Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains...Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains a confusing topic.Here we develop a hydrogen-bond-oriented interfacial super-assembly strategy to custom-tailor nanosheet-intertwined spherical carbon superstructures(SCSs)for Zn-ion storage with double-high capacitive activity and durability.Tetrachlorobenzoquinone(H-bond acceptor)and dimethylbenzidine(H-bond donator)can interact to form organic nanosheet modules,which are sequentially assembled,orientally compacted and densified into well-orchestrated superstructures through multiple H-bonds(N-H···O).Featured with rich surface-active heterodiatomic motifs,more exposed nanoporous channels,and successive charge migration paths,SCSs cathode promises high accessibility of built-in zincophilic sites and rapid ion diffusion with low energy barriers(3.3Ωs-0.5).Consequently,the assembled Zn||SCSs capacitor harvests all-round improvement in Zn-ion storage metrics,including high energy density(166 Wh kg-1),high-rate performance(172 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),and long-lasting cycling lifespan(95.5%capacity retention after 500,000 cycles).An opposite chargecarrier storage mechanism is rationalized for SCSs cathode to maximize spatial capacitive charge storage,involving high-kinetics physical Zn^(2+)/CF_(3)SO_(3)-adsorption and chemical Zn^(2+)redox with carbonyl/pyridine groups.This work gives insights into H-bond-guided interfacial superassembly design of superstructural carbons toward advanced energy storage.展开更多
To analyze the differences in the transport and distribution of different types of proppants and to address issues such as the short effective support of proppant and poor placement in hydraulically intersecting fract...To analyze the differences in the transport and distribution of different types of proppants and to address issues such as the short effective support of proppant and poor placement in hydraulically intersecting fractures,this study considered the combined impact of geological-engineering factors on conductivity.Using reservoir production parameters and the discrete elementmethod,multispherical proppants were constructed.Additionally,a 3D fracture model,based on the specified conditions of the L block,employed coupled(Computational Fluid Dynamics)CFD-DEM(Discrete ElementMethod)for joint simulations to quantitatively analyze the transport and placement patterns of multispherical proppants in intersecting fractures.Results indicate that turbulent kinetic energy is an intrinsic factor affecting proppant transport.Moreover,the efficiency of placement and migration distance of low-sphericity quartz sand constructed by the DEM in the main fracture are significantly reduced compared to spherical ceramic proppants,with a 27.7%decrease in the volume fraction of the fracture surface,subsequently affecting the placement concentration and damaging fracture conductivity.Compared to small-angle fractures,controlling artificial and natural fractures to expand at angles of 45°to 60°increases the effective support length by approximately 20.6%.During hydraulic fracturing of gas wells,ensuring the fracture support area and post-closure conductivity can be achieved by controlling the sphericity of proppants and adjusting the perforation direction to control the direction of artificial fractures.展开更多
Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust （ESP dust） collected from Baogang Steel Corporation. The result shows that the major constituents of the ESP ...Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust （ESP dust） collected from Baogang Steel Corporation. The result shows that the major constituents of the ESP dust are KCl, NaCl, Fe2O_3 and Fe3O_4. Water leaching experiment on the sintering dust shows that KCl in the ESP dust can be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. Component analysis of leaching solution indicates that the massive calcium sulfate in the leaching solution should be removed first in order to obtain the pure potassium salt. In order to provide theoretical guidance to inhibit the dissolution of calcium ions from the sintering dust, the water leaching experiment of ESP dust and the dissolution behavior of CaSO_4 in the potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate and their mixed salt solution were studied. It is found that, a lower liquid-solid ratio should be chosen in the leaching process to inhibit the dissolution of calcium sulfate dehydrate. Using sodium carbonate solution as a precipitating agent, the influences of the concentration of sodium carbonate solution, reaction temperature, stirring speed and equilibrium time on the preparation of the spherical calcium carbonate were studied. Spherical calcium carbonate with good dispersing performance and grain size distribution in nanometer range of less than 10 μm was obtained. Furthermore, a potassium recovery process with joint production of spherical calcium carbonate was designed. This process is technically viable and considerable in economic benefit.展开更多
At first, the paper reviews, analyses and discusses uplifting mechanism and history, current situation of Tibet plateau. Coal\|bearing strata and coal seam were discovered by surveying and many rocks samples and struc...At first, the paper reviews, analyses and discusses uplifting mechanism and history, current situation of Tibet plateau. Coal\|bearing strata and coal seam were discovered by surveying and many rocks samples and structural samples were collected, which established the foundation for further studying. From all above, the paper has studied strata system, time\|spatial evolution, magma activity and its regularity of continental collision of Tibet plateau and rock’s mechanical features under high temperature and pressure. The paper has also summerized tectonic features, studied geological process by time coordinate and proposed multidisciplinary geological model. The paper has proposed evolutinal model of modern structural stress field in early quaternary, modern structural stress field and crustal deformation and explored geophysical field features and deep structures from man\|mad earthquake, regional gravity field and electrical structures, thus established geophysical field model. In addition, the paper proposed overall dynamic model according to stress field, displacement orientation and velocity restriction condition, indoplate collision to Eurasia.Thoroughly, the paper has studied and stated mechanical system, non\|stability, multibody collision mechanics and mantle plume mechanical model and established mechanical model. Finally, the paper has studied numeral simulation about spheric inter\|acting during continental collision of Tibet plateau, from this, analysed and inferred its evolution history.展开更多
Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions ca...Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions can capture the size effect at the micron scale. Numerical results show that the smaller the inner radius of the cylinder or spherical shell, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the size effect is more evident with increasing strain or strain-rate sensitivity index. The classical plastic-based solutions of the same problems are shown to be a special case of the present solution.展开更多
