development as well. While epigenetic effects have been studied in well-characterized rodent models, less research has been done using agriculturally important domestic animal species. This review will present the results of current epigenetic research using farm animal models （cattle, pigs, sheep and chickens）. Much of the work has focused on the epigenetic effects that environmental exposures to toxicants, nutrients and infectious agents has on either the exposed animals themselves or on their direct offspring. Only one porcine study examined epigenetic transgenerational effects; namely the effect diet micronutrients fed to male pigs has on liver DNA methylation and muscle mass in grand-offspring （F2 generation）. Healthy viable offspring are very important in the farm and husbandry industry and epigenetic differences can be associated with production traits. Therefore further epigenetic research into domestic animal health and how exposure to toxicants or nutritional changes affects future generations is imperative.展开更多
Small RNAs are found in eukaryotes and are responsible for regulation of chromatin structure, RNA processing and stability, translation and transcription. 24-nt small interfering RNA (siRNA) are known to mediate gene ...Small RNAs are found in eukaryotes and are responsible for regulation of chromatin structure, RNA processing and stability, translation and transcription. 24-nt small interfering RNA (siRNA) are known to mediate gene inactivation via the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway (RdDM) and are important for natural heritable changes in plant species. DNA cytosine methylation can be maintained between generations and this may be important for accelerated adaption to stress conditions. Research is currently focused toward the epigenetic response to disease, the stability of DNA methylation over generations, the elucidation of newly discovered pathways for de novo DNA methylation, and the application of epigenetic variation to breeding programs. This review aims to give a brief but comprehensive examination on small RNAs and transgenerational epigenetic variation.展开更多
Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubat...Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature.However,because of their likely epigenetic origin,thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry.In this work,a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure.Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability,body weight,and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails,with some effects increasing in importance over generations.Moreover,the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms.This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations.Interestingly,a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching,but this effect was not transgenerational.Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth.Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes,this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species.展开更多
基金the National Social Science Foundation of China’s general project“Research on the Enhancement of the Elderly Care Support of Rural Families under the Changing Intergenerational Relations”(Project No.:21BRK028)in 2021.
文摘Based on two waves of CHARLS data,this paper uses descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression estimation model to analyze the effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly within the framework of three-generation lineal group families.The study found that the diffusion effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly still existed when using a five-year age group model as the measure.In the distribution of intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly by age group,there was a notable decline in economic support from the filial generation for those aged 85 and above.For the age group of 85 and above,it was the grandchild generation that gradually increased its economic support,the result of a form of intergenerational relay for the care of the elderly.Comparison of the two waves of data reveals that familism still exhibits a strong resilience and is behind the intergenerational cooperation in Chinese rural families.The culture of filial piety and respect for elders,which reflects China’s national characteristics as well as contemporary values,should continue to be promoted.To achieve this,it is necessary to maintain the supportive function of family-based care for the rural elderly through family-friendly policies and the systematic improvement of the current multi-tiered policies for the care of the rural elderly.
基金Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41930757National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371285。
文摘This study explores the impact of intergenerational differences on farmers' terrace abandonment in response to increasing intergenerational differentiation among rural households and the practical issue of terrace abandonment. Logit and Tobit models are employed to conduct empirical analysis and it is found that terrace abandonment increases sequentially among the new, middle, and old generations, confirming that intergenerational differences significantly influence whether farmers abandon terraces and the terrace abandonment scale. Village characteristics and government subsidies significantly influence farmers' terrace abandonment. An increase in the number of migrant workers in the village increases terrace abandonment among new and middle generation farmers, whereas an increase in the distance from the village to the county significantly increases terrace abandonment among old generation farmers. An increase in the village's total population significantly reduces terrace abandonment among new generation farmers. An increase in government subsidies significantly reduces terrace abandonment among middle and old generation farmers. The impact of intergenerational differences on terrace abandonment is more pronounced in low-altitude areas. To reduce terrace abandonment, it is necessary to promote terrace transfer, develop characteristic agriculture, improve terrace farming subsidies, and propose targeted strategies for the different generations of farmers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207529)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721289).
文摘Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.
基金supported by the National R&D program of China(2022YFC2703500)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(202201020292 and 2023A03J0258)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021ZD33)the Strategic Collaborative Research Program of the Ferring Institute of Reproductive Medicine,Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Chinese Academy of Sciences(FIRMC181101).
