Vacuum diffusion bonding of a TiAl based alloy (TAD) to a titanium alloy (TC2) was carried out at 1 273 K for 15～120 min under a pressure of 25 MPa . The kinds of the reaction products and the interface s...Vacuum diffusion bonding of a TiAl based alloy (TAD) to a titanium alloy (TC2) was carried out at 1 273 K for 15～120 min under a pressure of 25 MPa . The kinds of the reaction products and the interface structures of the joints were investigated by SEM, EPMA and XRD. Based on this, a formation mechanism of the interface structure was elucidated. Experimental and analytical results show that two reaction layers have formed during the diffusion bonding of TAD to TC2. One is Al rich α(Ti)layer adjacent to TC2,and the other is (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer adjacent to TAD,thus the interface structure of the TAD/TC2 joints is TAD/(Ti 3Al+TiAl)/α(Ti)/TC2.This interface structure forms according to a three stage mechanism,namely(a)the occurrence of a single phase α(Ti)layer;(b)the occurrence of a duplex phase(Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer;and(c)the growth of the α(Ti)and (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layers.展开更多
Novel models （2× 1） of Si（001）-SiO2 interface structure have been established. The method of the first-principle General Gradient Approximation （GGA） is employed to structurally optimize the established the...Novel models （2× 1） of Si（001）-SiO2 interface structure have been established. The method of the first-principle General Gradient Approximation （GGA） is employed to structurally optimize the established theoretical models under the K-point space of periodic boundary condition. The structures after optimization have been analyzed, and the results show that the interfaces present in disordered state and both Si-O-Si and Si=O structures exist. Meanwhile, the bonding of surface structure is analyzed via the graphics of electron localization function（ELF）.展开更多
Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells （DSC） research is reviewed, focusing on atomic-scale investigations of the interface electronic structures and dynamical processes, including the structure of dye adsorp...Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells （DSC） research is reviewed, focusing on atomic-scale investigations of the interface electronic structures and dynamical processes, including the structure of dye adsorption onto Ti02, ultrafast electron injection, hot-electron injection, multiple-exciton generation, and electron-hole recombination. Advanced exper- imental techniques and theoretical approaches are briefly summarized, and then progressive achievements in photovoltaic device optimization based on insights from atomic scale investigations are introduced. Finally, some challenges and oppor- tunities for further improvement of dye solar cells are presented.展开更多
Observation under high resolution electron microscope shows that the continuous bombing of high speed ions produces a great amount of vacant site defects.The assembly of vacancies forms vacant dish,and the collapase o...Observation under high resolution electron microscope shows that the continuous bombing of high speed ions produces a great amount of vacant site defects.The assembly of vacancies forms vacant dish,and the collapase of vacant dish forms stacking fault tetrahedrons and oth- er crystal defects.The interfaces between phase ε(Fe_(2-3)N)and phase γ'(Fe_4N)are smooth, straight and coherent,and they have the orientation relationships of(11)//(0001)and [110]/[110] .展开更多
Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and...Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.展开更多
Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising approach for the production of carbon-neutral,sustainable and clean hydrogen fuel.However,the separation and transport of photoinduced c...Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising approach for the production of carbon-neutral,sustainable and clean hydrogen fuel.However,the separation and transport of photoinduced carriers are generally considered to be rate-limiting steps,and their low efficiency remains a major challenge.Therefore,much effort has been devoted to developing new strategies in surface/interface engineering of photocatalysts to improve the dynamics of charge separation/transport.This feature article briefly summarizes recent advances in photocatalyst surface/interface engineering by our research group,which have been achieved through the design of various novel photocatalysts,including interfacial modulation,heterostructure construction,heteroatom doping,single atom and diatom sites.The article is divided into three parts:first,we briefly introduce the three key processes involved in solar water splitting and reveal relationships between the properties of nanostructural photocatalysts and the fundamentals of water splitting;second,we detail methods and strategies for surface and interfacial structures to improve the efficiency of the fundamental processes,especially charge separation;finally,we explore prospects for photocatalytic water splitting applications.This article provides a valuable resource and strategies for researchers currently working in the field of photocatalytic water splitting.展开更多
