Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnec...Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.展开更多
Open data strategies are being adopted in disaster-related data particularly because of the need to provide information on global targets and indicators for implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Red...Open data strategies are being adopted in disaster-related data particularly because of the need to provide information on global targets and indicators for implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.In all phases of disaster risk management including forecasting,emergency response and post-disaster reconstruction,the need for interconnected multidisciplinary open data for collaborative reporting as well as study and analysis are apparent,in order to determine disaster impact data in timely and reportable manner.The extraordinary progress in computing and information technology in the past decade,such as broad local and wide-area network connectivity(e.g.Internet),highperformance computing,service and cloud computing,big data methods and mobile devices,provides the technical foundation for connecting open data to support disaster risk research.A new generation of disaster data infrastructure based on interconnected open data is evolving rapidly.There are two levels in the conceptual model of Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research(LODGD)Working Group of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology(CODATA),which is the Committee on Data of the International Council for Science(ICSU):data characterization and data connection.In data characterization,the knowledge about disaster taxonomy and data dependency on disaster events requires specific scientific study as it aims to understand and present the correlation between specific disaster events and scientific data through the integration of literature analysis and semantic knowledge discovery.Data connection concepts deal with technical methods to connect distributed data resources identified by data characterization of disaster type.In the science community,interconnected open data for disaster risk impact assessment are beginning to influence how disaster data are shared,and this will need to extend data coverage and provide better ways of utilizing data across domains where innovation and integration are now necessarily needed.展开更多
Porous hydroxyapatite （HA）-tricalcium phosphate （TCP） ceramic scaffolds were prepared using a screw-type extrusion method with polymer beads. HA and dicalcium phosphate dehydrates （DCPD） were added at various ra...Porous hydroxyapatite （HA）-tricalcium phosphate （TCP） ceramic scaffolds were prepared using a screw-type extrusion method with polymer beads. HA and dicalcium phosphate dehydrates （DCPD） were added at various ratios to obtain different HA/TCP ratios in sintered ceramic scaffolds. To further enhance the pore interconnectivity and porosity, the developed porous ceramic scaffolds were etched with acid solutions. The maximum porosity （- 85%） was observed in the Ca-P scaffold with the lowest HA （-7%） content. On the other hand, the maximum compressive strength was noted in the scaffolds with the highest HA content （ - 85%）. X-ray diffraction showed that the extent of the fl-TCP to a-TCP phase transformation increased with decreasing HA/DCPD ratio. All HCl-etched scaffolds were observed to generate micropores, which improved the interconnectivity, while biomineralization was found to be the same for both the HCl-etched and non- etched scaffolds. In particular, hydrochloric acid etching is a promising method for improving the interconnectivity and porosity of the ceramic scaffolds.展开更多
The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they ...The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.展开更多
Porous architecture in bone substitutes,notably the interconnectivity of pores,is a critical factor for bone ingrowth.However,controlling the pore interconnectivity while maintaining the microarchitecture has not yet ...Porous architecture in bone substitutes,notably the interconnectivity of pores,is a critical factor for bone ingrowth.However,controlling the pore interconnectivity while maintaining the microarchitecture has not yet been achieved using conventional methods,such as sintering.Herein,we fabricated a porous block using the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate,and controlled the pore interconnectivity by limiting the region of crystal growth.The calcium sulfate dihydrate blocks were transformed to bone apatite,carbonate apatite(CO_(3)Ap)through dissolution–precipitation reactions.Thus,CO_(3)Ap blocks with 15%and 30%interconnected pore volumes were obtained while maintaining the microarchitecture:they were designated as CO_(3)Ap-15 and CO_(3)Ap-30,respectively.At 4 weeks after implantation in a rabbit femur defect,new bone formed throughout CO_(3)Ap-30,whereas little bone was formed in the center region of CO_(3)Ap-15.At 12 weeks after implantation,a large portion of CO_(3)Ap-30 was replaced with new bone and the boundary with the host bone became blurred.In contrast,CO_(3)Ap-15 remained in the defect and the boundary with the host bone was still clear.Thus,the interconnected pores promote bone ingrowth,followed by replacement of the material with new bone.These findings provide a useful guide for designing bone substitutes for rapid bone regeneration.展开更多
The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associatio...The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.展开更多
Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system th...Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.展开更多