文摘Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle can influence the health of both mothers and offspring.However,its transgenerational transmission and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,using a maternal lactation-period low-protein diet(LPD)mouse model,we show that maternal LPD during lactation causes decreased survival and stunted growth,significantly reduces ovulation and litter size,and alters the gut microbiome in the female LPD-F1 offspring.The transcriptome of LPD-F1 metaphase II(MII)oocytes shows that differentially expressed genes are enriched in female pregnancy and multiple metabolic processes.Moreover,maternal LPD causes early stunted growth and impairs metabolic health,which is transmitted over two generations.The methylome alteration of LPD-F1 oocytes can be partly transmitted to the F2 oocytes.Together,our results reveal that LPD during lactation transgenerationally affects offspring health,probably via oocyte epigenetic changes.
文摘Introduction: Malaria control needs the development of complementary and/or alternative strategies such as biological controls. Despite, malaria’s current control efforts, the spread and the emergence of insecticide resistance in vectors undermine the fight against vectors. Endonsymbiotic fungi can be a good candidate to include in the existence of Arsenal. However, we know little about endosymbiotic fungi transmission and its impact on malaria transmission. In this paper, the authors aimed to investigate Microsporidia sp MB transgenerational and sexual autodissemination and malaria parasites within Anopheline mosquitoes. Methods: An entomology survey was conducted in Burkina Faso for one year (June 2020 to June 2021) using the Residual Fauna Capture method. Infection rates in collected females, sexual autodissemination of Microsporidia sp MB in both Microsporidia sp MB negative females and Microsporidia sp MB negative males through mating, transgenerational prevalence from parents to offsprings and the correlation between Microsporidia sp MB and Plasmodium falciparum were investigated. Results: Results show Microsporidia sp MB infection in An. gambaie s.l in Burkina Faso. The prevalence was significantly higher (21.78%) in An. coluzzii than An. gambiae s.s (16.89%) (p-value = 0.03). Sexual auto-dissemination of Microsporidia sp MB in Microsporidia sp MB uninfected females was significantly 3-fold lower than those in Microsporidia sp MB uninfected males (9.23% and 33.33%, p-value = 0.03) during mating for An. coluzzii lines. Microsporidia sp MB prevalence was significantly higher through mosquitos’ generations in An. gambaie s.s than An. coluzzii (30.23% vs 26.41%, p-value Microsporidia sp MB and Plasmodium infection rate with 73% of Microsporidia sp MB positive mosquitoes which were negative at Plasmodium infection (p-value Conclusions: Our findings pave the road to developing new malaria control technologies by making Microsporidia sp MB-positive males sexually competitive with wild males to spread the fungus to wild female mosquitoes.
文摘Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.
文摘With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of immigrant groups and their construction of cultural identity.In the German-speaking area,immigrant literature has gradually taken center stage over the years,becoming an important part of the German language literature,and immigrant writers have also frequently won various literary prizes,which can be described as particularly dazzling.Meanwhile,generations of writers have been thinking about and exploring the intergenerational relationships and differences among immigrant groups in the context of their own experiences.This paper will focus on some outstanding immigrant writers and discuss the intergenerational writing in immigrant literature by means of their works.
文摘伴随着代际学习项目的广泛开展,代际学习研究日益受到关注,然而,其理论往往源于实践,效果通常无法被测试或评价,故而引发疑问——代际学习是否真的有利于促进积极老龄化?基于世界卫生组织对积极老龄化维度的划分,从“健康”“参与”“保障”三个维度对2000—2019年发表于《Journal of Intergenerational Relationships》期刊上关于代际学习的文献进行梳理并发现,代际学习在促进“健康”“参与”维度效果明显,而在“保障”维度存在不足。从现有研究看,其主要呈现如下特点:一是从当前研究结论看,具有较好的效果,但存在短板;二是从研究变量看,主要关注因变量,忽视自变量;三是从研究方法看,多采用质的研究,缺少量的研究。基于此,对我国未来研究提出了三点思考:一是开展代际学习理论研究,提升代际学习实践的科学性;二是开展代际学习异域研究,提升代际学习实践的指导性;三是开展代际学习本土研究,提升代际学习研究的创新性。
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973)of China (Nos. 2007CB948104 and 2012CB944901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81070532, 81070541, and 81200475)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. Y2090084, Y2100397, and Y2100199)
文摘Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is commonly used to solve male infertility problems. Previous studies showed that early environmental exposure of an embryo may influence postnatal development. To detect whether ICSI operations affect the reproductive health of a male or his offspring, we established assisted reproductive technologies (ART) conceived mouse models, and analyzed gene expression profiles in the testes of both ICSI and naturally conceived (NC) newborn F1 mice using micro-array analysis. Among the differentially expressed genes, we focused on the expression of eight male reproduction-related genes. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression of these genes in the testes of both adult and old F1 generation mice and adult F2 generation mice. Our results showed that down-regulated and somatic cell-expressed genes in newborn mice retained their differential expression patterns in adult and old F1 generation individuals, implying the persistence and fetal origin of the alteration in the expression of these genes. The intergenerational transmission of differential gene expression was observed, but most changes tended to be reduced in adult F2 generations. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) mice models were added to explore the precise factors contributing to the differences in ICSI offspring. The data demonstrated that superovulation, in vitro culture, and mechanical stimulation involved in ICSI had a cumulative effect on the differential expression of these male reproductive genes.