In order to obtain high-density dual-scale ceramic particles(8.5 wt.%SiC+1.5 wt.%TiC)reinforced Al-Mg Sc-Zr composites with uniform microstructure,50 nm TiC and 7μm SiC particles were pre-dispersed into 15−53μm alum...In order to obtain high-density dual-scale ceramic particles(8.5 wt.%SiC+1.5 wt.%TiC)reinforced Al-Mg Sc-Zr composites with uniform microstructure,50 nm TiC and 7μm SiC particles were pre-dispersed into 15−53μm aluminum alloy powders by low-speed ball milling and mechanical mixing technology,respectively.Then,the effects of laser energy density,power and scanning rate on the density of the composites were investigated based on selective laser melting(SLM)technology.The effect of micron-sized SiC and nano-sized TiC particles on solidification structure,mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of the composites was revealed and analyzed in detail.Interfacial reaction and phase variations in the composites with varying reinforced particles were emphatically considered.Results showed that SiC-TiC particles could significantly improve forming quality and density of the SLMed composites,and the optimal relative density was up to 100%.In the process of laser melting,a strong chemical reaction occurs between SiC and aluminum matrix,and micron-scale acicular Al_(4)SiC_(4) bands were formed in situ.There was no interfacial reaction between TiC particles and aluminum matrix.TiC/Al semi-coherent interface had good bonding strength.Pinning effect of TiC particles in grain boundaries could prevent the equiaxial crystals from growing and transforming into columnar crystals,resulting in grain refinement.The optimal ultimate tensile strength(UTS),yield strength(YS),elongation(EL)and elastic modulus of the SiC-TiC/Al-Mg-Sc-Zr composite were~394 MPa,~262 MPa,~8.2%and~86 GPa,respectively.The fracture behavior of the composites included ductile fracture of Al matrix and brittle cleavage fracture of Al_(4)SiC_(4) phases.A large number of cross-distributed acicular Al_(4)SiC_(4) bands were the main factors leading to premature failure and fracture of SiC-TiC/Al-Mg-Sc-Zr composites.展开更多
Cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire is irreplaceably used in industry owing to its outstanding mechanical property which is dominated by the cementite/ferrite(Fe_(3)C/Fe) interfaces in the material. However, the fine stru...Cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire is irreplaceably used in industry owing to its outstanding mechanical property which is dominated by the cementite/ferrite(Fe_(3)C/Fe) interfaces in the material. However, the fine structures of the Fe3C/Fe interfaces in the deformed wires are less known to date. In this work, transmission electron microscopic investigation was performed on the atomic structures of the interfaces with the Isaichev orientation relationship(OR) in the wires with progressive deformation strains. In addition to the effect of the dislocation/interface interactions, this work revealed that the deformation-induced partial decomposition of cementite plays an important role in the interface reconstruction during deformation. The interfacial carbon vacancies generated by cementite decomposition and particularly, the amorphization of cementite layers in the sample with ε > 1 could effectively annihilated the interfacial dislocations and consequently relaxed the interfacial stress. The correlations between the interface structure changes and the mechanical properties of the wires were discussed.展开更多
TiO2/Bi2WO6 （TB） heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis and photoluminescence measurement. The heterojunction interface structure of TB heterojunction ph...TiO2/Bi2WO6 （TB） heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis and photoluminescence measurement. The heterojunction interface structure of TB heterojunction photocatalyst was optimized via adjusting the ethylene glycol/water （EG/W） ratio. Based on XRD, SEM and TEM, the crystal size of Bi2WO6 reduced from 14.6 nm to 8.8 nm, and the interface structure between Bi2WO6 nanosheets and TiO2 particle significantly changed with increasing EG concentration. Furthermore, the photoeatalytic activity and the related mechanism of TB heterojunction photocatalyst were systematically discussed. Among them, TBEG/w sample shows the highest normalized apparent rate constant, which is attributed to its highest electron-hole pairs separation ability driven by optimized heterojunction interface between two semiconductors.展开更多
An explosion-welded technology was induced to manufacture the GH3535/316H bimetallic plates to provide a more cost-effective structural material for ultrahigh temperature,molten salt thermal storage systems.The micros...An explosion-welded technology was induced to manufacture the GH3535/316H bimetallic plates to provide a more cost-effective structural material for ultrahigh temperature,molten salt thermal storage systems.The microstructure of the bonding interfaces were extensively investigated by scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometry,and an electron probe microanalyzer.The bonding interface possessed a periodic,wavy morphology and was adorned by peninsula-or island-like transition zones.At higher magnification,a matrix recrystallization region,fine grain region,columnar grain region,equiaxed grain region,and shrinkage porosity were observed in the transition zones and surrounding area.Electron backscattered diffraction demonstrated that the strain in the recrystallization region of the GH3535 matrix and transition zone was less than the substrate.Strain concentration occurred at the interface and the solidification defects in the transition zone.The dislocation substructure in 316H near the interface was characterized by electron channeling contrast imaging.A dislocation network was formed in the grains of 316H.The microhardness decreased as the distance from the welding interface increased and the lowest hardness was inside the transition zone.展开更多