As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitation...As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitations impose constraints on the scalability and reliability of future semiconductor technologies.Our paper describes the new Vertical multilayer Aluminium Boron Nitride Nanoribbon(AlBN)interconnect structure,integrated with Density functional theory(DFT)using first-principles calculations.This study explores AlBN-based nanostructures with doping of 1Cu,2Cu,1Fe(Iron),and 2Fe for the application of Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)interconnects.The AlBN structure utilized the advantages of vertical multilayer interconnects to both reduce the RC delay while enhancing signal integrity.Key parameters like Fermi energy,bandgap,binding energy,conduction channels,quantum resistance,and RC delay were analyzed.Through modeling and large-scale simulation,the structural,electronic,and stability attributes of the AlBN interconnects are analyzed,and the results illustrate considerable improvements in signal propagation against Cu interconnect structures.These findings confirm the tunable,high-performance nature of AlBN-2Fe,making it a promising candidate for future high-speed,low-power VLSI interconnect technologies.We demonstrated an advanced energy-efficient interconnect that can be easily scaled for future nanoscale VLSI circuit design and gives rise to a next generation of viable interconnect technology for high-capacity,high-speed,reliable semiconductor technology.展开更多
NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate g...NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate garbage collection(GC)operations.Valid page migration during GC contributes significantly to latency overhead while competing for flash channel bandwidth and controller resources with user I/O requests through shared physical paths,leading to path conflicts and elevated long-tail latency.The existing Venice scheme introduces a low-cost interconnected network with path reservation mechanisms to provide substantial path diversity for SSDs.Nevertheless,its fair scheduling policy lacks priority differentiation between I/O and GC requests.In this paper,we propose GC bypass,which leverages Venice’s path diversity while enforcing GC request transmission through dedicated controllers.GC bypass decomposes GC requests into sub-requests and assigns low priority to valid page writes,enabling high-priority operations including user I/O,valid page reads,and block erases,to preempt paths reserved by low-priority requests.Valid pages failing to secure reserved paths are temporarily buffered for retry.Experimental results demonstrate that GC bypass reduces the 99.99th percentile long-tail latency by up to 25%compared to Venice.GC bypass effectively mitigates interference between critical I/O operations and background maintenance tasks while maintaining the architectural benefits of path diversity.展开更多
The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic...The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.展开更多
In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Cl...In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Clean Energy Base,which was developed by China General Nuclear Power Group and became operational at the end of 2025.展开更多
This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the ...This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the design process,we transform the studied system into the form of a fully actuated system through a state transformation.Then,to address the unknown nonlinear functions and actuator fault parameters,we employ neural networks and adaptive estimation techniques,respectively.Moreover,to reduce the control cost and improve the control efficiency,we introduce event-triggered inputs into the control strategy.It is proved by the Lyapunov stability analysis that all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded and the output of system eventually converge to a bounded region.The efficacy of the control approach is ultimately demonstrated via the simulation of an actual machine feeding system.展开更多
Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency devia...Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.展开更多
This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine t...This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine the transmission power of the DC and AC paths to simultaneously improve voltage quality and reduce losses.First,considering the embedded interconnected,unbalanced power structure of the distribution area,a power flow calculation method for EDC-LVDA that accounts for three-phase unbalanced compensation is introduced.This method accurately describes the power flow distribution characteristics under both AC and DC power allocation scenarios.Second,an optimization scheduling model for EDC-LVDA under three-phase unbalanced conditions is developed,incorporating network losses,voltage quality,DC link losses,and unbalance levels.The proposed model employs an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)two-layer algorithm to autonomously select different power allocation coefficients for the DC link and AC section under various operating conditions.This enables embedded economic optimization scheduling while maintaining compensation for unbalanced conditions.Finally,a case study based on the IEEE 13-node system for EDC-LVDA is conducted and tested.The results show that the proposed optimal operation method achieves a 100%voltage compliance rate and reduces network losses by 13.8%,while ensuring three-phase power balance compensation.This provides a practical solution for the modernization and upgrading of low-voltage power grids.展开更多
A new era that will require more collaboration and shared benefits Business,trade,culture and technology have been globalized over a steady course of change and connection for the past 70 years.