基金financial supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71903185 and 71661147001)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010303)the National Social Science Fund of China(18ZDA005)。
文摘This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market.The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005,2008,2012,2016,and 2019.Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted.We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China,especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children.The intergenerational earnings'elasticities were much less than those in urban areas,which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China.The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market,gain a high education and have more skills.Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71573211)the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation+1 种基金Ministry of Education of China(22YJC790164)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)。
文摘Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 21737005, 21976207)
文摘Many environmental contaminants could be transmitted fromparents and generate impairments to their progeny.The 2,4,6-tribromophenol(TBP),a novel brominated flame retardant which has been frequently detected in various organisms,was supposed to be bioaccumulated and intergenerational transmitted in human beings.Previous studies revealed that TBP could disrupt thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae.However,there is no available data regarding the parental and transgenerational toxicity of this contaminant.Thus,in this study adult zebrafish were exposed to environmental contaminated levels of TBP for 60 days to investigate the parental and transgenerational impairments on thyroid endocrine system.Chemical analysis verified the bioaccumulation of TBP in tested organs of parents(concentration:liver>gonads>brain)and its transmission into eggs.For adults,increased thyroid hormones,disturbed transcriptions of related genes and histopathological changes in thyroid follicles indicate obvious thyroid endocrine disruptions.Transgenerational effects are indicated by the increased thyroid hormones both in eggs(maternal source)and in developed larvae(newly synthesized),aswell as disrupted transcriptional profiles of key genes in HPT axis.The overall results suggest that the accumulated TBP could be transmitted from parent to offspring and generate thyroid endocrine disruptions in both generations.
基金Supported by National Institutes of Health,No.R01NS091542National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81771149,No.U1704165。
文摘The progress of modern medicine would be impossible without the use of general anesthetics(GAs).Despite advancements in refining anesthesia approaches,the effects of GAs are not fully reversible upon GA withdrawal.Neurocognitive deficiencies attributed to GA exposure may persist in neonates or endure for weeks to years in the elderly.Human studies on the mechanisms of the long-term adverse effects of GAs are needed to improve the safety of general anesthesia but they are hampered not only by ethical limitations specific to human research,but also by a lack of specific biological markers that can be used in human studies to safely and objectively study such effects.The latter can primarily be attributed to an insufficient understanding of the full range of the biological effects induced by GAs and the molecular mechanisms mediating such effects even in rodents,which are far more extensively studied than any other species.Our most recent experimental findings in rodents suggest that GAs may adversely affect many more people than is currently anticipated.Specifically,we have shown that anesthesia with the commonly used GA sevoflurane induces in exposed animals not only neuroendocrine abnormalities(somatic effects),but also epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells(germ cell effects).The latter may pass the neurobehavioral effects of parental sevoflurane exposure to the offspring,who may be affected even at levels of anesthesia that are not harmful to the exposed parents.The large number of patients who require general anesthesia,the even larger number of their future unexposed offspring whose health may be affected,and a growing number of neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown etiology underscore the translational importance of investigating the intergenerational effects of GAs.In this mini review,we discuss emerging experimental findings on neuroendocrine,epigenetic,and intergenerational effects of GAs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0506400)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930023,31771333)supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX2021356)。
文摘There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environmental cues(e.g., diet, heat stress, toxins) indicate that altered DNA methylations, histone modifications, or non-coding RNAs in the germ cells are responsible for the transgenerational effects. In addition,it has also become evident that maternal provision could provide a mechanism for the transgenerational inheritance of stress adaptations that result from ancestral environmental cues. However, how the signal of environmentally-induced stress response transmits from the soma to the germline, which may influence offspring fitness, remains largely elusive. Small RNAs could serve as signaling molecules that transmit between tissues and even across generations. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that neuronal mitochondrial perturbations induce a transgenerational induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response mediated by a Wnt-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA levels. Here, we review recent work on the molecular mechanism by which parental experience can affect future generations and the importance of soma-to-germline signaling for transgenerational inheritance.