Strengthening interface bonding between boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)and copper matrix is an essential prerequisite for exploiting a new generation of copper matrix composites(CMCs)with high strength and wear resista...Strengthening interface bonding between boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)and copper matrix is an essential prerequisite for exploiting a new generation of copper matrix composites(CMCs)with high strength and wear resistance.Herein,BNNS/Cu composites were fabricated by the powder metallurgy route,matrix-alloying(adding 1.0 wt%Ti)strategy was adopted to improve the interfacial wettability and strengthen interface adhesion.A typical"sandwich"-like multiply interface structure involving TiN transition layers,BNNS and Cu matrix had been well constructed through the rational heat treatment(900℃ for 120 min).Additionally,nano-sized TiB whisker was in situ formed in the vicinity of the interface,it had linked the BNNS-Cu-TiN multiply interface,which played a role of"threading the needle"and significantly strengthened the multi-interfaces bonding.This specific interface structure was finely characterized,and the formation mechanism of solid-state interfacial reaction feature was proposed.The results demonstrated that the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of BNNS/Cu-(Ti)-900℃ increased from 248 to 530 MPa(increased by 114%),and the coefficient of friction(COF)decreased from 0.51 to 0.28 than pure Cu.This work highlights the importance of interface configuration design,which contributes to the development of CMCs with prominent comprehensive properties.展开更多
For the frequency range of I kHz-lOMHz, the interface state density of Ni contacts on p-GaN is studied using capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-frequency-voltage （G-f-V） measurements at room temperature. To...For the frequency range of I kHz-lOMHz, the interface state density of Ni contacts on p-GaN is studied using capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-frequency-voltage （G-f-V） measurements at room temperature. To obtain the real capacitance and interface state density of the Ni/p-GaN structures, the effects of the series resistance （Rs） on high-frequency （SMHz） capacitance values measured at a reverse and a forward bias are investigated. The mean interface state densities obtained from the CHF-CLF capacitance and the conductance method are 2 ×1012 e V-1 cm-2 and 0.94 × 1012 eV-1 cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, the interface state density derived from the conductance method is higher than that reported from the Ni/n-GaN in the literature, which is ascribed to a poor crystal quality and to a large defect density of the Mg-doped p-GaN.展开更多
The interaction between soil and marine structures like submarine pipeline/pipe pile/suction caisson is a complicated geotechnical mechanism process.In this study,the interface is discretized into multiple mesoscopic ...The interaction between soil and marine structures like submarine pipeline/pipe pile/suction caisson is a complicated geotechnical mechanism process.In this study,the interface is discretized into multiple mesoscopic contact elements that are damaged randomly throughout the shearing process due to the natural heterogeneity.The evolution equation of damage variable is developed based on the Weibull function,which is able to cover a rather wide range of distribution shapes by only two parameters,making it applicable for varying scenarios.Accordingly,a statistical damage model is established by incorporating Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion,in which the interfacial residual strength is considered whereby the strain softening behavior can be described.A concept of“semi-softening”characteristic point on shear stress–displacement curve is proposed for effectively modeling the evolution of strain softening.Finally,a series of ring shear tests of the interfaces between fine sea sand and smooth/rough steel surfaces are conducted.The predicted results using the proposed model are compared with experimental data of this study as well as some results from existing literature,indicating that the model has a good performance in modeling the progressive failure and strain softening behavior for various types of soil–structure interfaces.展开更多
Fe/C multilayer thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Small angle X-ray diffraction measurements show very well periodicity of the samples. The modulation period determined from a modified Bragg equation ...Fe/C multilayer thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Small angle X-ray diffraction measurements show very well periodicity of the samples. The modulation period determined from a modified Bragg equation agrees well with that determined from deposition rate. The interfacial roughness parameter ξof several samples calculated by X-ray diffraction is between 3.5(?) and 5.6(?).展开更多
The characteristic of interface depending on the atomic structure exerts an inportant,and sometime controlling,influence on performance of the interacial materials. The present paper reviews the main studies on fine s...The characteristic of interface depending on the atomic structure exerts an inportant,and sometime controlling,influence on performance of the interacial materials. The present paper reviews the main studies on fine structure of both the materials inter- faces and interfacial reaction products in semiconductor uperlattice,metal multilayer ceram- ics and composite materials by mean of selected area electron doffraction patterns and high resolution electron microscopy. The following features of interfaces are reviewed:the orientation relationships;the char- acteristic of steps,facets and ronghness of interfaces;atomic bonding across the interface;the degree of coherency,the structure of misfit dislocations and elastic relaxations at the inter- faces:the presence of defects at the onterfaces:the structure of the interfacial reaction prod- ucts as well as the reaction kinetics and reaetion mechanism.展开更多
