With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelli...With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelligent models.However,these data often contain sensitive information of users.Federated learning(FL),as a privacy preservation machine learning setting,allows users to obtain a well-trained model without sending the privacy-sensitive local data to the central server.Despite the promising prospect of FL,several significant research challenges need to be addressed before widespread deployment,including network resource allocation,model security,model convergence,etc.In this paper,we first provide a brief survey on some of these works that have been done on FL and discuss the motivations of the Communication Networks(CNs)and FL to mutually enable each other.We analyze the support of network technologies for FL,which requires frequent communication and emphasizes security,as well as the studies on the intelligence of many network scenarios and the improvement of network performance and security by the methods based on FL.At last,some challenges and broader perspectives are explored.展开更多
As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon hete...As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology,achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs.The intercon-necting layer,which connects the two sub-cells,plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance.It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface.Therefore,the properties of the inter-connecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance.In this work,we applied statistical analysis and machine learn-ing algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer.A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parame-ters was established,and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression,random forest,and multilayer per-ceptron(a type of neural network).The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters,providing valu-able insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells.The final opti-mized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%,providing guidance and direction for the devel-opment of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.展开更多
As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus...As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus influencing the tandem device performance. Here, for the first time, the relationship between ICLs architecture and 2 T monolithic perovskite/organic tandem device performance has been studied by investigating the change of ICLs composition layer thickness on the ICLs optical and electrical properties, sub-cells EQE properties, and tandem device J-V properties. It is revealed that the ability of ICLs on modulating the sub-cells carrier balance properties is strongly associated with its composited layers thickness, and the tandem device carrier balance properties can be reflected by the relative EQE intensity between the sub-cells. Finally, with a deep understanding of the mechanisms, rational design of ICLs can be made to benefit the tandem device development. Based on the optimized ICL a high PCE of 20.03% is achieved.展开更多
On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising cloc...On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising clock frequency, therefore it is meaningful to lower the interconnecting bus power in design. In this paper, a simple yet accurate interconnect parasitic capacitance model is presented first and then, based on this model, a novel interconnecting bus optimization method is proposed. Wire spacing is a process for spacing wires for minimum dynamic power, while wire ordering is a process that searches for wire orders that maximally enhance it. The method, i.e., combining wire spacing with wire ordering, focuses on bus dynamic power optimization with a consideration of bus performance requirements. The optimization method is verified based on various nanometer technology parameters, showing that with 50% slack of routing space, 25.71% and 32.65% of power can be saved on average by the proposed optimization method for a global bus and an intermediate bus, respectively, under a 65-nm technology node, compared with 21.78% and 27.68% of power saved on average by uniform spacing technology. The proposed method is especially suitable for computer-aided design of nanometer scale on-chip buses.展开更多
Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach...Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach, a tapered bus system can be analyzed as a set of cascaded uniform buses with slightly different strip widths. Obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in preci...Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in precisely controlling the inter-subcells carrier migration which determines the balance of charge transport across the entire device.The conductivity of"nanowires"-like conducting channel in interconnecting layer between sub-cells should be improved which calls for fine engineering on the morphology of polyelectrolyte in interconnecting layer.Here,we develop a simple method to effectively manipulating the domains of conductive components in commercially available polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSs.The use of poor solvent could effectively modify the configuration of polystyrene sulfonic acid and thus the space for conductive components.Based on our strategy,the insulated shells wrapping conductive domains are thinned and the efficiencies of tandem organic solar cells are improved.We believe our method might provide guidance for the manufacture of tandem organic solar cells.展开更多