Based on the CHAMP Magsat data set, spherical cap harmonic analysis was used to model the magnetic fields over China continent. The data set used in the analysis includes the 15′×15′ gridded values of the CHAMP...Based on the CHAMP Magsat data set, spherical cap harmonic analysis was used to model the magnetic fields over China continent. The data set used in the analysis includes the 15′×15′ gridded values of the CHAMP anomaly fields (latitude φ=25°N to 50°N and longitude λ=78°E to 135°E). The pole of the cap is located at φ=35°N and λ=110°E with half-angle of 30°. The maximum index (K max) of the model is 30 and the total number of model coefficients is 961, which corresponds to the minimum wavelength at the earth's surface about 400 km. The root mean square (RMS) deviations between the calculated and observed values are ～ 4 nT for ΔX, ～ 3 nT for ΔY and ～ 3.5 nT for ΔZ, respectively. Results show that positive anomalies are found mainly at the Tarim basin with ～6- 8 nT, the Yangtze platform and North China platform with ～4 nT, and the Songliao basin with ～4-6 nT. In contrast, negative anomaly is mainly located in the Tibet orogenic belt with the amplitude ～ (-6)-(-8) nT. Upward continuation of magnetic anomalies was used to semi-quantitatively separate the magnetic anomalies in different depths of crust. The magnetic anomalies at the earth's surface are from -6 to 10 nT for upper crust, middle crust -27 to 42 nT and lower crust -12 to 18 nT, respectively. The strikes of the magnetic anomalies for the upper crust are consistent with those for the middle crust, but not for the lower crust. The high positive magnetic anomalies mainly result from the old continental nucleus and diastrophic block (e.g. middle Sichuan continental nucleus, middle Tarim basin continental nucleus, Junggar diastrophic block and Qaidam diastrophic block). The amplitudes of the magnetic anomalies of the old continental nucleus and diastrophic block are related to evolution of deep crust. These results improve our understanding of the crustal structure over China continent.展开更多
The spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair has the advantages of strong overturning resistance and large bearing area.However,the configurations of the unloading and pre-boosting triangular grooves on the spherical...The spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair has the advantages of strong overturning resistance and large bearing area.However,the configurations of the unloading and pre-boosting triangular grooves on the spherical valve plate are different from those in the planar valve plate,resulting in special cavitation phenomenon on the spherical port plate pair.In order to study cavitation characteristics of spherical port plate pair,a dynamic CFD model of the piston pump including turbulence model,cavitation model and fluid compressibility is established.A detailed UDF compilation scheme is provided for modelling of the micron-sized spherical oil film mesh,which makes up for the lack of research on the meshing of the spherical oil film.In this paper,using CFD simulation tools,from the perspectives of pressure field,velocity field and gas volume fraction change,a detailed analysis of the transient evolution of the submerged cavitation jet in a axial piston pump with spherical valve plate is carried out.The study indicates the movement direction of the cavitation cloud cluster through the cloud image and the velocity vector direction of the observation point.The sharp decrease of velocity and gas volume fraction indicates the collapse phenomenon of bubbles on the part wall surface.These discoveries verify the special erosion effect in case of the spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair.The submerged cavitation jet generated by the unloading triangular grooves distributed on the spherical valve plate not only cause denudation of the inner wall surface of the valve plate,but also cause strong impact and denudation on the lower surface of the cylinder body.Finally,the direction of the unloading triangular groove was modified to extend the distance between it and the wall surface which can effectively alleviate the erosion effect.展开更多
Based on the motion differential equations of vibration and acoustic coupling system for thin elastic spherical shell with an elastic plate attached to its internal surface,in which Dirac-δ functions are employed to ...Based on the motion differential equations of vibration and acoustic coupling system for thin elastic spherical shell with an elastic plate attached to its internal surface,in which Dirac-δ functions are employed to introduce the moments and forces applied by the attachment on the surface of shell,by means of expanding field quantities as Legendre series,a semi-analytic solution is derived for the vibration and acoustic radiation from a submerged stiffened spherical shell with a deck-type internal plate,which has a satisfactory computational effectiveness and precision for an arbitrary frequency range.It is easy to analyze the effect of the internal plate on the acoustic radiation field by using the formulas obtained by the method proposed.It is concluded that the internal plate can significantly change the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of shell,and give the coupling system a very rich resonance frequency spectrum.Moreover,the method can be used to study the acoustic radiation mechanism in similar structures as the one studied here.展开更多
Based on the perturbation theory and Bernoulli equation,equations of aspherical oscillation of two interacting bubbles are derived.This system is then used for the numerical investigation of the deformation of the two...Based on the perturbation theory and Bernoulli equation,equations of aspherical oscillation of two interacting bubbles are derived.This system is then used for the numerical investigation of the deformation of the two bubbles' surfaces in a spherical ultrasound field in liquid.We find that the details of the aspherical oscillation of two bubbles are shown by the analysis of a2(t) and b2(t) that describe the surface deformation of bubbles 1 and 2,respectively.展开更多
The equivalent source(ES)method in the spherical coordinate system has been widely applied to processing,reduction,field modeling,and geophysical and geological interpretation of satellite magnetic anomaly data.Howeve...The equivalent source(ES)method in the spherical coordinate system has been widely applied to processing,reduction,field modeling,and geophysical and geological interpretation of satellite magnetic anomaly data.However,the inversion for the ES model suffers from nonuniqueness and instability,which remain unresolved.To mitigate these issues,we introduce both the minimum and flattest models into the model objective function as an alternative regularization approach in the spherical ES method.We first present the methods,then analyze the accuracy of forward calculation and test the proposed ES method in this study by using synthetic data.The experimental results from simulation data indicate that our proposed regularization effectively suppresses the Backus effect and mitigates inversion instability in the low-latitude region.Finally,we apply the proposed method to magnetic anomaly data from China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-1(CSES-1)and Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)magnetic measurements over Africa by constructing an ES model of the large-scale lithospheric magnetic field.Compared with existing global lithospheric magnetic field models,our ES model demonstrates good consistency at high altitudes and predicts more stable fields at low altitudes.Furthermore,we derive the reduction to the pole(RTP)magnetic anomaly fields and the apparent susceptibility contrast distribution based on the ES model.The latter correlates well with the regional tectonic framework in Africa and surroundings.展开更多
