VRML offers powerful tool for generating 3D scene and realizing real time interactive animation on Web. This paper briefly introduces the related techniques of implementing interactive animation in Web 3D, focusing on...VRML offers powerful tool for generating 3D scene and realizing real time interactive animation on Web. This paper briefly introduces the related techniques of implementing interactive animation in Web 3D, focusing on how to use JavaScript to create Script node for extending VRML functions. This is very useful for virtual product design, product performance simulation, virtual assembly and remote education.展开更多
Insect herbivory is ubiquitous in various ecosystems,and directly influences the growth and survival of individual plants,especially during their vulnerable early life stages like the seedling phase.This,in turn,exert...Insect herbivory is ubiquitous in various ecosystems,and directly influences the growth and survival of individual plants,especially during their vulnerable early life stages like the seedling phase.This,in turn,exerts a significant influence on forest community diversity and structure,as well as ecosystem function and stability.Notable variation in herbivory has been detected both among and within plant species.For decades,many hypotheses have been proposed to explain such variations,including both biotic and abiotic variables.However,most studies have considered only one or several of these hypotheses by focusing on a few potential variables,and their results were usually inconsistent;thus,the factors driving herbivory remain unclear.In this study,we examined leaf herbivory by insects of woody species seedlings in a subtropical forest in southwestern China over two seasons.In total,24 potential variables that represented abiotic resource availability,characters of individual seedlings,conspecific and heterospecific species,and the whole seedling community were selected to test several commonly discussed alternative herbivory hypotheses.Overall,our findings showed that the plant apparency hypothesis was more supported than the other hypotheses in explaining insect seedling herbivory.Our results further indicated that the mechanisms and causes of insect herbivory are complex,multifactorial,species-specific and vary with seasons,indicating that there may be no uniform rules in explaining herbivory for all seedlings.Consequently,such complexity may play an important role in promoting species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance in seedling communities,which may further translate into the following generation of saplings or even adult communities.Changes in the community of insect herbivores and/or variables influencing insect herbivory,may disrupt stability of the original seedling community,thus affecting the regeneration and development of the entire forest community.Therefore,we suggest that issues related to insect herbivory should be considered when developing forest management and conservation.展开更多
This article first respectively introduces the characteristics of product design and digital media technology, combined with knowledge of the new economic background and user participation trends in innovation, analyz...This article first respectively introduces the characteristics of product design and digital media technology, combined with knowledge of the new economic background and user participation trends in innovation, analyzed the shortcomings of traditional design expression and digital media technology, through the use of digital media flash design expression and method, to solve the problem of traditional design expression. Finally, through the expression model of digital media and interactive animation based on flash animation technology, showed that flash obtained the rapid development and application in the multimedia platform.展开更多
The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educat...The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educational programming environment of which feature is an intuitively comprehensive user interface in terms of state transition diagrams. Unfortunately its animation definition was too memory-hungry when played by the built-in interpreter. In this paper, we present a translator of the animation definitions of Islay 3D into ActionScript3 (AS3). Compiling the AS3 codes by way of Papervision3D, we obtain the 3D Flash animation file playable on the Flash platform. It will be shown that the memory and CPU usages will be much saved, quartered and halved, respectively, by virtue of the translator.展开更多
After maturation, Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) seeds often cannot disperse to reach a suitable germination site. It is therefore difficult to naturally regenerate by itself and relies on animal d...After maturation, Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) seeds often cannot disperse to reach a suitable germination site. It is therefore difficult to naturally regenerate by itself and relies on animal dispersal. Squirrels hoard pine seeds as winter food and Korean pine seeds stored for overwintering might become the source of regeneration of the species. From field observations, the pine seeds are the food preference for squirrels during autumn in the Lesser Khingan Mountains in Northeast China. Such preference by squirrels has been attributed to high seed energy content and the ease of seed storage. However, it may also be expected from nutritional aspects that a coevolutionary relationship between squirrels and Korean pine species could be partially explained by the effect of active seed components and their physiological regulatory effects on squirrels. To test this hypothesis, control experiments were carried out to examine the modulatory effects of Korean pine nut oil (PNO) on intestinal microbiota, inflammatory profile and oxidative stress in mice. The results showed that, compared with mice fed a high-fat diet, PNO significantly improved the physical and the healthy state of mice. Histological analysis of the liver and epididymal fat tissue showed that PNO alleviated liver and adipocyte lesions, and inflammation caused by high-fat diets. PNO also significantly decreased atherosclerotic index and ameliorate serum lipid accumulation to prevent cardiovascular disease, which effect the positive control SG group. Moreover, PNO elevated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde levels in the serum. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that PNO restored intestinal microbiota composition, significantly increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia bacteria. These results suggest that Korean pine seeds not only provide adequate fat, protein and energy for squirrels, but also promote physical health and improve body immunity.展开更多
