伴随RESTful API在现代Web服务中的普及,安全问题日益凸显。而现有的主流API识别与漏洞检测工具依赖API文档或公开路径进行扫描,在识别隐藏API或无文档API时效果有限,在复杂或动态API环境下漏洞误报率高。针对这些挑战,基于上下文协议(M...伴随RESTful API在现代Web服务中的普及,安全问题日益凸显。而现有的主流API识别与漏洞检测工具依赖API文档或公开路径进行扫描,在识别隐藏API或无文档API时效果有限,在复杂或动态API环境下漏洞误报率高。针对这些挑战,基于上下文协议(MCP)无缝通信智能体,提出一种隐藏API发现和漏洞检测的智能体系统A2A(Agent to API vulnerability detection)来实现从API发现到漏洞检测的全流程自动化。A2A通过自适应枚举和HTTP响应分析自动识别潜在的隐藏API端点,并结合服务特定的API指纹库进行隐藏API的确认和发现。A2A在API漏洞检测上则是结合大语言模型(LLM)与检索增强生成(RAG)技术,并通过反馈迭代优化策略,自动生成高质量测试用例以验证漏洞是否存在。实验评估结果表明,A2A的平均API发现率为91.9%,假发现率为7.8%,并成功发现NAUTILUS和RESTler未能检测到的多个隐藏API漏洞。展开更多
Rapid and robust identification of bacteria is crucial for environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.Herein,a bioinspired interface-mediated multichannel sensor array was developed based on three-coloremitting a...Rapid and robust identification of bacteria is crucial for environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.Herein,a bioinspired interface-mediated multichannel sensor array was developed based on three-coloremitting antimicrobial functional carbon dots(FCDs)and concanavalin A doped polydopamine nanoparticles(Con A-PDA)for identification of bacteria.In this sensor,the fluorescence intensity of the three FCDs was quenched by the Con A-PDA.Upon addition different types of bacteria,the fluorescence intensity of the three FCDs was restored or further quenched.Recur to statistical analysis methods,it is employed to accurately discriminate 10 types of bacteria(including three probiotics and seven pathogenic bacteria)in natural water samples and human urine samples.The discrimination ability of the sensor array was highly enhanced via different competing binding of the FCDs and the bacteria toward Con A-PDA.The proposed array-based method offers a rapid,high-throughput,and reliable sensing platform for pathogen diagnosis in the field of environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.展开更多
API(Application Programming Interface)documentation often only describes individual APIs and lacks information on complex API relations and code examples.Retrieval-based and generation-based methods can both produce d...API(Application Programming Interface)documentation often only describes individual APIs and lacks information on complex API relations and code examples.Retrieval-based and generation-based methods can both produce documentation that includes API relationship descriptions and code examples.However,they are limited by the richness of available API resources.As a result,they struggle to be effective when dealing with resource-scarce languages such as Kotlin.We propose an on-demand API tutorial generation method for resource-scarce languages,transferring API knowledge from a resource-rich language like Java to Kotlin using an AI chain.Evaluating our method on 500 Kotlin APIs,we generated more API documents than the state-of-the-art retrieval-based method ADECK and the generate-based method gDoc.The number of API guidelines generated by our method is 37 times that of ADECK and 1.6 times that of gDoc.Compared with the scheme that did not adopt the knowledge transfer strategy,the success rate of our method has increased by 31.25 percentage points.This demonstrates the feasibility and potential of using LLMs to create new API knowledge across languages.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap ...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap and good stability.However,its performance is inhibited by high interfacial resistance and severe charge carrier recombination.In this study,a CuO interlayer was introduced between fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)and CuBi_(2)O_(4)to construct CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathodes,aiming to improve interfacial charge transfer.The results showed that CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)-200 exhibited a photocurrent density of−1.71 mA/cm^(2)at 0 V vs.RHE,which was more than 3.5 times higher than that of bare CuBi_(2)O_(4).The incident photon-to-current efficiency(IPCE)at 365 nm was enhanced to~13%and the maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE)reached 0.17%.Water splitting experiments revealed a hydrogen yield of 2.05μmol/cm^(2),significantly surpassing that of the unmodified photoelectrode.The enhanced PEC performance indicated that the CuO layer established a favorable band alignment,promoted hole transport toward the FTO substrate and effectively suppressed interfacial carrier recombination.This work demonstrated a simple and efficient interfacial engineering strategy,offering new insights and guidance for the design and development of high-performance semiconductor-based PEC photoelectrodes.展开更多