All-perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs)consist of a wide-bandgap(WBG,1.75-1.8 eV)top subcell and a low-bandgap(LBG,1.2-1.3 eV)bottom subcell,exhibit superior power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)compared to single-junct...All-perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs)consist of a wide-bandgap(WBG,1.75-1.8 eV)top subcell and a low-bandgap(LBG,1.2-1.3 eV)bottom subcell,exhibit superior power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)compared to single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In addition,the advantages of lowtemperature solution preparation and low manufactu ring cost make the all-perovskite tandem solar cells widely concerned,and are considered to be one of the most potential next-generation high-performance thin film photovoltaic technologies.In this perspective,we briefly summarize the state-of-the-art advances in monolithic all-perovskite TSCs focusing on the following aspects:LBG perovskite bottom subcells,WBG perovskite top subcells,and interconnecting layers(ICLs).We then discuss the primary strategies to improve their performa nce and finally highlight the perspective regarding the achievement of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandems.展开更多
The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In ord...The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In order to accurately reveal the relationship between ectopic osteogenesis and macro-pore sizes in dorsal muscle and abdominal cavities of dogs,hydroxyapatite(HA)scaffolds with three different macro-pore sizes of 500–650,750–900 and 1100–1250 mm were prepared via sugar spheres-leaching process,which also had similar interconnecting structure determined by keeping the d/s ratio of interconnecting window diameter to macro-pore size constant.The permeability test showed that the seepage flow of fluid through the porous scaffolds increased with the increase of macro-pore sizes.The cell growth in three scaffolds was not affected by the macro-pore sizes.The in vivo ectopic implantation results indicated that the macro-pore sizes of HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure have impact not only the speed of osteogenesis and angiogenesis but also the space distribution of newly formed bone.The scaffold with macro-pore sizes of 750–900 mm exhibited much faster angiogenesis and osteogenesis,and much more uniformly distribution of new bone than those with othermacro-pore sizes.This work illustrates the importance of a suitable macro-pore sizes in HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure which provides the environment for ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field re...This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field regulation layer enhances the PD’s performance by not only reducing and smoothing the electric field intensity in the collector layer,allowing photo-generated electrons to transit at peak drift velocity,but also improving the electric field intensity in the depleted absorber layer and optimizing the photo-generated carriers’saturated transit performance.Additionally,the transport characteristics of the peak drift velocity of photogenerated electrons in the device’s collection layer can be used to optimize its parasitic characteristics.The electron’s peak drift velocity compensates for the lost transit time.Thus improving the 3 dB bandwidth of the PD’s photo response.Finally obtains a MUTC-PD with a 3 dB bandwidth of 68 GHz at a responsivity of 0.502 A/W,making it suitable for 100 Gbit/s optical receivers.展开更多
This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem O...This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem OSCs.More specifically,firstly,the two key advantages unique to tandem OSCs as compared to single OSCs,namely minimizing sub-bandgap transmission and thermalization loss as well as realizing optical thick and electrical thin structures,have been discussed.Secondly,the ICL,as one of the most challenging issue in tandem OSCs that needs to fulfill the optical,electrical and mechanical requirements simultaneously to realize a qualified ICL has been reviewed.As one of the most challenging requirement among the three,the electrical requirement and its corresponding three different solving strategies have been discussed in detail,revealing a bright future for developing a general strategy to realizing qualified ICL composed of different hole transporting layer(HTL) and electron transporting layer(ETL).展开更多
As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise beca...As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.展开更多
The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they ...The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.展开更多
A Malawian perspective on China’s influence,innovation and shared growth In today’s interconnected world,diplomacy,trade,and culture are drawing nations once thought distant closer.A case in point is the growing rel...A Malawian perspective on China’s influence,innovation and shared growth In today’s interconnected world,diplomacy,trade,and culture are drawing nations once thought distant closer.A case in point is the growing relationship between Malawi and China-two geographically and historically distinct countries that are finding powerful common ground and shared aspirations.展开更多
As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are in...As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are increasingly recognized as core requirements for next-generation intelligent computing center designs^([1, 2]). For short-range optical interconnections of intra-chip and inter-chip—typically covering tens of meters or less—microring resonant modulators (MRM) are emerging as an ideal solution.展开更多