This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field re...This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field regulation layer enhances the PD’s performance by not only reducing and smoothing the electric field intensity in the collector layer,allowing photo-generated electrons to transit at peak drift velocity,but also improving the electric field intensity in the depleted absorber layer and optimizing the photo-generated carriers’saturated transit performance.Additionally,the transport characteristics of the peak drift velocity of photogenerated electrons in the device’s collection layer can be used to optimize its parasitic characteristics.The electron’s peak drift velocity compensates for the lost transit time.Thus improving the 3 dB bandwidth of the PD’s photo response.Finally obtains a MUTC-PD with a 3 dB bandwidth of 68 GHz at a responsivity of 0.502 A/W,making it suitable for 100 Gbit/s optical receivers.展开更多
As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise beca...As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.展开更多
As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are in...As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are increasingly recognized as core requirements for next-generation intelligent computing center designs^([1, 2]). For short-range optical interconnections of intra-chip and inter-chip—typically covering tens of meters or less—microring resonant modulators (MRM) are emerging as an ideal solution.展开更多
Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communi...Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communication has evolved into an increasingly prominent area of research in recent years.Here,we demonstrate DSP-free coherent optical transmission by analog signal processing in frequency synchronous optical network(FSON)architecture,which supports polarization multiplexing and higher-order modulation formats.The FSON architecture that allows the numerous laser sources of optical transceivers within a data center can be quasi-synchronized by means of a tree-distributed homology architecture.In conjunction with our proposed pilot-tone assisted Costas loop for an analog coherent receiver,we achieve a record dual-polarization 224-Gb/s 16-QAM 5-km mismatch transmission with reset-free carrier phase recovery in the optical domain.Our proposed DSP-free analog coherent detection system based on the FSON makes it a promising solution for next-generation,low-power,and high-capacity coherent data center interconnects.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter investigates the problem of multi-dimension formation tracking(MDFT)for the cross-domain unmanned systems,including several interconnected agents,namely,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)and unmann...Dear Editor,This letter investigates the problem of multi-dimension formation tracking(MDFT)for the cross-domain unmanned systems,including several interconnected agents,namely,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)and unmanned surface vehicles(USVs).We assume that each agent suffers from by the mixed constraints on its velocity,control input and Euler angle.Solving the MDFT problem implies that 1)The virtual state of each USV is determined in the earth coordinate by expanding its 2D work space to the 3D space.展开更多
基金supported by grants from Shenzhen Key Medical Subject(No.SZXK023)Shenzhen“SanMing”Project of Medicine(No.SZSM201612092)+3 种基金Shenzhen Research and Development Projects(No.JCYJ20170307111755218)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019A1515011290)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1102103)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M672756)
文摘Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA19020201].
文摘Open data strategies are being adopted in disaster-related data particularly because of the need to provide information on global targets and indicators for implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.In all phases of disaster risk management including forecasting,emergency response and post-disaster reconstruction,the need for interconnected multidisciplinary open data for collaborative reporting as well as study and analysis are apparent,in order to determine disaster impact data in timely and reportable manner.The extraordinary progress in computing and information technology in the past decade,such as broad local and wide-area network connectivity(e.g.Internet),highperformance computing,service and cloud computing,big data methods and mobile devices,provides the technical foundation for connecting open data to support disaster risk research.A new generation of disaster data infrastructure based on interconnected open data is evolving rapidly.There are two levels in the conceptual model of Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research(LODGD)Working Group of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology(CODATA),which is the Committee on Data of the International Council for Science(ICSU):data characterization and data connection.In data characterization,the knowledge about disaster taxonomy and data dependency on disaster events requires specific scientific study as it aims to understand and present the correlation between specific disaster events and scientific data through the integration of literature analysis and semantic knowledge discovery.Data connection concepts deal with technical methods to connect distributed data resources identified by data characterization of disaster type.In the science community,interconnected open data for disaster risk impact assessment are beginning to influence how disaster data are shared,and this will need to extend data coverage and provide better ways of utilizing data across domains where innovation and integration are now necessarily needed.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2012R1A1A4A01014136)
文摘Porous hydroxyapatite （HA）-tricalcium phosphate （TCP） ceramic scaffolds were prepared using a screw-type extrusion method with polymer beads. HA and dicalcium phosphate dehydrates （DCPD） were added at various ratios to obtain different HA/TCP ratios in sintered ceramic scaffolds. To further enhance the pore interconnectivity and porosity, the developed porous ceramic scaffolds were etched with acid solutions. The maximum porosity （- 85%） was observed in the Ca-P scaffold with the lowest HA （-7%） content. On the other hand, the maximum compressive strength was noted in the scaffolds with the highest HA content （ - 85%）. X-ray diffraction showed that the extent of the fl-TCP to a-TCP phase transformation increased with decreasing HA/DCPD ratio. All HCl-etched scaffolds were observed to generate micropores, which improved the interconnectivity, while biomineralization was found to be the same for both the HCl-etched and non- etched scaffolds. In particular, hydrochloric acid etching is a promising method for improving the interconnectivity and porosity of the ceramic scaffolds.