We present our recent laser-plasmas instability(LPI)comparison experiment at the SGIII laser facility between the spherical and cylindrical hohlraums.Three kinds of filling are considered:vacuum,gas-filling with or wi...We present our recent laser-plasmas instability(LPI)comparison experiment at the SGIII laser facility between the spherical and cylindrical hohlraums.Three kinds of filling are considered:vacuum,gas-filling with or without a capsule inside.A spherical hohlraum of 3.6 mm in diameter,and a cylindrical hohlraum of 2.4 mm?4.3 mm are used.The capsule diameter is 0.96 mm.A flat-top laser pulse with 3 ns duration and up to 92.73 kJ energy is used.The experiment has shown that the LPI level in the spherical hohlraum is close to that of the outer beam in the cylindrical hohlraum,while much lower than that of the inner beam.The experiment is further simulated by using our 2-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code LARED-Integration,and the laser back-scattering fraction and the stimulated Raman scatter(SRS)spectrum are post-processed by the high efficiency code of laser interaction with plasmas HLIP.According to the simulation,the plasma waves are strongly damped and the SRS is mainly developed at the plasma conditions of electron density from 0.08 n_(c) to 0.1 n_(c) and electron temperature from 1.5 keV to 2.0 keV inside the hohlraums.However,obvious differences between the simulation and experiment are found,such as that the SRS back-scattering is underestimated,and the numerical SRS spectrum peaks at a larger wavelength and at a later time than the data.These dif-ferences indicate that the development of a 3D radiation hydrodynamic code,with more accurate physics models,is mandatory for spherical hohlraum study.展开更多
This study investigates the interaction and influence of surface cracks on the spherical pressure hull of a deep-sea manned submersible.The finite element model of the spherical hull is established,and a semi-elliptic...This study investigates the interaction and influence of surface cracks on the spherical pressure hull of a deep-sea manned submersible.The finite element model of the spherical hull is established,and a semi-elliptical surface crack is inserted in the welding toe of the spherical hull as the main crack.Considering the combined effect of external uniform pressure and welding residual stress at the weld toe,the stress intensity factor(SIF)is obtained based on the M-integral method.Inserting disturbing cracks at different positions on the spherical hull surface,the interaction and influence between multi-cracks are revealed by numerical calculation.The results show that the existence of the disturbing crack has a great influence on the stress intensity factor of the main crack,and the influence is different with the different location of disturbing crack.The study of the interaction of multiple cracks under different interference factors and the influence of disturbing cracks on the main crack can provide some reference for future engineering applications.展开更多
Porous spherical MnCo_(2)S_(4) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method.Thanks to the well-designedbimetallic composition and the unique porous spherical structure,the MnCo_(2)S_(4) electrode exhibited an excep...Porous spherical MnCo_(2)S_(4) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method.Thanks to the well-designedbimetallic composition and the unique porous spherical structure,the MnCo_(2)S_(4) electrode exhibited an exceptionalspecific capacitance of 190.8 mAh·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1),greatly higher than the corresponding monometallic sulfides MnS(31.7 mAh·g^(-1))and Co_(3)S_(4)(86.7 mAh·g^(-1)).Impressively,the as-assembled MnCo_(2)S_(4)||porous carbon(PC)hybridsupercapacitor(HSC),showed an outstanding energy density of 76.88 Wh·kg^(-1)at a power density of 374.5 W·kg^(-1),remarkable cyclic performance with a capacity retention of 86.8% after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at 5 A·g^(-1),and excellent Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%.展开更多
In international trade,exporters prefer to receive payments as quickly as possible,and importers want to make payments as late as possible.In this respect,the payment field,an essential condition for trade transaction...In international trade,exporters prefer to receive payments as quickly as possible,and importers want to make payments as late as possible.In this respect,the payment field,an essential condition for trade transactions,also represents the positions of exporters and importers conflict.In addition,there are many cases in which various variables must be considered rather than only one specific variable representatively affecting payment,particularly in the case of import-export Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises(SMEs)from emerging countries.A selection of proper payment methods can be categorized as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)issue.Therefore,this study aims to propose a novel and efficient Spherical Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment based Entropy Objective Weighting method(SF-EW and WASPAS-SF)to evaluate international payment methods with uncertain information.First,SF-EW model is applied to determine the relative weights of critical factors.Second,international payment method alternatives are prioritized by the WASPAS-SF approach.Five essential factors for four international payment methods are proposed based on experts’opinions and the existing literature.A real-world case study from Vietnamese import-export SMEs is presented to validate the applicability of the proposed framework.The results indicated that“Characteristics of payment method(PA)”had the most significant impact on international payment method selection.In comparison,“Letters of Credit(L/C)”was the most reliable payment method with the highest ranking available to international traders.Furthermore,a sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the validity and robustness of the proposed decision support model.Consequently,this study could contribute to international payment services and in the context of globalization and international trade.展开更多
Spherical porous materials prepared from the emulsion template used in the water treatment have displayed a vast prospect, as the high surface area, abundant porous structure, convenient operation and excellent adsorp...Spherical porous materials prepared from the emulsion template used in the water treatment have displayed a vast prospect, as the high surface area, abundant porous structure, convenient operation and excellent adsorption performance. But the tedious fabrication process, high consumption of organic solvent and surfactant limited the application widely. Herein, a facile and eco-friendly spherical porous adsorbent(SPA) is fabricated from the green surfactant-free(corn oil)-in-water Pickering medium internal phase emulsions(Pickering MIPEs) via the convenient ion crosslinking procedure. The Pickering MIPEs synergistically stabilized with the semi-coke(SC), which is the natural particle produced from the shale oil distillation, and sodium alginate(SA) has excellent storage and anti-coalescence stability. The as-prepared porous adsorbent possessed the abundant pore structure, which provided favorable conditions for effective mass transfer in adsorption, and could be tuned by varying the SA dosage. The saturation adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Cd(II) can be achieved with 460.54 and 278.77 mg/g within 45 min at 25 ℃, respectively. Overall, this study supplied a viable and eco-friendly route for fabricating the spherical porous adsorbent with a tunable porous structure for heavy metal ion wastewater.展开更多