Chongqing,the only municipality directly under the central government in China’s central and western regions,is distinguished by its unique identity as both a“mountain city”and a“river city.”Recognized as the bir...Chongqing,the only municipality directly under the central government in China’s central and western regions,is distinguished by its unique identity as both a“mountain city”and a“river city.”Recognized as the birthplace of Bayu culture,an influential ancient culture native to the Chongqing area,the city boasts a recorded history of more than 3,000 years.As a crucial strategic hub in the development of China’s western regions,Chongqing occupies a pivotal position in the interconnected networks fostered by the Belt and Road Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Leveraging the golden waterway of the Yangtze River,the China-Europe Railway Express(Chengdu-Chongqing),and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor,Chongqing has emerged as a crucial gateway for China’s opening-up.展开更多
Metal composites produced through the liquid metal dealloying(LMD)process feature an advanced matrix-matrix composite structure,where two metallic materials form a continuous,three-dimensional interconnected network.T...Metal composites produced through the liquid metal dealloying(LMD)process feature an advanced matrix-matrix composite structure,where two metallic materials form a continuous,three-dimensional interconnected network.This study investigates the effects of Ti Cu precursor compositions on dealloying behavior and microstructural evolution in liquid Mg,using Ti_(50)Cu_(50)and Ti_(30)Cu_(70)precursors.The initial microstructure of the precursor significantly influences dealloying kinetics and phase transitions.The single-phase Ti_(50)Cu_(50)precursor exhibits a faster initial dealloying rate due to its homogeneous structure,yet complete dealloying requires 90 min.In contrast,the dualphase Ti_(30)Cu_(70)precursor achieves complete dealloying in 30 min,demonstrating the impact of a higher Cu concentration on accelerating the process kinetics.Additionally,the study explores the coarsening behavior and hardness variations during the LMD process,along with the microstructural characteristics of Mg-Ti composites fabricated from these two precursors.The findings highlight the critical role of precursor composition in tailoring the microstructure and properties of Mg-Ti composites produced through the LMD process,demonstrating its potential for advanced composite material manufacturing.展开更多
High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human...High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.展开更多
The competence to distinguish points of view is an essential skill in today’s interconnected and information-rich world.Here’s why it is so important:区分观点的能力是当今互联互通、信息丰富的世界中一项必不可少的技能...The competence to distinguish points of view is an essential skill in today’s interconnected and information-rich world.Here’s why it is so important:区分观点的能力是当今互联互通、信息丰富的世界中一项必不可少的技能。以下是它如此重要的原因。展开更多
Amid ASEAN’s accelerating energy transition,the Advanced Energy Storage Industry Technology and Innovation Alliance(AESIA)drives cross-border collaboration to address grid fragility,aging infrastructure,and investmen...Amid ASEAN’s accelerating energy transition,the Advanced Energy Storage Industry Technology and Innovation Alliance(AESIA)drives cross-border collaboration to address grid fragility,aging infrastructure,and investment gaps.By leveraging China’s tropical-tested solutions(e.g.,grid-stabilizing storage systems)and aligning with ASEAN’s 2030 renewable targets,AESIA focuses on three pillars:adaptive technology(localized storage for solar/wind integration),regional grid interconnection(via the ASEAN Power Grid to share renewable surpluses),and blended finance(mitigating risks for long-duration storage projects).Key initiatives include standardized tropical storage protocols,training ASEAN engineers in microgrid management,and pilot cross-border projects reducing curtailment.By 2030,AESIA aims to scale affordable storage and integrate emerging tech,balancing energy security with decarbonization.This model bridges technical expertise with ASEAN’s dynamic needs,fostering a resilient,inclusive energy future.展开更多
Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communi...Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communication has evolved into an increasingly prominent area of research in recent years.Here,we demonstrate DSP-free coherent optical transmission by analog signal processing in frequency synchronous optical network(FSON)architecture,which supports polarization multiplexing and higher-order modulation formats.The FSON architecture that allows the numerous laser sources of optical transceivers within a data center can be quasi-synchronized by means of a tree-distributed homology architecture.In conjunction with our proposed pilot-tone assisted Costas loop for an analog coherent receiver,we achieve a record dual-polarization 224-Gb/s 16-QAM 5-km mismatch transmission with reset-free carrier phase recovery in the optical domain.Our proposed DSP-free analog coherent detection system based on the FSON makes it a promising solution for next-generation,low-power,and high-capacity coherent data center interconnects.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB2704200)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.4254064).
文摘With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelligent models.However,these data often contain sensitive information of users.Federated learning(FL),as a privacy preservation machine learning setting,allows users to obtain a well-trained model without sending the privacy-sensitive local data to the central server.Despite the promising prospect of FL,several significant research challenges need to be addressed before widespread deployment,including network resource allocation,model security,model convergence,etc.In this paper,we first provide a brief survey on some of these works that have been done on FL and discuss the motivations of the Communication Networks(CNs)and FL to mutually enable each other.We analyze the support of network technologies for FL,which requires frequent communication and emphasizes security,as well as the studies on the intelligence of many network scenarios and the improvement of network performance and security by the methods based on FL.At last,some challenges and broader perspectives are explored.