By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem,the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated,and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and ...By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem,the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated,and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and interconversion. The research finds that earth ecosystem includes three sub-ecosystems： terrestrial ecosystem,marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem. The impact sequence of sub-ecosystems on earth ecosystem is atmospheric ecosystem 〉 marine ecosystem 〉 terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem and the application of earth ecosystem structure and interface,we give new explanations to Taoism and Taiji with the eight diagrams,which contributes to theoretical research of natural science.展开更多
Zirconium-titanium-steel composite plate with the size of 2500 mm×7800 mm×(3+0.7+22)mm was prepared by explosive welding+rolling method,and its properties were analyzed by ultrasonic nondestructive testing,p...Zirconium-titanium-steel composite plate with the size of 2500 mm×7800 mm×(3+0.7+22)mm was prepared by explosive welding+rolling method,and its properties were analyzed by ultrasonic nondestructive testing,phased array waveform shape,interface structure shape,electronic scanning,and mechanical property testing.Results show that the rolling temperature of zirconiumtitanium complex should be controlled at 760°C,and the rolling reduction of each pass should be controlled at 10%–25%.The explosive velocity to prepare zirconium-titanium-steel composite plates should be controlled at 2450–2500 m/s,the density should be 0.78 g/cm3,the stand-off height should be 12 mm,and the explosive height of Zone A and Zone B should be 45–50 mm.Explosive welding combined with rolling method reduces the impact of explosive welding and multiple heat treatment on material properties.Meanwhile,the problems of surface wrinkling and cracking,which occur during the preparation process of large-sized zirconiumtitanium-steel composite plate,can be solved.展开更多
The glass-forming ability(GFA)of metallic glasses is a key scientific challenge in their development and application,with compositional dependence playing a crucial role.Experimental studies have demonstrated that the...The glass-forming ability(GFA)of metallic glasses is a key scientific challenge in their development and application,with compositional dependence playing a crucial role.Experimental studies have demonstrated that the addition of specific minor elements can greatly enhance the GFA of parent alloys,yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we use the ZrCuAl system as a model to explore how the addition of minor Al influences the crystallization rate by modulating the properties of the crystal-liquid interface,thereby affecting the GFA.The results reveal that the minor addition of Al significantly reduces the crystal growth rate,a phenomenon not governed by particle density fluctuations at the interface.The impact of minor element additions extends beyond a modest increase in crystal-unfavorable motifs in the bulk supercooled liquid.More importantly,it leads to a significant enrichment of these motifs at the crystal-supercooled liquid interface,forming a dense topological network of crystal-unfavorable structures that effectively prevent the growth of the crystalline interface and enhance GFA.Our results provide valuable insights for the design and development of high-performance metallic glasses.展开更多
A hot compression bonding process was developed to prepare a novel laminated composite consisting of high-Cr cast iron （HCCI） as the inner layer and low carbon steel （LCS） as the outer layers on a Gleeble 3500 the...A hot compression bonding process was developed to prepare a novel laminated composite consisting of high-Cr cast iron （HCCI） as the inner layer and low carbon steel （LCS） as the outer layers on a Gleeble 3500 ther- momechanicat simulator at a temperature of 950 ℃ and a strain rate of 0. 001 s 1. Interfacial bond quality and hot deformation behaviour of the laminate were studied by mierostructural characterisation and mechanical tests. Experi- mental results show that the metallurgical bond between the constituent metals was achieved under the proposed bonding conditions without discernible defects and the formation of interlayer or intermetallic layer along the inter- face. The interfacial bond quality is excellent since no deterioration occurred around the interface which was deformed by Vickers indentation and compression test at room temperature with parallel loading to the interface. After well cladding by the LCS, the brittle HCCI can be severely deformed （about 57 % of reduction） at high temperature with crack-free. This significant improvement should be attributed to the decrease of crack sensitivity due to stress relief by soft claddings and enhanced flow property of the HCCI by simultaneous deformation with the LCS.展开更多