基金Supported by Key Advance Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Xjky08201901)Anhui Provincial Department of Education in Terms of Key Projects(kj2019A1289)Anhui Province University Outstanding Talents Support Plan Project(gxyq2020105)。
文摘In this paper,based on the stochastic optimal control method,the intergenerational risk and inflation risk,the optimal investment strategy of the target benefit pension plan is investigated on the basis of measuring the random wage rate under the random mortality and inflation risk of the personnel in the plan and the correlation between the wage change and the fluctuation of the financial market.The research shows that the financial market parameters and wage rate have a great influence on the optimal investment strategy,and gives the optimal investment strategy and the optimal income adjustment strategy of the target benefit pension.The research of this paper provides a reference for the policy formulation and implementation of the Target Benefit Pension Plan in our country.
文摘Environmental conditions of a parent plant can influence the performance of their clonal offspring,and such clonal transgenerational effects may help offspring adapt to different environments.However,it is still unclear how many vegetative generations clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for and whether it depends on the environmental conditions of the offspring.We grew the ancestor ramets of the floating clonal plant Spirodela polyrhiza under a high and a low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of two types(from these two environments).Then we grew the 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of each type under the high and the low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 2^(nd)-generation offspring ramets of four types.We repeated this procedure for another five times and analyzed clonal transgenerational effects on growth,morphology and biomass allocation of the 1^(st)-to the 6^(th)-generation offspring ramets.We found positive,negative or neutral(no)transgenerational effects of the ancestor nutrient condition on the offspring of S.polyrhiza,depending on the number of vegetative generations,the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.We observed significant clonal transgenerational effects on the 6^(th)-generation offspring;such effects occurred for all three types of traits(growth,morphology and allocation),but varied depending on the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.Our results suggest that clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for multiple vegetative generations and such impacts can vary depending on the environmental conditions of offspring.
文摘随着信息化时代的发展和人口老龄化问题的凸显,代际学习对于改善代际关系和践行终身学习理念的作用日渐突出,全球各领域的学者正对其展开广泛研究。基于《Journal of Intergenerational Relationships》期刊内容,运用内容分析法,对相关文献作系统梳理,发现代际学习主要呈现基于“宗族关系”的家庭代际学习、基于“教学关系”的学校与企业代际学习和基于“历史和文化”的社会代际学习三大模式。结合我国代际学习的理论研究和实践发展,建议我国进一步重视代际学习环境治理、促进代际学习资源融通及加大代际学习项目开发。
文摘Epigenetics provides a molecular mechanism of inheritance that is not solely dependent on DNA sequence and that can account for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Epigenetic changes underlie many normal developmental processes, and can lead to disease development as well. While epigenetic effects have been studied in well-characterized rodent models, less research has been done using agriculturally important domestic animal species. This review will present the results of current epigenetic research using farm animal models （cattle, pigs, sheep and chickens）. Much of the work has focused on the epigenetic effects that environmental exposures to toxicants, nutrients and infectious agents has on either the exposed animals themselves or on their direct offspring. Only one porcine study examined epigenetic transgenerational effects; namely the effect diet micronutrients fed to male pigs has on liver DNA methylation and muscle mass in grand-offspring （F2 generation）. Healthy viable offspring are very important in the farm and husbandry industry and epigenetic differences can be associated with production traits. Therefore further epigenetic research into domestic animal health and how exposure to toxicants or nutritional changes affects future generations is imperative.
文摘Small RNAs are found in eukaryotes and are responsible for regulation of chromatin structure, RNA processing and stability, translation and transcription. 24-nt small interfering RNA (siRNA) are known to mediate gene inactivation via the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway (RdDM) and are important for natural heritable changes in plant species. DNA cytosine methylation can be maintained between generations and this may be important for accelerated adaption to stress conditions. Research is currently focused toward the epigenetic response to disease, the stability of DNA methylation over generations, the elucidation of newly discovered pathways for de novo DNA methylation, and the application of epigenetic variation to breeding programs. This review aims to give a brief but comprehensive examination on small RNAs and transgenerational epigenetic variation.
文摘Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature.However,because of their likely epigenetic origin,thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry.In this work,a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure.Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability,body weight,and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails,with some effects increasing in importance over generations.Moreover,the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms.This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations.Interestingly,a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching,but this effect was not transgenerational.Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth.Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes,this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species.