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4202503)Tianjin Science and Technology Project(Grant No.24ZXZSSS00120)+4 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2072)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(Grant No.202302A0370009)the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation of Higher Education of China(Grant No.B16027)the project of high-efficiency heterojunction solar cell technology and equipment industrialization(Grant No.TC220A04A-159)TCL science and technology innovation fund.Financial support was provided by the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University.
文摘As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology,achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs.The intercon-necting layer,which connects the two sub-cells,plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance.It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface.Therefore,the properties of the inter-connecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance.In this work,we applied statistical analysis and machine learn-ing algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer.A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parame-ters was established,and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression,random forest,and multilayer per-ceptron(a type of neural network).The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters,providing valu-able insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells.The final opti-mized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%,providing guidance and direction for the devel-opment of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2019B030302007)the Ministry of Science and Technology(2017YFA0206600,2019YFA0705900)+6 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(51973063,91733302 and 51803060)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar(2021B1515020028)the Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates(South China University of Technology)(2019B030301003)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(201904010147)the funding by State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials and Devices,South China University of Technologythe Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52003090)。
文摘As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus influencing the tandem device performance. Here, for the first time, the relationship between ICLs architecture and 2 T monolithic perovskite/organic tandem device performance has been studied by investigating the change of ICLs composition layer thickness on the ICLs optical and electrical properties, sub-cells EQE properties, and tandem device J-V properties. It is revealed that the ability of ICLs on modulating the sub-cells carrier balance properties is strongly associated with its composited layers thickness, and the tandem device carrier balance properties can be reflected by the relative EQE intensity between the sub-cells. Finally, with a deep understanding of the mechanisms, rational design of ICLs can be made to benefit the tandem device development. Based on the optimized ICL a high PCE of 20.03% is achieved.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60725415, 60971066, and 61006028)the National High-Tech Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009AA01Z258 and 2009AA01Z260)the National Key Lab Foundation,China (Grant No. ZHD200904)
文摘On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising clock frequency, therefore it is meaningful to lower the interconnecting bus power in design. In this paper, a simple yet accurate interconnect parasitic capacitance model is presented first and then, based on this model, a novel interconnecting bus optimization method is proposed. Wire spacing is a process for spacing wires for minimum dynamic power, while wire ordering is a process that searches for wire orders that maximally enhance it. The method, i.e., combining wire spacing with wire ordering, focuses on bus dynamic power optimization with a consideration of bus performance requirements. The optimization method is verified based on various nanometer technology parameters, showing that with 50% slack of routing space, 25.71% and 32.65% of power can be saved on average by the proposed optimization method for a global bus and an intermediate bus, respectively, under a 65-nm technology node, compared with 21.78% and 27.68% of power saved on average by uniform spacing technology. The proposed method is especially suitable for computer-aided design of nanometer scale on-chip buses.
文摘Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach, a tapered bus system can be analyzed as a set of cascaded uniform buses with slightly different strip widths. Obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(22275016,21835006,22122905)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(2232078)+2 种基金Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS)Junior Fellow(2019BMS20014,BNLMS-CXXM-201903)National Research Council of Science and Technology of Korea(Global20-004)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDPB13-3).
文摘Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in precisely controlling the inter-subcells carrier migration which determines the balance of charge transport across the entire device.The conductivity of"nanowires"-like conducting channel in interconnecting layer between sub-cells should be improved which calls for fine engineering on the morphology of polyelectrolyte in interconnecting layer.Here,we develop a simple method to effectively manipulating the domains of conductive components in commercially available polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSs.The use of poor solvent could effectively modify the configuration of polystyrene sulfonic acid and thus the space for conductive components.Based on our strategy,the insulated shells wrapping conductive domains are thinned and the efficiencies of tandem organic solar cells are improved.We believe our method might provide guidance for the manufacture of tandem organic solar cells.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(no.2022YFB4200303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.62174112)+2 种基金the Engineering Featured Team Fund of Sichuan University(no.2020SCUNG102)the Technical Application-Oriented Research Projects for Liaoning Provincial College of Communications(no.xyfzx202305)the Basic Research Projects for the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(LJ212411500014)。
文摘All-perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs)consist of a wide-bandgap(WBG,1.75-1.8 eV)top subcell and a low-bandgap(LBG,1.2-1.3 eV)bottom subcell,exhibit superior power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)compared to single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In addition,the advantages of lowtemperature solution preparation and low manufactu ring cost make the all-perovskite tandem solar cells widely concerned,and are considered to be one of the most potential next-generation high-performance thin film photovoltaic technologies.In this perspective,we briefly summarize the state-of-the-art advances in monolithic all-perovskite TSCs focusing on the following aspects:LBG perovskite bottom subcells,WBG perovskite top subcells,and interconnecting layers(ICLs).We then discuss the primary strategies to improve their performa nce and finally highlight the perspective regarding the achievement of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandems.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2012CB933600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572228,51172188).