Firm joins were obtained between Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel with Ag-Cu-Zn-Ni filler metal by vacuum brazing. The effects of technological parameters such as brazing temperature, holding time, and filler thicknes...Firm joins were obtained between Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel with Ag-Cu-Zn-Ni filler metal by vacuum brazing. The effects of technological parameters such as brazing temperature, holding time, and filler thickness on the shear strength of the joints were investigated. The microstructure of welded area and the reaction products of the filler metal were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, metallographic microscope （OM）, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis （EDS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The brazing temperature of 870℃, holding time of 15 min, and filler thickness of 0.4 mm are a set of optimum technological parameters, under which the maximum shear strength of the joints, 176.5 MPa, is achieved. The results of microstructure show that the wettability of the filler metal on Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel is well. A mutual solution layer and a diffusion layer exist between the welding base materials and the filler metal.展开更多
文摘Vacuum diffusion bonding of a TiAl based alloy (TAD) to a titanium alloy (TC2) was carried out at 1 273 K for 15～120 min under a pressure of 25 MPa . The kinds of the reaction products and the interface structures of the joints were investigated by SEM, EPMA and XRD. Based on this, a formation mechanism of the interface structure was elucidated. Experimental and analytical results show that two reaction layers have formed during the diffusion bonding of TAD to TC2. One is Al rich α(Ti)layer adjacent to TC2,and the other is (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer adjacent to TAD,thus the interface structure of the TAD/TC2 joints is TAD/(Ti 3Al+TiAl)/α(Ti)/TC2.This interface structure forms according to a three stage mechanism,namely(a)the occurrence of a single phase α(Ti)layer;(b)the occurrence of a duplex phase(Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer;and(c)the growth of the α(Ti)and (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layers.
基金Supported by the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China (No. 51310Z07-3) and the Research Program of Application of Sichuan Department of Science and Technology (No. 02GY029-006)
文摘Novel models （2× 1） of Si（001）-SiO2 interface structure have been established. The method of the first-principle General Gradient Approximation （GGA） is employed to structurally optimize the established theoretical models under the K-point space of periodic boundary condition. The structures after optimization have been analyzed, and the results show that the interfaces present in disordered state and both Si-O-Si and Si=O structures exist. Meanwhile, the bonding of surface structure is analyzed via the graphics of electron localization function（ELF）.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11222431 and 11074287)the National Basic Key Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB921403)the Hundred-Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells （DSC） research is reviewed, focusing on atomic-scale investigations of the interface electronic structures and dynamical processes, including the structure of dye adsorption onto Ti02, ultrafast electron injection, hot-electron injection, multiple-exciton generation, and electron-hole recombination. Advanced exper- imental techniques and theoretical approaches are briefly summarized, and then progressive achievements in photovoltaic device optimization based on insights from atomic scale investigations are introduced. Finally, some challenges and oppor- tunities for further improvement of dye solar cells are presented.
文摘Observation under high resolution electron microscope shows that the continuous bombing of high speed ions produces a great amount of vacant site defects.The assembly of vacancies forms vacant dish,and the collapase of vacant dish forms stacking fault tetrahedrons and oth- er crystal defects.The interfaces between phase ε(Fe_(2-3)N)and phase γ'(Fe_4N)are smooth, straight and coherent,and they have the orientation relationships of(11)//(0001)and [110]/[110] .
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201491)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,KSA for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FPEJ-2024-1101-02”.
文摘Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22225604,22076082,22176140)the Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter(63181206)Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations。
文摘Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising approach for the production of carbon-neutral,sustainable and clean hydrogen fuel.However,the separation and transport of photoinduced carriers are generally considered to be rate-limiting steps,and their low efficiency remains a major challenge.Therefore,much effort has been devoted to developing new strategies in surface/interface engineering of photocatalysts to improve the dynamics of charge separation/transport.This feature article briefly summarizes recent advances in photocatalyst surface/interface engineering by our research group,which have been achieved through the design of various novel photocatalysts,including interfacial modulation,heterostructure construction,heteroatom doping,single atom and diatom sites.The article is divided into three parts:first,we briefly introduce the three key processes involved in solar water splitting and reveal relationships between the properties of nanostructural photocatalysts and the fundamentals of water splitting;second,we detail methods and strategies for surface and interfacial structures to improve the efficiency of the fundamental processes,especially charge separation;finally,we explore prospects for photocatalytic water splitting applications.This article provides a valuable resource and strategies for researchers currently working in the field of photocatalytic water splitting.