基金supported in part by the Rosetrees Trust(#CF-2023-I-2_113)by the Israel Ministry of Innovation,Science,and Technology(#7393)(to ES).
文摘The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.
文摘Porous architecture in bone substitutes,notably the interconnectivity of pores,is a critical factor for bone ingrowth.However,controlling the pore interconnectivity while maintaining the microarchitecture has not yet been achieved using conventional methods,such as sintering.Herein,we fabricated a porous block using the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate,and controlled the pore interconnectivity by limiting the region of crystal growth.The calcium sulfate dihydrate blocks were transformed to bone apatite,carbonate apatite(CO_(3)Ap)through dissolution–precipitation reactions.Thus,CO_(3)Ap blocks with 15%and 30%interconnected pore volumes were obtained while maintaining the microarchitecture:they were designated as CO_(3)Ap-15 and CO_(3)Ap-30,respectively.At 4 weeks after implantation in a rabbit femur defect,new bone formed throughout CO_(3)Ap-30,whereas little bone was formed in the center region of CO_(3)Ap-15.At 12 weeks after implantation,a large portion of CO_(3)Ap-30 was replaced with new bone and the boundary with the host bone became blurred.In contrast,CO_(3)Ap-15 remained in the defect and the boundary with the host bone was still clear.Thus,the interconnected pores promote bone ingrowth,followed by replacement of the material with new bone.These findings provide a useful guide for designing bone substitutes for rapid bone regeneration.
基金support from USA NSF(Grant No.OPP2213875)NASA(Grant No.80NSSC22K1707).
文摘The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2024YFB4405300 and 2022YFA1204300the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2023JJ20016+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants of 52221001 and 62090035the Key Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province under grants of 2022GK3002 and 2023GK2012the Key Program of Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province under grant of 2020XK2001。
文摘Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.
文摘As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitations impose constraints on the scalability and reliability of future semiconductor technologies.Our paper describes the new Vertical multilayer Aluminium Boron Nitride Nanoribbon(AlBN)interconnect structure,integrated with Density functional theory(DFT)using first-principles calculations.This study explores AlBN-based nanostructures with doping of 1Cu,2Cu,1Fe(Iron),and 2Fe for the application of Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)interconnects.The AlBN structure utilized the advantages of vertical multilayer interconnects to both reduce the RC delay while enhancing signal integrity.Key parameters like Fermi energy,bandgap,binding energy,conduction channels,quantum resistance,and RC delay were analyzed.Through modeling and large-scale simulation,the structural,electronic,and stability attributes of the AlBN interconnects are analyzed,and the results illustrate considerable improvements in signal propagation against Cu interconnect structures.These findings confirm the tunable,high-performance nature of AlBN-2Fe,making it a promising candidate for future high-speed,low-power VLSI interconnect technologies.We demonstrated an advanced energy-efficient interconnect that can be easily scaled for future nanoscale VLSI circuit design and gives rise to a next generation of viable interconnect technology for high-capacity,high-speed,reliable semiconductor technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62202368)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB2902703).
文摘NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate garbage collection(GC)operations.Valid page migration during GC contributes significantly to latency overhead while competing for flash channel bandwidth and controller resources with user I/O requests through shared physical paths,leading to path conflicts and elevated long-tail latency.The existing Venice scheme introduces a low-cost interconnected network with path reservation mechanisms to provide substantial path diversity for SSDs.Nevertheless,its fair scheduling policy lacks priority differentiation between I/O and GC requests.In this paper,we propose GC bypass,which leverages Venice’s path diversity while enforcing GC request transmission through dedicated controllers.GC bypass decomposes GC requests into sub-requests and assigns low priority to valid page writes,enabling high-priority operations including user I/O,valid page reads,and block erases,to preempt paths reserved by low-priority requests.Valid pages failing to secure reserved paths are temporarily buffered for retry.Experimental results demonstrate that GC bypass reduces the 99.99th percentile long-tail latency by up to 25%compared to Venice.GC bypass effectively mitigates interference between critical I/O operations and background maintenance tasks while maintaining the architectural benefits of path diversity.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82473887 and 21927808)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shanghai (No.23DZ2202500)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (No.2021-1-I2M-026)。
文摘The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.
基金findings from the Research on the Innovative Mechanism for Coordinated Development of Ecological Security between China’s Yunnan Province and the Vietnam-LaosMyanmar Region,a general project of Yunnan Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning。
文摘In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Clean Energy Base,which was developed by China General Nuclear Power Group and became operational at the end of 2025.
基金supported by the Science Center Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62188101the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62573265.