文摘The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In order to accurately reveal the relationship between ectopic osteogenesis and macro-pore sizes in dorsal muscle and abdominal cavities of dogs,hydroxyapatite(HA)scaffolds with three different macro-pore sizes of 500–650,750–900 and 1100–1250 mm were prepared via sugar spheres-leaching process,which also had similar interconnecting structure determined by keeping the d/s ratio of interconnecting window diameter to macro-pore size constant.The permeability test showed that the seepage flow of fluid through the porous scaffolds increased with the increase of macro-pore sizes.The cell growth in three scaffolds was not affected by the macro-pore sizes.The in vivo ectopic implantation results indicated that the macro-pore sizes of HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure have impact not only the speed of osteogenesis and angiogenesis but also the space distribution of newly formed bone.The scaffold with macro-pore sizes of 750–900 mm exhibited much faster angiogenesis and osteogenesis,and much more uniformly distribution of new bone than those with othermacro-pore sizes.This work illustrates the importance of a suitable macro-pore sizes in HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure which provides the environment for ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
文摘This paper proposes a novel modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)featuring an electric field regulation layer:a p-type doped thin layer inserted behind the PD’s n-doped cliff layer.This electric field regulation layer enhances the PD’s performance by not only reducing and smoothing the electric field intensity in the collector layer,allowing photo-generated electrons to transit at peak drift velocity,but also improving the electric field intensity in the depleted absorber layer and optimizing the photo-generated carriers’saturated transit performance.Additionally,the transport characteristics of the peak drift velocity of photogenerated electrons in the device’s collection layer can be used to optimize its parasitic characteristics.The electron’s peak drift velocity compensates for the lost transit time.Thus improving the 3 dB bandwidth of the PD’s photo response.Finally obtains a MUTC-PD with a 3 dB bandwidth of 68 GHz at a responsivity of 0.502 A/W,making it suitable for 100 Gbit/s optical receivers.
基金supported by the General Research Fund(HKU711813)the Collaborative Research Fund(C7045-14E)from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,the Environment and Conservation Found Project(33/2015)from Environment and Conservation Fundthe CAS-Croucher Funding Scheme for Joint Laboratories(CAS14601)
文摘This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem OSCs.More specifically,firstly,the two key advantages unique to tandem OSCs as compared to single OSCs,namely minimizing sub-bandgap transmission and thermalization loss as well as realizing optical thick and electrical thin structures,have been discussed.Secondly,the ICL,as one of the most challenging issue in tandem OSCs that needs to fulfill the optical,electrical and mechanical requirements simultaneously to realize a qualified ICL has been reviewed.As one of the most challenging requirement among the three,the electrical requirement and its corresponding three different solving strategies have been discussed in detail,revealing a bright future for developing a general strategy to realizing qualified ICL composed of different hole transporting layer(HTL) and electron transporting layer(ETL).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4004000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20542,52472210,22279057)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221312)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_1465)Cultivation Program for the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing Tech University(2023-09)the grant of Hydrogen Energy Laboratory(No.FEUZ-2024-0009)。
文摘As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.
基金supported in part by the Rosetrees Trust(#CF-2023-I-2_113)by the Israel Ministry of Innovation,Science,and Technology(#7393)(to ES).
文摘The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.
文摘A Malawian perspective on China’s influence,innovation and shared growth In today’s interconnected world,diplomacy,trade,and culture are drawing nations once thought distant closer.A case in point is the growing relationship between Malawi and China-two geographically and historically distinct countries that are finding powerful common ground and shared aspirations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61925505 and 62405070)"Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D Program of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2024C01112)National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFB2807100)。
文摘As the demand for computing power in data centers continues to grow, balancing data transmitting speed and energy efficiency has emerged as a critical challenge. Highbandwidth, low-power interconnection schemes are increasingly recognized as core requirements for next-generation intelligent computing center designs^([1, 2]). For short-range optical interconnections of intra-chip and inter-chip—typically covering tens of meters or less—microring resonant modulators (MRM) are emerging as an ideal solution.