基金Project(2022J318)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,ChinaProject(2021A1515110525)supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,ChinaProject(2022QN05023)supported by the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation Youth Project,China。
文摘In order to obtain high-density dual-scale ceramic particles(8.5 wt.%SiC+1.5 wt.%TiC)reinforced Al-Mg Sc-Zr composites with uniform microstructure,50 nm TiC and 7μm SiC particles were pre-dispersed into 15−53μm aluminum alloy powders by low-speed ball milling and mechanical mixing technology,respectively.Then,the effects of laser energy density,power and scanning rate on the density of the composites were investigated based on selective laser melting(SLM)technology.The effect of micron-sized SiC and nano-sized TiC particles on solidification structure,mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of the composites was revealed and analyzed in detail.Interfacial reaction and phase variations in the composites with varying reinforced particles were emphatically considered.Results showed that SiC-TiC particles could significantly improve forming quality and density of the SLMed composites,and the optimal relative density was up to 100%.In the process of laser melting,a strong chemical reaction occurs between SiC and aluminum matrix,and micron-scale acicular Al_(4)SiC_(4) bands were formed in situ.There was no interfacial reaction between TiC particles and aluminum matrix.TiC/Al semi-coherent interface had good bonding strength.Pinning effect of TiC particles in grain boundaries could prevent the equiaxial crystals from growing and transforming into columnar crystals,resulting in grain refinement.The optimal ultimate tensile strength(UTS),yield strength(YS),elongation(EL)and elastic modulus of the SiC-TiC/Al-Mg-Sc-Zr composite were~394 MPa,~262 MPa,~8.2%and~86 GPa,respectively.The fracture behavior of the composites included ductile fracture of Al matrix and brittle cleavage fracture of Al_(4)SiC_(4) phases.A large number of cross-distributed acicular Al_(4)SiC_(4) bands were the main factors leading to premature failure and fracture of SiC-TiC/Al-Mg-Sc-Zr composites.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51501195)the Fund of SYNL。
文摘Cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire is irreplaceably used in industry owing to its outstanding mechanical property which is dominated by the cementite/ferrite(Fe_(3)C/Fe) interfaces in the material. However, the fine structures of the Fe3C/Fe interfaces in the deformed wires are less known to date. In this work, transmission electron microscopic investigation was performed on the atomic structures of the interfaces with the Isaichev orientation relationship(OR) in the wires with progressive deformation strains. In addition to the effect of the dislocation/interface interactions, this work revealed that the deformation-induced partial decomposition of cementite plays an important role in the interface reconstruction during deformation. The interfacial carbon vacancies generated by cementite decomposition and particularly, the amorphization of cementite layers in the sample with ε > 1 could effectively annihilated the interfacial dislocations and consequently relaxed the interfacial stress. The correlations between the interface structure changes and the mechanical properties of the wires were discussed.
文摘TiO2/Bi2WO6 （TB） heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis and photoluminescence measurement. The heterojunction interface structure of TB heterojunction photocatalyst was optimized via adjusting the ethylene glycol/water （EG/W） ratio. Based on XRD, SEM and TEM, the crystal size of Bi2WO6 reduced from 14.6 nm to 8.8 nm, and the interface structure between Bi2WO6 nanosheets and TiO2 particle significantly changed with increasing EG concentration. Furthermore, the photoeatalytic activity and the related mechanism of TB heterojunction photocatalyst were systematically discussed. Among them, TBEG/w sample shows the highest normalized apparent rate constant, which is attributed to its highest electron-hole pairs separation ability driven by optimized heterojunction interface between two semiconductors.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2032205,51971238,and 52005492)the Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders Plan(21XD1404300)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Nos.18ZR1448000,19ZR 1468200,20ZR1468600,and 21XD1404300)the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.19YF1458300)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Science(No.2019264).
文摘An explosion-welded technology was induced to manufacture the GH3535/316H bimetallic plates to provide a more cost-effective structural material for ultrahigh temperature,molten salt thermal storage systems.The microstructure of the bonding interfaces were extensively investigated by scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometry,and an electron probe microanalyzer.The bonding interface possessed a periodic,wavy morphology and was adorned by peninsula-or island-like transition zones.At higher magnification,a matrix recrystallization region,fine grain region,columnar grain region,equiaxed grain region,and shrinkage porosity were observed in the transition zones and surrounding area.Electron backscattered diffraction demonstrated that the strain in the recrystallization region of the GH3535 matrix and transition zone was less than the substrate.Strain concentration occurred at the interface and the solidification defects in the transition zone.The dislocation substructure in 316H near the interface was characterized by electron channeling contrast imaging.A dislocation network was formed in the grains of 316H.The microhardness decreased as the distance from the welding interface increased and the lowest hardness was inside the transition zone.