Natural native forests are rapidly being replaced by anthropogenic forests often with a strong presence of invasive alien plant species.Eucalypt species are widely planted worldwide,with Eucalyptus globulus plantation...Natural native forests are rapidly being replaced by anthropogenic forests often with a strong presence of invasive alien plant species.Eucalypt species are widely planted worldwide,with Eucalyptus globulus plantations being par-ticularly expressive in Portugal.Poor forestry practices often lead to the associated expansion of invasive species,such as Acacia dealbata.However,we still know relatively little about the functioning of anthropogenic forests,such as seed and pollen dispersal services.Here,we compared bird abundance and richness and the seed and pollen dispersal networks in both forest types.Anthropogenic forests presented lower bird abundance,and smaller,more simplified,and more random(abundance-based)seed dispersal services than those of natural forests.Interestingly,the pollen dispersal network was more similar than the seed dispersal network for both forest types and domi-nated by opportunistic and neutral processes,given the absence of specialized nectarivorous.The proportion of birds transporting seeds decreased,while those carrying pollen significantly increased in the anthropogenic forest compared to the native forest.Our work highlights the impact of anthropogenic forests on bird abundance,with consequences for seed dispersal services and forest regeneration.展开更多
Scatter-hoarding rodents play a crucial role in seed survival and seed dispersal.As one of the most important seed traits,seed size and its effect on rodent–seed interaction attract lots of attention.Current studies ...Scatter-hoarding rodents play a crucial role in seed survival and seed dispersal.As one of the most important seed traits,seed size and its effect on rodent–seed interaction attract lots of attention.Current studies usually target one or a few species and show inconsistent patterns;however,few experiments include a large number of species although many plant species usually coexist in natural forest and overlap in fruiting time.Here,we tracked the dispersal and predation of 26100 seeds belonging to 41 tree species in a subtropical forest for 2 years.Most species showed no relationships between seed size and rodent foraging preference,while the remaining species displayed diverse of patterns:monotonic decrease and increase trends,and hump-shaped and U-shaped patterns,indicating that a one-off study with a few species might give misleading information.However,the seed size effect across species was consistent in both years,indicating that including a large number of species that hold a sufficient range of seed size may avoid the aforementioned bias.Interestingly,seed size effect differed among rodent foraging processes:a negative effect on seed harvest,a hump-shaped effect on seed removal and removal distance,while a positive effect on overwinter survival of cached seeds,indicating that rodents may make trade-offs between large and small seeds both among foraging processes and within a single process,thus lead to a parabolic relationship between seed size and seed dispersal success,that is medium-sized seeds were more likely to be removed and cached,and transported with a further distance.展开更多
基金This research is sponsored by the project of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
文摘VRML offers powerful tool for generating 3D scene and realizing real time interactive animation on Web. This paper briefly introduces the related techniques of implementing interactive animation in Web 3D, focusing on how to use JavaScript to create Script node for extending VRML functions. This is very useful for virtual product design, product performance simulation, virtual assembly and remote education.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32171533 and 31971444)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2208085J28)。
文摘Insect herbivory is ubiquitous in various ecosystems,and directly influences the growth and survival of individual plants,especially during their vulnerable early life stages like the seedling phase.This,in turn,exerts a significant influence on forest community diversity and structure,as well as ecosystem function and stability.Notable variation in herbivory has been detected both among and within plant species.For decades,many hypotheses have been proposed to explain such variations,including both biotic and abiotic variables.However,most studies have considered only one or several of these hypotheses by focusing on a few potential variables,and their results were usually inconsistent;thus,the factors driving herbivory remain unclear.In this study,we examined leaf herbivory by insects of woody species seedlings in a subtropical forest in southwestern China over two seasons.In total,24 potential variables that represented abiotic resource availability,characters of individual seedlings,conspecific and heterospecific species,and the whole seedling community were selected to test several commonly discussed alternative herbivory hypotheses.Overall,our findings showed that the plant apparency hypothesis was more supported than the other hypotheses in explaining insect seedling herbivory.Our results further indicated that the mechanisms and causes of insect herbivory are complex,multifactorial,species-specific and vary with seasons,indicating that there may be no uniform rules in explaining herbivory for all seedlings.Consequently,such complexity may play an important role in promoting species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance in seedling communities,which may further translate into the following generation of saplings or even adult communities.Changes in the community of insect herbivores and/or variables influencing insect herbivory,may disrupt stability of the original seedling community,thus affecting the regeneration and development of the entire forest community.Therefore,we suggest that issues related to insect herbivory should be considered when developing forest management and conservation.
文摘This article first respectively introduces the characteristics of product design and digital media technology, combined with knowledge of the new economic background and user participation trends in innovation, analyzed the shortcomings of traditional design expression and digital media technology, through the use of digital media flash design expression and method, to solve the problem of traditional design expression. Finally, through the expression model of digital media and interactive animation based on flash animation technology, showed that flash obtained the rapid development and application in the multimedia platform.