With the acceleration of life pace and the increase of environmental stress,skin aging has become a major concern.Traditional anti-aging methods,such as laser therapy and injections,are effective but have limitations ...With the acceleration of life pace and the increase of environmental stress,skin aging has become a major concern.Traditional anti-aging methods,such as laser therapy and injections,are effective but have limitations including side effects,complex procedures,high costs,and long recovery periods.In contrast,a topical cellular reenergizing technology using a combination system of 1%Spherical PDRN(Polydeoxyribonucleotide,a registered product name with the following composition:55%mannitol,30%trehalose,10%sodium DNA,and 5%sodium hyaluronate)and 1%Spherical Collagen(a registered product name with the following composition:55%mannitol,30%trehalose,10%collagen,and 5%sodium hyaluronate)stands out with its natural,convenient,non-invasive,and long-lasting advantages.It fundamentally addresses skin aging and provides consumers with a safer,more comfortable,and comprehensive anti-aging experience.This study prepared a combination system of Spherical PDRN and Collagen via a matrix incorporation method.It investigated mitochondrial function and morphology changes in H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated fibroblasts by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential(a key function indicator),ATP content(reflecting energy production),and mitochondrial morphology(related to cell state and stress response).These analyses provided insights into fibroblast energy metabolism and cellular mechanisms.Additionally,a precise method assessed UVA-induced NAD^(+) concentration changes in fibroblasts,reflecting metabolic and antioxidant states under stress.In H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated fibroblasts,the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Spherical Collagen at a concentration of 2.5%significantly increased the average value of mitochondrial membrane potential(polymer/monomer ratio)by 448.28%,and the content of ATP by 108.06%.The mitochondrial morphology in cells appeared as elongated rods,with normal fusion and fission occurring.In UVA-irradiated fibroblasts,the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Spherical Collagen at a concentration of 2.5%significantly increased the concentration of NAD^(+) per unit protein by 35.93%.This study investigated how the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Collagen affects mitochondrial function in fibroblasts.It was found that this system significantly boosts mitochondrial membrane potential,implying a marked rise in mitochondrial activity and energy conversion efficiency.This suggests optimized respiratory chain function and energy metabolism,which are vital for normal cellular functions and stress responses.Moreover,the system significantly raises intracellular ATP levels,directly reflecting enhanced mitochondrial energy production.This not only promotes cellular energy metabolism but also boosts cell vitality and stress resistance.Additionally,the system improves mitochondrial morphology,which is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and function.展开更多
Spherical harmonic analysis(SHA)and synthesis(SHS)are widely used by researchers in various fields.Both numerical integration and least-squares methods can be employed for analysis and synthesis.However,these approach...Spherical harmonic analysis(SHA)and synthesis(SHS)are widely used by researchers in various fields.Both numerical integration and least-squares methods can be employed for analysis and synthesis.However,these approaches,when calculated via summation,are computationally intensive.Although the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)algorithm is efficient,it is traditionally limited to processing global grid points starting from zero longitude.In this paper,we derive an improved FFT algorithm for spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis.The proposed algorithm eliminates the need for grid points to start at zero longitude,thereby expanding the applicability of FFT-based methods.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the new algorithm retains the computational efficiency of conventional FFT while achieving accuracy comparable to the summation method.Consequently,it enables direct harmonic coefficient calculation from global grid data without requiring interpolation to align with zero longitude.Additionally,the algrithm can generate grid points with equi-angular spacing using the improved FFT algorithm,starting from non-zero longitudes.To address the loss of orthogonality in latitude due to discrete spherical grids,a quadrature weight factor-dependent on grid type(e.g.,regular or Gauss grid)-is incorporated,as summarized in this study.展开更多
Significant progress has been made in magnetic and inertial confinement fusion(MCF and ICF)energy development since the achievement of world record parameters on the T3 tokamak in 1968.In MCF,the triple product nτT h...Significant progress has been made in magnetic and inertial confinement fusion(MCF and ICF)energy development since the achievement of world record parameters on the T3 tokamak in 1968.In MCF,the triple product nτT has been elevated from 5×10^(17)m^(-3)·s·keV to 1×10^(21)m^(-3)·s·keV.At the same time,Q=Pfusion/Pheating,has increased from 1×10^(-9)to 0.67,with expectations to exceed 10 in the ITER experiment.In ICF,a Q value of approximately 2.4 was attained with a fusion energy output of around 5.2 MJ.展开更多
EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aimed at studying proton-boron(p-11B)fusion reactions in a spherical torus.The design parameters are Ti0~30 keV,Ti/Te>2,n_(e0)~1×10^(20)m^(-3),I_(p)~3 MA,B_(t)~3 T,and...EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aimed at studying proton-boron(p-11B)fusion reactions in a spherical torus.The design parameters are Ti0~30 keV,Ti/Te>2,n_(e0)~1×10^(20)m^(-3),I_(p)~3 MA,B_(t)~3 T,andτ_(E)~0.5 s.High ion temperature is one of the standard operation scenarios of EHL-2,aiming to reduce bremsstrahlung radiation while enhancing plasma parameters by elevating the ion to electron temperature ratio.In order to achieve high ion temperature,neutral beam injection is considered the primary heating method during the flat-top phase.The neutral beam system for EHL-2 comprises 3-5 beams with energy/power ranging from 60 keV/4 MW,80-100 keV/10 MW,to 200 keV/3 MW.This work conducts predictive analysis on core transport during the flat-top phase of EHL-2’s high-ion-temperature scenario utilizing ASTRA.The study delineates the potential operating range of core temperature and other parameters given the designed heating capacity.Specifically,the study presents predictive simulations based on CDBM,GLF23,Bohm-gyro-Bohm,and IFSPPPL transport models,evaluating the steady-state power balance,energy confinement time,and impact of various parameters such as plasma density and NBI power on core ion temperature.The simulations demonstrate that the design parameters of the EHL-2 high-Ti scenario,although sensitive to varying transport models,are hopefully attainable as long as adequate ion heating and controlled ion transport levels are ensured.展开更多