With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable...With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.展开更多
In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air ...In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air suction during the steady-state casting and filling process,was comparatively studied through physical modeling and mathematical simulation methods.During the filling process,the liquid surface forms a large-size slag eye under the impact of molten steel from a ladle shroud,which simultaneously results in a violent fluctuation of liquid level.Concurrently,the liquid flow entrains the air phase and the cover slag into the tundish impact zone,resulting in slag entrapment and air suction.At filling flow rates of 1.5Q,2.0Q,and 2.5Q(Q is the flow rate under steady-state casting),the amount of slag entrapped is 8.39×10^(-5),9.65×10^(-5),and 12.7×10^(-5)m^(3),respectively,while the volume of air aspirated is 0.84×10^(-4),1.47×10^(-4),and 2.01×10^(-4)m^(3),indicating that slag entrapment and air suction intensify with an increase in tundish filling flow rate.Flow field characterization identifies eddy currents in the impact zone as the primary driver of the above phenomena.Proper filling process parameters were proposed to improve the steel quality during the tundish filling.展开更多
Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography...Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).展开更多
In this paper,we provide a comprehensive examination of the evolution of graphics Application Programming Interfaces(APIs).We begin by exploring traditional graphics APIs,elucidating their distinct features and inhere...In this paper,we provide a comprehensive examination of the evolution of graphics Application Programming Interfaces(APIs).We begin by exploring traditional graphics APIs,elucidating their distinct features and inherent challenges.This sets the stage for a detailed exploration of modern graphics APIs,with a focus on four critical design principles.These principles are further analyzed through specific case studies and categorical examinations.The paper then introduces MoerEngine,a bespoke rendering engine,as a practical case to demonstrate the real-world application of these modern principles in software engineering.In conclusion,the study offers insights into the potential future trajectory of graphics APIs,spotlighting emerging design patterns and technological innovations.It also ventures to predict the development trends and capabilities of next-generation graphics APIs.展开更多
文摘伴随RESTful API在现代Web服务中的普及,安全问题日益凸显。而现有的主流API识别与漏洞检测工具依赖API文档或公开路径进行扫描,在识别隐藏API或无文档API时效果有限,在复杂或动态API环境下漏洞误报率高。针对这些挑战,基于上下文协议(MCP)无缝通信智能体,提出一种隐藏API发现和漏洞检测的智能体系统A2A(Agent to API vulnerability detection)来实现从API发现到漏洞检测的全流程自动化。A2A通过自适应枚举和HTTP响应分析自动识别潜在的隐藏API端点,并结合服务特定的API指纹库进行隐藏API的确认和发现。A2A在API漏洞检测上则是结合大语言模型(LLM)与检索增强生成(RAG)技术,并通过反馈迭代优化策略,自动生成高质量测试用例以验证漏洞是否存在。实验评估结果表明,A2A的平均API发现率为91.9%,假发现率为7.8%,并成功发现NAUTILUS和RESTler未能检测到的多个隐藏API漏洞。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376057,22174048,22274048,22274045,22274047,and 21904039)the Foundation of the Science&Technology Department of Hunan Province(Nos.2023JJ30394 and2023ZJ1123)。
文摘Rapid and robust identification of bacteria is crucial for environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.Herein,a bioinspired interface-mediated multichannel sensor array was developed based on three-coloremitting antimicrobial functional carbon dots(FCDs)and concanavalin A doped polydopamine nanoparticles(Con A-PDA)for identification of bacteria.In this sensor,the fluorescence intensity of the three FCDs was quenched by the Con A-PDA.Upon addition different types of bacteria,the fluorescence intensity of the three FCDs was restored or further quenched.Recur to statistical analysis methods,it is employed to accurately discriminate 10 types of bacteria(including three probiotics and seven pathogenic bacteria)in natural water samples and human urine samples.The discrimination ability of the sensor array was highly enhanced via different competing binding of the FCDs and the bacteria toward Con A-PDA.The proposed array-based method offers a rapid,high-throughput,and reliable sensing platform for pathogen diagnosis in the field of environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.