文摘This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the design process,we transform the studied system into the form of a fully actuated system through a state transformation.Then,to address the unknown nonlinear functions and actuator fault parameters,we employ neural networks and adaptive estimation techniques,respectively.Moreover,to reduce the control cost and improve the control efficiency,we introduce event-triggered inputs into the control strategy.It is proved by the Lyapunov stability analysis that all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded and the output of system eventually converge to a bounded region.The efficacy of the control approach is ultimately demonstrated via the simulation of an actual machine feeding system.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FFR-2025-3623-11”.
文摘Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.
基金supported by the key technology project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(GZKJXM20220041)partly by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2022YFE0205300).
文摘This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine the transmission power of the DC and AC paths to simultaneously improve voltage quality and reduce losses.First,considering the embedded interconnected,unbalanced power structure of the distribution area,a power flow calculation method for EDC-LVDA that accounts for three-phase unbalanced compensation is introduced.This method accurately describes the power flow distribution characteristics under both AC and DC power allocation scenarios.Second,an optimization scheduling model for EDC-LVDA under three-phase unbalanced conditions is developed,incorporating network losses,voltage quality,DC link losses,and unbalance levels.The proposed model employs an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)two-layer algorithm to autonomously select different power allocation coefficients for the DC link and AC section under various operating conditions.This enables embedded economic optimization scheduling while maintaining compensation for unbalanced conditions.Finally,a case study based on the IEEE 13-node system for EDC-LVDA is conducted and tested.The results show that the proposed optimal operation method achieves a 100%voltage compliance rate and reduces network losses by 13.8%,while ensuring three-phase power balance compensation.This provides a practical solution for the modernization and upgrading of low-voltage power grids.
文摘A new era that will require more collaboration and shared benefits Business,trade,culture and technology have been globalized over a steady course of change and connection for the past 70 years.
文摘This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field regulation layer enhances the PD’s performance by not only reducing and smoothing the electric field intensity in the collector layer,allowing photo-generated electrons to transit at peak drift velocity,but also improving the electric field intensity in the depleted absorber layer and optimizing the photo-generated carriers’saturated transit performance.Additionally,the transport characteristics of the peak drift velocity of photogenerated electrons in the device’s collection layer can be used to optimize its parasitic characteristics.The electron’s peak drift velocity compensates for the lost transit time.Thus improving the 3 dB bandwidth of the PD’s photo response.Finally obtains a MUTC-PD with a 3 dB bandwidth of 68 GHz at a responsivity of 0.502 A/W,making it suitable for 100 Gbit/s optical receivers.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4004000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20542,52472210,22279057)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221312)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_1465)Cultivation Program for the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing Tech University(2023-09)the grant of Hydrogen Energy Laboratory(No.FEUZ-2024-0009)。
文摘As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61925505 and 62405070)"Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D Program of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2024C01112)National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFB2807100)。
文摘As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are increasingly recognized as core requirements for next-generation intelligent computing center designs^([1, 2]). For short-range optical interconnections of intra-chip and inter-chip—typically covering tens of meters or less—microring resonant modulators (MRM) are emerging as an ideal solution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62405250 and 62471404)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M762955)+1 种基金the Key Project of Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics(Grant No.2023GD003)the Optical Com-munication and Sensing Laboratory,School of Engineering,Westlake University.
文摘Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communication has evolved into an increasingly prominent area of research in recent years.Here,we demonstrate DSP-free coherent optical transmission by analog signal processing in frequency synchronous optical network(FSON)architecture,which supports polarization multiplexing and higher-order modulation formats.The FSON architecture that allows the numerous laser sources of optical transceivers within a data center can be quasi-synchronized by means of a tree-distributed homology architecture.In conjunction with our proposed pilot-tone assisted Costas loop for an analog coherent receiver,we achieve a record dual-polarization 224-Gb/s 16-QAM 5-km mismatch transmission with reset-free carrier phase recovery in the optical domain.Our proposed DSP-free analog coherent detection system based on the FSON makes it a promising solution for next-generation,low-power,and high-capacity coherent data center interconnects.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073301,62373162,62473349,U24A20268,62233007)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20240813114007010).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter investigates the problem of multi-dimension formation tracking(MDFT)for the cross-domain unmanned systems,including several interconnected agents,namely,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)and unmanned surface vehicles(USVs).We assume that each agent suffers from by the mixed constraints on its velocity,control input and Euler angle.Solving the MDFT problem implies that 1)The virtual state of each USV is determined in the earth coordinate by expanding its 2D work space to the 3D space.