A new interpolation algorithm for Head-Related Transfer Function （HRTF） is proposed to realize 3D sound reproduction via headphones in arbitrary spatial direction. HRTFs are modeled as a weighted sum of spherical ha...A new interpolation algorithm for Head-Related Transfer Function （HRTF） is proposed to realize 3D sound reproduction via headphones in arbitrary spatial direction. HRTFs are modeled as a weighted sum of spherical harmonics on a spherical surface. Truncated Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） is adopted to calculate the weights of the model. The truncation number is chosen according to Frobenius norm ratio and the partial condition number. Compared with other interpolated methods, our proposed approach not only is continuous but exploits global information of available directions. The HRTF from any desired direction can be and interpolated results demonstrate that our obtained more accurately and robustly. Reconstructed proposed algorithm acquired better performance.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22272118,22172111,and 22309134)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(Nos.22ZR1464100,20ZR1460300,and 19DZ2271500)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M712402),the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(23YF1449200)the Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Project(2022C01182)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023-3-YB-07)。
文摘Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors,but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains a confusing topic.Here we develop a hydrogen-bond-oriented interfacial super-assembly strategy to custom-tailor nanosheet-intertwined spherical carbon superstructures(SCSs)for Zn-ion storage with double-high capacitive activity and durability.Tetrachlorobenzoquinone(H-bond acceptor)and dimethylbenzidine(H-bond donator)can interact to form organic nanosheet modules,which are sequentially assembled,orientally compacted and densified into well-orchestrated superstructures through multiple H-bonds(N-H···O).Featured with rich surface-active heterodiatomic motifs,more exposed nanoporous channels,and successive charge migration paths,SCSs cathode promises high accessibility of built-in zincophilic sites and rapid ion diffusion with low energy barriers(3.3Ωs-0.5).Consequently,the assembled Zn||SCSs capacitor harvests all-round improvement in Zn-ion storage metrics,including high energy density(166 Wh kg-1),high-rate performance(172 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),and long-lasting cycling lifespan(95.5%capacity retention after 500,000 cycles).An opposite chargecarrier storage mechanism is rationalized for SCSs cathode to maximize spatial capacitive charge storage,involving high-kinetics physical Zn^(2+)/CF_(3)SO_(3)-adsorption and chemical Zn^(2+)redox with carbonyl/pyridine groups.This work gives insights into H-bond-guided interfacial superassembly design of superstructural carbons toward advanced energy storage.
基金funded by the project of the Major Scientific and Technological Projects of CNOOC in the 14th Five-Year Plan(No.KJGG2022-0701)the CNOOC Research Institute(No.2020PFS-03).
文摘To analyze the differences in the transport and distribution of different types of proppants and to address issues such as the short effective support of proppant and poor placement in hydraulically intersecting fractures,this study considered the combined impact of geological-engineering factors on conductivity.Using reservoir production parameters and the discrete elementmethod,multispherical proppants were constructed.Additionally,a 3D fracture model,based on the specified conditions of the L block,employed coupled(Computational Fluid Dynamics)CFD-DEM(Discrete ElementMethod)for joint simulations to quantitatively analyze the transport and placement patterns of multispherical proppants in intersecting fractures.Results indicate that turbulent kinetic energy is an intrinsic factor affecting proppant transport.Moreover,the efficiency of placement and migration distance of low-sphericity quartz sand constructed by the DEM in the main fracture are significantly reduced compared to spherical ceramic proppants,with a 27.7%decrease in the volume fraction of the fracture surface,subsequently affecting the placement concentration and damaging fracture conductivity.Compared to small-angle fractures,controlling artificial and natural fractures to expand at angles of 45°to 60°increases the effective support length by approximately 20.6%.During hydraulic fracturing of gas wells,ensuring the fracture support area and post-closure conductivity can be achieved by controlling the sphericity of proppants and adjusting the perforation direction to control the direction of artificial fractures.
基金Projects(2012AA062502,2012AA06A118)supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust （ESP dust） collected from Baogang Steel Corporation. The result shows that the major constituents of the ESP dust are KCl, NaCl, Fe2O_3 and Fe3O_4. Water leaching experiment on the sintering dust shows that KCl in the ESP dust can be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. Component analysis of leaching solution indicates that the massive calcium sulfate in the leaching solution should be removed first in order to obtain the pure potassium salt. In order to provide theoretical guidance to inhibit the dissolution of calcium ions from the sintering dust, the water leaching experiment of ESP dust and the dissolution behavior of CaSO_4 in the potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate and their mixed salt solution were studied. It is found that, a lower liquid-solid ratio should be chosen in the leaching process to inhibit the dissolution of calcium sulfate dehydrate. Using sodium carbonate solution as a precipitating agent, the influences of the concentration of sodium carbonate solution, reaction temperature, stirring speed and equilibrium time on the preparation of the spherical calcium carbonate were studied. Spherical calcium carbonate with good dispersing performance and grain size distribution in nanometer range of less than 10 μm was obtained. Furthermore, a potassium recovery process with joint production of spherical calcium carbonate was designed. This process is technically viable and considerable in economic benefit.
文摘At first, the paper reviews, analyses and discusses uplifting mechanism and history, current situation of Tibet plateau. Coal\|bearing strata and coal seam were discovered by surveying and many rocks samples and structural samples were collected, which established the foundation for further studying. From all above, the paper has studied strata system, time\|spatial evolution, magma activity and its regularity of continental collision of Tibet plateau and rock’s mechanical features under high temperature and pressure. The paper has also summerized tectonic features, studied geological process by time coordinate and proposed multidisciplinary geological model. The paper has proposed evolutinal model of modern structural stress field in early quaternary, modern structural stress field and crustal deformation and explored geophysical field features and deep structures from man\|mad earthquake, regional gravity field and electrical structures, thus established geophysical field model. In addition, the paper proposed overall dynamic model according to stress field, displacement orientation and velocity restriction condition, indoplate collision to Eurasia.Thoroughly, the paper has studied and stated mechanical system, non\|stability, multibody collision mechanics and mantle plume mechanical model and established mechanical model. Finally, the paper has studied numeral simulation about spheric inter\|acting during continental collision of Tibet plateau, from this, analysed and inferred its evolution history.