基金financially supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(No.202301BE070001-007)。
文摘Strengthening interface bonding between boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)and copper matrix is an essential prerequisite for exploiting a new generation of copper matrix composites(CMCs)with high strength and wear resistance.Herein,BNNS/Cu composites were fabricated by the powder metallurgy route,matrix-alloying(adding 1.0 wt%Ti)strategy was adopted to improve the interfacial wettability and strengthen interface adhesion.A typical"sandwich"-like multiply interface structure involving TiN transition layers,BNNS and Cu matrix had been well constructed through the rational heat treatment(900℃ for 120 min).Additionally,nano-sized TiB whisker was in situ formed in the vicinity of the interface,it had linked the BNNS-Cu-TiN multiply interface,which played a role of"threading the needle"and significantly strengthened the multi-interfaces bonding.This specific interface structure was finely characterized,and the formation mechanism of solid-state interfacial reaction feature was proposed.The results demonstrated that the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of BNNS/Cu-(Ti)-900℃ increased from 248 to 530 MPa(increased by 114%),and the coefficient of friction(COF)decreased from 0.51 to 0.28 than pure Cu.This work highlights the importance of interface configuration design,which contributes to the development of CMCs with prominent comprehensive properties.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province under Grant No 20133ACB20005the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 41330318+3 种基金the Key Program of Science and Technology Research of Ministry of Education under Grant No NRE1515the Foundation of Training Academic and Technical Leaders for Main Majors of Jiangxi Province under Grant No 20142BCB22006the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Jiangxi Province under Grant No GJJ14501the Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application(East China Institute of Technology)Ministry of Education under Grant NoHJSJYB2016-1
文摘For the frequency range of I kHz-lOMHz, the interface state density of Ni contacts on p-GaN is studied using capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-frequency-voltage （G-f-V） measurements at room temperature. To obtain the real capacitance and interface state density of the Ni/p-GaN structures, the effects of the series resistance （Rs） on high-frequency （SMHz） capacitance values measured at a reverse and a forward bias are investigated. The mean interface state densities obtained from the CHF-CLF capacitance and the conductance method are 2 ×1012 e V-1 cm-2 and 0.94 × 1012 eV-1 cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, the interface state density derived from the conductance method is higher than that reported from the Ni/n-GaN in the literature, which is ascribed to a poor crystal quality and to a large defect density of the Mg-doped p-GaN.
基金financially supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M732997)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51890912,52008268)Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering,Hohai University(Grant No.2023007)。
文摘The interaction between soil and marine structures like submarine pipeline/pipe pile/suction caisson is a complicated geotechnical mechanism process.In this study,the interface is discretized into multiple mesoscopic contact elements that are damaged randomly throughout the shearing process due to the natural heterogeneity.The evolution equation of damage variable is developed based on the Weibull function,which is able to cover a rather wide range of distribution shapes by only two parameters,making it applicable for varying scenarios.Accordingly,a statistical damage model is established by incorporating Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion,in which the interfacial residual strength is considered whereby the strain softening behavior can be described.A concept of“semi-softening”characteristic point on shear stress–displacement curve is proposed for effectively modeling the evolution of strain softening.Finally,a series of ring shear tests of the interfaces between fine sea sand and smooth/rough steel surfaces are conducted.The predicted results using the proposed model are compared with experimental data of this study as well as some results from existing literature,indicating that the model has a good performance in modeling the progressive failure and strain softening behavior for various types of soil–structure interfaces.
文摘Fe/C multilayer thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Small angle X-ray diffraction measurements show very well periodicity of the samples. The modulation period determined from a modified Bragg equation agrees well with that determined from deposition rate. The interfacial roughness parameter ξof several samples calculated by X-ray diffraction is between 3.5(?) and 5.6(?).
文摘The characteristic of interface depending on the atomic structure exerts an inportant,and sometime controlling,influence on performance of the interacial materials. The present paper reviews the main studies on fine structure of both the materials inter- faces and interfacial reaction products in semiconductor uperlattice,metal multilayer ceram- ics and composite materials by mean of selected area electron doffraction patterns and high resolution electron microscopy. The following features of interfaces are reviewed:the orientation relationships;the char- acteristic of steps,facets and ronghness of interfaces;atomic bonding across the interface;the degree of coherency,the structure of misfit dislocations and elastic relaxations at the inter- faces:the presence of defects at the onterfaces:the structure of the interfacial reaction prod- ucts as well as the reaction kinetics and reaetion mechanism.