文摘Chongqing,the only municipality directly under the central government in China’s central and western regions,is distinguished by its unique identity as both a“mountain city”and a“river city.”Recognized as the birthplace of Bayu culture,an influential ancient culture native to the Chongqing area,the city boasts a recorded history of more than 3,000 years.As a crucial strategic hub in the development of China’s western regions,Chongqing occupies a pivotal position in the interconnected networks fostered by the Belt and Road Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Leveraging the golden waterway of the Yangtze River,the China-Europe Railway Express(Chengdu-Chongqing),and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor,Chongqing has emerged as a crucial gateway for China’s opening-up.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(Nos.RS-2024–00351052 and RS-2024–00450561)。
文摘Metal composites produced through the liquid metal dealloying(LMD)process feature an advanced matrix-matrix composite structure,where two metallic materials form a continuous,three-dimensional interconnected network.This study investigates the effects of Ti Cu precursor compositions on dealloying behavior and microstructural evolution in liquid Mg,using Ti_(50)Cu_(50)and Ti_(30)Cu_(70)precursors.The initial microstructure of the precursor significantly influences dealloying kinetics and phase transitions.The single-phase Ti_(50)Cu_(50)precursor exhibits a faster initial dealloying rate due to its homogeneous structure,yet complete dealloying requires 90 min.In contrast,the dualphase Ti_(30)Cu_(70)precursor achieves complete dealloying in 30 min,demonstrating the impact of a higher Cu concentration on accelerating the process kinetics.Additionally,the study explores the coarsening behavior and hardness variations during the LMD process,along with the microstructural characteristics of Mg-Ti composites fabricated from these two precursors.The findings highlight the critical role of precursor composition in tailoring the microstructure and properties of Mg-Ti composites produced through the LMD process,demonstrating its potential for advanced composite material manufacturing.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the Grant Nos.12127806 and 62175195the International Joint Research Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies。
文摘High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.
文摘The competence to distinguish points of view is an essential skill in today’s interconnected and information-rich world.Here’s why it is so important:区分观点的能力是当今互联互通、信息丰富的世界中一项必不可少的技能。以下是它如此重要的原因。
文摘Amid ASEAN’s accelerating energy transition,the Advanced Energy Storage Industry Technology and Innovation Alliance(AESIA)drives cross-border collaboration to address grid fragility,aging infrastructure,and investment gaps.By leveraging China’s tropical-tested solutions(e.g.,grid-stabilizing storage systems)and aligning with ASEAN’s 2030 renewable targets,AESIA focuses on three pillars:adaptive technology(localized storage for solar/wind integration),regional grid interconnection(via the ASEAN Power Grid to share renewable surpluses),and blended finance(mitigating risks for long-duration storage projects).Key initiatives include standardized tropical storage protocols,training ASEAN engineers in microgrid management,and pilot cross-border projects reducing curtailment.By 2030,AESIA aims to scale affordable storage and integrate emerging tech,balancing energy security with decarbonization.This model bridges technical expertise with ASEAN’s dynamic needs,fostering a resilient,inclusive energy future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62405250 and 62471404)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M762955)+1 种基金the Key Project of Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics(Grant No.2023GD003)the Optical Com-munication and Sensing Laboratory,School of Engineering,Westlake University.
文摘Propelled by the rise of artificial intelligence,cloud services,and data center applications,next-generation,low-power,local-oscillator-less,digital signal processing(DSP)-free,and short-reach coherent optical communication has evolved into an increasingly prominent area of research in recent years.Here,we demonstrate DSP-free coherent optical transmission by analog signal processing in frequency synchronous optical network(FSON)architecture,which supports polarization multiplexing and higher-order modulation formats.The FSON architecture that allows the numerous laser sources of optical transceivers within a data center can be quasi-synchronized by means of a tree-distributed homology architecture.In conjunction with our proposed pilot-tone assisted Costas loop for an analog coherent receiver,we achieve a record dual-polarization 224-Gb/s 16-QAM 5-km mismatch transmission with reset-free carrier phase recovery in the optical domain.Our proposed DSP-free analog coherent detection system based on the FSON makes it a promising solution for next-generation,low-power,and high-capacity coherent data center interconnects.