基金supported by the Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No. 20050403002)
文摘Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions can capture the size effect at the micron scale. Numerical results show that the smaller the inner radius of the cylinder or spherical shell, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the size effect is more evident with increasing strain or strain-rate sensitivity index. The classical plastic-based solutions of the same problems are shown to be a special case of the present solution.
基金ThispaperissupportedbytheChinese" 973"Program (No .2 0 0 3CD71 650 6)
文摘Based on the CHAMP Magsat data set, spherical cap harmonic analysis was used to model the magnetic fields over China continent. The data set used in the analysis includes the 15′×15′ gridded values of the CHAMP anomaly fields (latitude φ=25°N to 50°N and longitude λ=78°E to 135°E). The pole of the cap is located at φ=35°N and λ=110°E with half-angle of 30°. The maximum index (K max) of the model is 30 and the total number of model coefficients is 961, which corresponds to the minimum wavelength at the earth's surface about 400 km. The root mean square (RMS) deviations between the calculated and observed values are ～ 4 nT for ΔX, ～ 3 nT for ΔY and ～ 3.5 nT for ΔZ, respectively. Results show that positive anomalies are found mainly at the Tarim basin with ～6- 8 nT, the Yangtze platform and North China platform with ～4 nT, and the Songliao basin with ～4-6 nT. In contrast, negative anomaly is mainly located in the Tibet orogenic belt with the amplitude ～ (-6)-(-8) nT. Upward continuation of magnetic anomalies was used to semi-quantitatively separate the magnetic anomalies in different depths of crust. The magnetic anomalies at the earth's surface are from -6 to 10 nT for upper crust, middle crust -27 to 42 nT and lower crust -12 to 18 nT, respectively. The strikes of the magnetic anomalies for the upper crust are consistent with those for the middle crust, but not for the lower crust. The high positive magnetic anomalies mainly result from the old continental nucleus and diastrophic block (e.g. middle Sichuan continental nucleus, middle Tarim basin continental nucleus, Junggar diastrophic block and Qaidam diastrophic block). The amplitudes of the magnetic anomalies of the old continental nucleus and diastrophic block are related to evolution of deep crust. These results improve our understanding of the crustal structure over China continent.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51605322)Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.201901D111054)+1 种基金International Cooperation Project of Shanxi Province(Grant No.2016-002)Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery,Ministry of Education(Grant No.GZKF-201815).
文摘The spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair has the advantages of strong overturning resistance and large bearing area.However,the configurations of the unloading and pre-boosting triangular grooves on the spherical valve plate are different from those in the planar valve plate,resulting in special cavitation phenomenon on the spherical port plate pair.In order to study cavitation characteristics of spherical port plate pair,a dynamic CFD model of the piston pump including turbulence model,cavitation model and fluid compressibility is established.A detailed UDF compilation scheme is provided for modelling of the micron-sized spherical oil film mesh,which makes up for the lack of research on the meshing of the spherical oil film.In this paper,using CFD simulation tools,from the perspectives of pressure field,velocity field and gas volume fraction change,a detailed analysis of the transient evolution of the submerged cavitation jet in a axial piston pump with spherical valve plate is carried out.The study indicates the movement direction of the cavitation cloud cluster through the cloud image and the velocity vector direction of the observation point.The sharp decrease of velocity and gas volume fraction indicates the collapse phenomenon of bubbles on the part wall surface.These discoveries verify the special erosion effect in case of the spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair.The submerged cavitation jet generated by the unloading triangular grooves distributed on the spherical valve plate not only cause denudation of the inner wall surface of the valve plate,but also cause strong impact and denudation on the lower surface of the cylinder body.Finally,the direction of the unloading triangular groove was modified to extend the distance between it and the wall surface which can effectively alleviate the erosion effect.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10172038).
文摘Based on the motion differential equations of vibration and acoustic coupling system for thin elastic spherical shell with an elastic plate attached to its internal surface,in which Dirac-δ functions are employed to introduce the moments and forces applied by the attachment on the surface of shell,by means of expanding field quantities as Legendre series,a semi-analytic solution is derived for the vibration and acoustic radiation from a submerged stiffened spherical shell with a deck-type internal plate,which has a satisfactory computational effectiveness and precision for an arbitrary frequency range.It is easy to analyze the effect of the internal plate on the acoustic radiation field by using the formulas obtained by the method proposed.It is concluded that the internal plate can significantly change the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of shell,and give the coupling system a very rich resonance frequency spectrum.Moreover,the method can be used to study the acoustic radiation mechanism in similar structures as the one studied here.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10974095 and 11174145.
文摘Based on the perturbation theory and Bernoulli equation,equations of aspherical oscillation of two interacting bubbles are derived.This system is then used for the numerical investigation of the deformation of the two bubbles' surfaces in a spherical ultrasound field in liquid.We find that the details of the aspherical oscillation of two bubbles are shown by the analysis of a2(t) and b2(t) that describe the surface deformation of bubbles 1 and 2,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42250103 and 42174090)the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education(Grant No.GLAB2023ZR02)the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources(Grant No.MSFGPMR2022-4).
文摘The equivalent source(ES)method in the spherical coordinate system has been widely applied to processing,reduction,field modeling,and geophysical and geological interpretation of satellite magnetic anomaly data.However,the inversion for the ES model suffers from nonuniqueness and instability,which remain unresolved.To mitigate these issues,we introduce both the minimum and flattest models into the model objective function as an alternative regularization approach in the spherical ES method.We first present the methods,then analyze the accuracy of forward calculation and test the proposed ES method in this study by using synthetic data.The experimental results from simulation data indicate that our proposed regularization effectively suppresses the Backus effect and mitigates inversion instability in the low-latitude region.Finally,we apply the proposed method to magnetic anomaly data from China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-1(CSES-1)and Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)magnetic measurements over Africa by constructing an ES model of the large-scale lithospheric magnetic field.Compared with existing global lithospheric magnetic field models,our ES model demonstrates good consistency at high altitudes and predicts more stable fields at low altitudes.Furthermore,we derive the reduction to the pole(RTP)magnetic anomaly fields and the apparent susceptibility contrast distribution based on the ES model.The latter correlates well with the regional tectonic framework in Africa and surroundings.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants Nos.11405011 and 11475033.