文摘The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educational programming environment of which feature is an intuitively comprehensive user interface in terms of state transition diagrams. Unfortunately its animation definition was too memory-hungry when played by the built-in interpreter. In this paper, we present a translator of the animation definitions of Islay 3D into ActionScript3 (AS3). Compiling the AS3 codes by way of Papervision3D, we obtain the 3D Flash animation file playable on the Flash platform. It will be shown that the memory and CPU usages will be much saved, quartered and halved, respectively, by virtue of the translator.
基金This work was supported by the Heilongjiang Province Hundred Million Engineering Science and Technology Major Project(2020ZX07B01).
文摘After maturation, Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) seeds often cannot disperse to reach a suitable germination site. It is therefore difficult to naturally regenerate by itself and relies on animal dispersal. Squirrels hoard pine seeds as winter food and Korean pine seeds stored for overwintering might become the source of regeneration of the species. From field observations, the pine seeds are the food preference for squirrels during autumn in the Lesser Khingan Mountains in Northeast China. Such preference by squirrels has been attributed to high seed energy content and the ease of seed storage. However, it may also be expected from nutritional aspects that a coevolutionary relationship between squirrels and Korean pine species could be partially explained by the effect of active seed components and their physiological regulatory effects on squirrels. To test this hypothesis, control experiments were carried out to examine the modulatory effects of Korean pine nut oil (PNO) on intestinal microbiota, inflammatory profile and oxidative stress in mice. The results showed that, compared with mice fed a high-fat diet, PNO significantly improved the physical and the healthy state of mice. Histological analysis of the liver and epididymal fat tissue showed that PNO alleviated liver and adipocyte lesions, and inflammation caused by high-fat diets. PNO also significantly decreased atherosclerotic index and ameliorate serum lipid accumulation to prevent cardiovascular disease, which effect the positive control SG group. Moreover, PNO elevated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde levels in the serum. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that PNO restored intestinal microbiota composition, significantly increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia bacteria. These results suggest that Korean pine seeds not only provide adequate fat, protein and energy for squirrels, but also promote physical health and improve body immunity.
基金support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT/MEC)via the grant SFRH/BD/77746/2011 and the individual research contract CEECIND/02064/2017/CP1423/CP1645/CT0009(https://doi.org/10.54499/CEECIND/02064/2017/CP1423/CP1645/CT0009)funded by(FCT/MEC)through grant UIDB/04004/2020.
文摘Natural native forests are rapidly being replaced by anthropogenic forests often with a strong presence of invasive alien plant species.Eucalypt species are widely planted worldwide,with Eucalyptus globulus plantations being par-ticularly expressive in Portugal.Poor forestry practices often lead to the associated expansion of invasive species,such as Acacia dealbata.However,we still know relatively little about the functioning of anthropogenic forests,such as seed and pollen dispersal services.Here,we compared bird abundance and richness and the seed and pollen dispersal networks in both forest types.Anthropogenic forests presented lower bird abundance,and smaller,more simplified,and more random(abundance-based)seed dispersal services than those of natural forests.Interestingly,the pollen dispersal network was more similar than the seed dispersal network for both forest types and domi-nated by opportunistic and neutral processes,given the absence of specialized nectarivorous.The proportion of birds transporting seeds decreased,while those carrying pollen significantly increased in the anthropogenic forest compared to the native forest.Our work highlights the impact of anthropogenic forests on bird abundance,with consequences for seed dispersal services and forest regeneration.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971444 and 32171533).
文摘Scatter-hoarding rodents play a crucial role in seed survival and seed dispersal.As one of the most important seed traits,seed size and its effect on rodent–seed interaction attract lots of attention.Current studies usually target one or a few species and show inconsistent patterns;however,few experiments include a large number of species although many plant species usually coexist in natural forest and overlap in fruiting time.Here,we tracked the dispersal and predation of 26100 seeds belonging to 41 tree species in a subtropical forest for 2 years.Most species showed no relationships between seed size and rodent foraging preference,while the remaining species displayed diverse of patterns:monotonic decrease and increase trends,and hump-shaped and U-shaped patterns,indicating that a one-off study with a few species might give misleading information.However,the seed size effect across species was consistent in both years,indicating that including a large number of species that hold a sufficient range of seed size may avoid the aforementioned bias.Interestingly,seed size effect differed among rodent foraging processes:a negative effect on seed harvest,a hump-shaped effect on seed removal and removal distance,while a positive effect on overwinter survival of cached seeds,indicating that rodents may make trade-offs between large and small seeds both among foraging processes and within a single process,thus lead to a parabolic relationship between seed size and seed dispersal success,that is medium-sized seeds were more likely to be removed and cached,and transported with a further distance.