基金Supported by the High-Level Research Fund(12225000404)。
文摘API(Application Programming Interface)documentation often only describes individual APIs and lacks information on complex API relations and code examples.Retrieval-based and generation-based methods can both produce documentation that includes API relationship descriptions and code examples.However,they are limited by the richness of available API resources.As a result,they struggle to be effective when dealing with resource-scarce languages such as Kotlin.We propose an on-demand API tutorial generation method for resource-scarce languages,transferring API knowledge from a resource-rich language like Java to Kotlin using an AI chain.Evaluating our method on 500 Kotlin APIs,we generated more API documents than the state-of-the-art retrieval-based method ADECK and the generate-based method gDoc.The number of API guidelines generated by our method is 37 times that of ADECK and 1.6 times that of gDoc.Compared with the scheme that did not adopt the knowledge transfer strategy,the success rate of our method has increased by 31.25 percentage points.This demonstrates the feasibility and potential of using LLMs to create new API knowledge across languages.
基金Supported by Educational Department(JYTMS20230310)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-215)。
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap and good stability.However,its performance is inhibited by high interfacial resistance and severe charge carrier recombination.In this study,a CuO interlayer was introduced between fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)and CuBi_(2)O_(4)to construct CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathodes,aiming to improve interfacial charge transfer.The results showed that CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)-200 exhibited a photocurrent density of−1.71 mA/cm^(2)at 0 V vs.RHE,which was more than 3.5 times higher than that of bare CuBi_(2)O_(4).The incident photon-to-current efficiency(IPCE)at 365 nm was enhanced to~13%and the maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE)reached 0.17%.Water splitting experiments revealed a hydrogen yield of 2.05μmol/cm^(2),significantly surpassing that of the unmodified photoelectrode.The enhanced PEC performance indicated that the CuO layer established a favorable band alignment,promoted hole transport toward the FTO substrate and effectively suppressed interfacial carrier recombination.This work demonstrated a simple and efficient interfacial engineering strategy,offering new insights and guidance for the design and development of high-performance semiconductor-based PEC photoelectrodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072208 and 52261160384)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number GZB20250057China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M770223).
文摘With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51874033)to Prof.Hai-Yan Tang.
文摘In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air suction during the steady-state casting and filling process,was comparatively studied through physical modeling and mathematical simulation methods.During the filling process,the liquid surface forms a large-size slag eye under the impact of molten steel from a ladle shroud,which simultaneously results in a violent fluctuation of liquid level.Concurrently,the liquid flow entrains the air phase and the cover slag into the tundish impact zone,resulting in slag entrapment and air suction.At filling flow rates of 1.5Q,2.0Q,and 2.5Q(Q is the flow rate under steady-state casting),the amount of slag entrapped is 8.39×10^(-5),9.65×10^(-5),and 12.7×10^(-5)m^(3),respectively,while the volume of air aspirated is 0.84×10^(-4),1.47×10^(-4),and 2.01×10^(-4)m^(3),indicating that slag entrapment and air suction intensify with an increase in tundish filling flow rate.Flow field characterization identifies eddy currents in the impact zone as the primary driver of the above phenomena.Proper filling process parameters were proposed to improve the steel quality during the tundish filling.
文摘Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).
基金supported by ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds under Grant No.IA20230921014。
文摘In this paper,we provide a comprehensive examination of the evolution of graphics Application Programming Interfaces(APIs).We begin by exploring traditional graphics APIs,elucidating their distinct features and inherent challenges.This sets the stage for a detailed exploration of modern graphics APIs,with a focus on four critical design principles.These principles are further analyzed through specific case studies and categorical examinations.The paper then introduces MoerEngine,a bespoke rendering engine,as a practical case to demonstrate the real-world application of these modern principles in software engineering.In conclusion,the study offers insights into the potential future trajectory of graphics APIs,spotlighting emerging design patterns and technological innovations.It also ventures to predict the development trends and capabilities of next-generation graphics APIs.