文摘We present our recent laser-plasmas instability(LPI)comparison experiment at the SGIII laser facility between the spherical and cylindrical hohlraums.Three kinds of filling are considered:vacuum,gas-filling with or without a capsule inside.A spherical hohlraum of 3.6 mm in diameter,and a cylindrical hohlraum of 2.4 mm?4.3 mm are used.The capsule diameter is 0.96 mm.A flat-top laser pulse with 3 ns duration and up to 92.73 kJ energy is used.The experiment has shown that the LPI level in the spherical hohlraum is close to that of the outer beam in the cylindrical hohlraum,while much lower than that of the inner beam.The experiment is further simulated by using our 2-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code LARED-Integration,and the laser back-scattering fraction and the stimulated Raman scatter(SRS)spectrum are post-processed by the high efficiency code of laser interaction with plasmas HLIP.According to the simulation,the plasma waves are strongly damped and the SRS is mainly developed at the plasma conditions of electron density from 0.08 n_(c) to 0.1 n_(c) and electron temperature from 1.5 keV to 2.0 keV inside the hohlraums.However,obvious differences between the simulation and experiment are found,such as that the SRS back-scattering is underestimated,and the numerical SRS spectrum peaks at a larger wavelength and at a later time than the data.These dif-ferences indicate that the development of a 3D radiation hydrodynamic code,with more accurate physics models,is mandatory for spherical hohlraum study.
基金This work was supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(Grant No.51439004)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.19KJA530002)the Open Project Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering(No.2006).
文摘This study investigates the interaction and influence of surface cracks on the spherical pressure hull of a deep-sea manned submersible.The finite element model of the spherical hull is established,and a semi-elliptical surface crack is inserted in the welding toe of the spherical hull as the main crack.Considering the combined effect of external uniform pressure and welding residual stress at the weld toe,the stress intensity factor(SIF)is obtained based on the M-integral method.Inserting disturbing cracks at different positions on the spherical hull surface,the interaction and influence between multi-cracks are revealed by numerical calculation.The results show that the existence of the disturbing crack has a great influence on the stress intensity factor of the main crack,and the influence is different with the different location of disturbing crack.The study of the interaction of multiple cracks under different interference factors and the influence of disturbing cracks on the main crack can provide some reference for future engineering applications.
文摘Porous spherical MnCo_(2)S_(4) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method.Thanks to the well-designedbimetallic composition and the unique porous spherical structure,the MnCo_(2)S_(4) electrode exhibited an exceptionalspecific capacitance of 190.8 mAh·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1),greatly higher than the corresponding monometallic sulfides MnS(31.7 mAh·g^(-1))and Co_(3)S_(4)(86.7 mAh·g^(-1)).Impressively,the as-assembled MnCo_(2)S_(4)||porous carbon(PC)hybridsupercapacitor(HSC),showed an outstanding energy density of 76.88 Wh·kg^(-1)at a power density of 374.5 W·kg^(-1),remarkable cyclic performance with a capacity retention of 86.8% after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at 5 A·g^(-1),and excellent Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%.
文摘In international trade,exporters prefer to receive payments as quickly as possible,and importers want to make payments as late as possible.In this respect,the payment field,an essential condition for trade transactions,also represents the positions of exporters and importers conflict.In addition,there are many cases in which various variables must be considered rather than only one specific variable representatively affecting payment,particularly in the case of import-export Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises(SMEs)from emerging countries.A selection of proper payment methods can be categorized as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)issue.Therefore,this study aims to propose a novel and efficient Spherical Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment based Entropy Objective Weighting method(SF-EW and WASPAS-SF)to evaluate international payment methods with uncertain information.First,SF-EW model is applied to determine the relative weights of critical factors.Second,international payment method alternatives are prioritized by the WASPAS-SF approach.Five essential factors for four international payment methods are proposed based on experts’opinions and the existing literature.A real-world case study from Vietnamese import-export SMEs is presented to validate the applicability of the proposed framework.The results indicated that“Characteristics of payment method(PA)”had the most significant impact on international payment method selection.In comparison,“Letters of Credit(L/C)”was the most reliable payment method with the highest ranking available to international traders.Furthermore,a sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the validity and robustness of the proposed decision support model.Consequently,this study could contribute to international payment services and in the context of globalization and international trade.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21706267)the Major Projects of the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu, China (No. 18JR4RA001)。
文摘Spherical porous materials prepared from the emulsion template used in the water treatment have displayed a vast prospect, as the high surface area, abundant porous structure, convenient operation and excellent adsorption performance. But the tedious fabrication process, high consumption of organic solvent and surfactant limited the application widely. Herein, a facile and eco-friendly spherical porous adsorbent(SPA) is fabricated from the green surfactant-free(corn oil)-in-water Pickering medium internal phase emulsions(Pickering MIPEs) via the convenient ion crosslinking procedure. The Pickering MIPEs synergistically stabilized with the semi-coke(SC), which is the natural particle produced from the shale oil distillation, and sodium alginate(SA) has excellent storage and anti-coalescence stability. The as-prepared porous adsorbent possessed the abundant pore structure, which provided favorable conditions for effective mass transfer in adsorption, and could be tuned by varying the SA dosage. The saturation adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Cd(II) can be achieved with 460.54 and 278.77 mg/g within 45 min at 25 ℃, respectively. Overall, this study supplied a viable and eco-friendly route for fabricating the spherical porous adsorbent with a tunable porous structure for heavy metal ion wastewater.