基金Supported by Education Ministry's New Century Excellent Talents Supporting Plan(NCET-12-0659)Project of Outstanding Technological Educators of Governor of Guizhou([2012]71)+3 种基金Project of Low Carbon Technology Plan of Guiyang(2012205)Project of Science and Technology Foundation of Guiyang(LKM[2012]05)Special Research Projects of High Level Talents of Guizhou Province(TZJF-2011-44)Research Projects of Guizhou Minzu University([2014]02)
文摘By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem,the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated,and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and interconversion. The research finds that earth ecosystem includes three sub-ecosystems： terrestrial ecosystem,marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem. The impact sequence of sub-ecosystems on earth ecosystem is atmospheric ecosystem 〉 marine ecosystem 〉 terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem and the application of earth ecosystem structure and interface,we give new explanations to Taoism and Taiji with the eight diagrams,which contributes to theoretical research of natural science.
基金Key R&D Plan of Shaanxi Province(2021LLRH-05-09)Shaanxi Province Youth Talent Support Program Project(CLGC202234)Sponsored by Innovative Pilot Platform for Layered Metal Composite Materials(2024CX-GXPT-20)。
文摘Zirconium-titanium-steel composite plate with the size of 2500 mm×7800 mm×(3+0.7+22)mm was prepared by explosive welding+rolling method,and its properties were analyzed by ultrasonic nondestructive testing,phased array waveform shape,interface structure shape,electronic scanning,and mechanical property testing.Results show that the rolling temperature of zirconiumtitanium complex should be controlled at 760°C,and the rolling reduction of each pass should be controlled at 10%–25%.The explosive velocity to prepare zirconium-titanium-steel composite plates should be controlled at 2450–2500 m/s,the density should be 0.78 g/cm3,the stand-off height should be 12 mm,and the explosive height of Zone A and Zone B should be 45–50 mm.Explosive welding combined with rolling method reduces the impact of explosive welding and multiple heat treatment on material properties.Meanwhile,the problems of surface wrinkling and cracking,which occur during the preparation process of large-sized zirconiumtitanium-steel composite plate,can be solved.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.T2325004 and 52161160330)the support from the Hong Kong Institute of Advanced Studies through the materials cluster project。
文摘The glass-forming ability(GFA)of metallic glasses is a key scientific challenge in their development and application,with compositional dependence playing a crucial role.Experimental studies have demonstrated that the addition of specific minor elements can greatly enhance the GFA of parent alloys,yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we use the ZrCuAl system as a model to explore how the addition of minor Al influences the crystallization rate by modulating the properties of the crystal-liquid interface,thereby affecting the GFA.The results reveal that the minor addition of Al significantly reduces the crystal growth rate,a phenomenon not governed by particle density fluctuations at the interface.The impact of minor element additions extends beyond a modest increase in crystal-unfavorable motifs in the bulk supercooled liquid.More importantly,it leads to a significant enrichment of these motifs at the crystal-supercooled liquid interface,forming a dense topological network of crystal-unfavorable structures that effectively prevent the growth of the crystalline interface and enhance GFA.Our results provide valuable insights for the design and development of high-performance metallic glasses.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474127)
文摘A hot compression bonding process was developed to prepare a novel laminated composite consisting of high-Cr cast iron （HCCI） as the inner layer and low carbon steel （LCS） as the outer layers on a Gleeble 3500 ther- momechanicat simulator at a temperature of 950 ℃ and a strain rate of 0. 001 s 1. Interfacial bond quality and hot deformation behaviour of the laminate were studied by mierostructural characterisation and mechanical tests. Experi- mental results show that the metallurgical bond between the constituent metals was achieved under the proposed bonding conditions without discernible defects and the formation of interlayer or intermetallic layer along the inter- face. The interfacial bond quality is excellent since no deterioration occurred around the interface which was deformed by Vickers indentation and compression test at room temperature with parallel loading to the interface. After well cladding by the LCS, the brittle HCCI can be severely deformed （about 57 % of reduction） at high temperature with crack-free. This significant improvement should be attributed to the decrease of crack sensitivity due to stress relief by soft claddings and enhanced flow property of the HCCI by simultaneous deformation with the LCS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50074014)
文摘Firm joins were obtained between Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel with Ag-Cu-Zn-Ni filler metal by vacuum brazing. The effects of technological parameters such as brazing temperature, holding time, and filler thickness on the shear strength of the joints were investigated. The microstructure of welded area and the reaction products of the filler metal were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, metallographic microscope （OM）, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis （EDS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The brazing temperature of 870℃, holding time of 15 min, and filler thickness of 0.4 mm are a set of optimum technological parameters, under which the maximum shear strength of the joints, 176.5 MPa, is achieved. The results of microstructure show that the wettability of the filler metal on Ti（C,N）-based cermet and steel is well. A mutual solution layer and a diffusion layer exist between the welding base materials and the filler metal.