文摘With the acceleration of life pace and the increase of environmental stress,skin aging has become a major concern.Traditional anti-aging methods,such as laser therapy and injections,are effective but have limitations including side effects,complex procedures,high costs,and long recovery periods.In contrast,a topical cellular reenergizing technology using a combination system of 1%Spherical PDRN(Polydeoxyribonucleotide,a registered product name with the following composition:55%mannitol,30%trehalose,10%sodium DNA,and 5%sodium hyaluronate)and 1%Spherical Collagen(a registered product name with the following composition:55%mannitol,30%trehalose,10%collagen,and 5%sodium hyaluronate)stands out with its natural,convenient,non-invasive,and long-lasting advantages.It fundamentally addresses skin aging and provides consumers with a safer,more comfortable,and comprehensive anti-aging experience.This study prepared a combination system of Spherical PDRN and Collagen via a matrix incorporation method.It investigated mitochondrial function and morphology changes in H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated fibroblasts by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential(a key function indicator),ATP content(reflecting energy production),and mitochondrial morphology(related to cell state and stress response).These analyses provided insights into fibroblast energy metabolism and cellular mechanisms.Additionally,a precise method assessed UVA-induced NAD^(+) concentration changes in fibroblasts,reflecting metabolic and antioxidant states under stress.In H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated fibroblasts,the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Spherical Collagen at a concentration of 2.5%significantly increased the average value of mitochondrial membrane potential(polymer/monomer ratio)by 448.28%,and the content of ATP by 108.06%.The mitochondrial morphology in cells appeared as elongated rods,with normal fusion and fission occurring.In UVA-irradiated fibroblasts,the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Spherical Collagen at a concentration of 2.5%significantly increased the concentration of NAD^(+) per unit protein by 35.93%.This study investigated how the combination system of Spherical PDRN and Collagen affects mitochondrial function in fibroblasts.It was found that this system significantly boosts mitochondrial membrane potential,implying a marked rise in mitochondrial activity and energy conversion efficiency.This suggests optimized respiratory chain function and energy metabolism,which are vital for normal cellular functions and stress responses.Moreover,the system significantly raises intracellular ATP levels,directly reflecting enhanced mitochondrial energy production.This not only promotes cellular energy metabolism but also boosts cell vitality and stress resistance.Additionally,the system improves mitochondrial morphology,which is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and function.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42374004).
文摘Spherical harmonic analysis(SHA)and synthesis(SHS)are widely used by researchers in various fields.Both numerical integration and least-squares methods can be employed for analysis and synthesis.However,these approaches,when calculated via summation,are computationally intensive.Although the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)algorithm is efficient,it is traditionally limited to processing global grid points starting from zero longitude.In this paper,we derive an improved FFT algorithm for spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis.The proposed algorithm eliminates the need for grid points to start at zero longitude,thereby expanding the applicability of FFT-based methods.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the new algorithm retains the computational efficiency of conventional FFT while achieving accuracy comparable to the summation method.Consequently,it enables direct harmonic coefficient calculation from global grid data without requiring interpolation to align with zero longitude.Additionally,the algrithm can generate grid points with equi-angular spacing using the improved FFT algorithm,starting from non-zero longitudes.To address the loss of orthogonality in latitude due to discrete spherical grids,a quadrature weight factor-dependent on grid type(e.g.,regular or Gauss grid)-is incorporated,as summarized in this study.
文摘Significant progress has been made in magnetic and inertial confinement fusion(MCF and ICF)energy development since the achievement of world record parameters on the T3 tokamak in 1968.In MCF,the triple product nτT has been elevated from 5×10^(17)m^(-3)·s·keV to 1×10^(21)m^(-3)·s·keV.At the same time,Q=Pfusion/Pheating,has increased from 1×10^(-9)to 0.67,with expectations to exceed 10 in the ITER experiment.In ICF,a Q value of approximately 2.4 was attained with a fusion energy output of around 5.2 MJ.
基金supported by the ENN Group and ENN Energy Research Institutesupported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12475210).
文摘EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aimed at studying proton-boron(p-11B)fusion reactions in a spherical torus.The design parameters are Ti0~30 keV,Ti/Te>2,n_(e0)~1×10^(20)m^(-3),I_(p)~3 MA,B_(t)~3 T,andτ_(E)~0.5 s.High ion temperature is one of the standard operation scenarios of EHL-2,aiming to reduce bremsstrahlung radiation while enhancing plasma parameters by elevating the ion to electron temperature ratio.In order to achieve high ion temperature,neutral beam injection is considered the primary heating method during the flat-top phase.The neutral beam system for EHL-2 comprises 3-5 beams with energy/power ranging from 60 keV/4 MW,80-100 keV/10 MW,to 200 keV/3 MW.This work conducts predictive analysis on core transport during the flat-top phase of EHL-2’s high-ion-temperature scenario utilizing ASTRA.The study delineates the potential operating range of core temperature and other parameters given the designed heating capacity.Specifically,the study presents predictive simulations based on CDBM,GLF23,Bohm-gyro-Bohm,and IFSPPPL transport models,evaluating the steady-state power balance,energy confinement time,and impact of various parameters such as plasma density and NBI power on core ion temperature.The simulations demonstrate that the design parameters of the EHL-2 high-Ti scenario,although sensitive to varying transport models,are hopefully attainable as long as adequate ion heating and controlled ion transport levels are ensured.
基金Supported by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation, Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project, and STCSM of China (No. 08ZR1408300, S30108, and 08DZ2231100)
文摘A new interpolation algorithm for Head-Related Transfer Function （HRTF） is proposed to realize 3D sound reproduction via headphones in arbitrary spatial direction. HRTFs are modeled as a weighted sum of spherical harmonics on a spherical surface. Truncated Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） is adopted to calculate the weights of the model. The truncation number is chosen according to Frobenius norm ratio and the partial condition number. Compared with other interpolated methods, our proposed approach not only is continuous but exploits global information of available directions. The HRTF from any desired direction can be and interpolated results demonstrate that our obtained more accurately and robustly. Reconstructed proposed algorithm acquired better performance.
