During the first phase of initiation of Knowl-edge Innovation Program (KIP), from 1998 to 2000,CAS has undergone a large-scale institutional con-solidation, involving 60 research institutions(in-cluding 33 institutes ...During the first phase of initiation of Knowl-edge Innovation Program (KIP), from 1998 to 2000,CAS has undergone a large-scale institutional con-solidation, involving 60 research institutions(in-cluding 33 institutes and the like. As a result, 40institutes won preferential support from the KIP.展开更多
At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institu...At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.展开更多
Open field system is the most important land farming system in the middle part of the Medieval England. It has the property of private property and common property right and exited for very long time. This article ana...Open field system is the most important land farming system in the middle part of the Medieval England. It has the property of private property and common property right and exited for very long time. This article analyzed how the open field system was replaced by the enclosure system from the perspective of institutional t transition. By carrying on the detailed investigation, it can provide certain enlightenments and references to deepen rural reform, especially promoting the reasonable transfer of rural land use rights in China.展开更多
Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a ...Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a Regional Drinking Water Company which has responsibility for supplying drinking water at the regency/city level.The coastal city as the object of study manages clean water then transfers under a private company.Due to government restrictions regarding the authority to provide clean water,a technical implementation unit was formed for better solution in clean water services.The new form of institution will be able to make decisions and carry out execution at any time because it is directly under the authority of the government,it can also apply the concept of good governance to support more transparent management.In accordance with the policy,the new institutional form will be able to finance itself,develop the level of service and contribute to regional development as a source of local revenue.However,the institutional transition requires adaptation both from a functional and operational perspective.Through this study,an analysis of the readiness for the transition of institutional forms is carried out to minimize conflicts such the lack of improvement in the quality of drinking water services due to limited government authority,insufficient qualified human resources in water management,and the difficulty of developing drinking water service infrastructure because it still depends on the private sector.The analysis of the structure and human resources associated with clean water service targets also conducted.Institutional strengthening,both regulatory and institutional,is necessary to maximize the roles and functions of the relevant institutions.With a more comprehensive understanding in the preparation of contracts and division of authority,no parties will be aggrieved in the long term.展开更多
The integration of digital tools and effective knowledge management practices is critical for enhancing administrative efficiency and institutional continuity in higher education. This study investigates the relations...The integration of digital tools and effective knowledge management practices is critical for enhancing administrative efficiency and institutional continuity in higher education. This study investigates the relationships between knowledge modeling, institutional memory, leadership styles, technology, and administrative efficiency at the University of Cape Coast (UCC). The study sought to identify the challenges and opportunities in integrating digital tools into administrative processes and to provide actionable recommendations for improvement. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative analysis using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with qualitative thematic analysis of interviews. The findings revealed key challenges, including resistance to change, fragmented knowledge repositories, and inadequate funding, alongside opportunities such as centralized knowledge systems, cost-effective open-source tools, and capacity-building initiatives. The study highlights the importance of strategic leadership, robust policies, and investments in digital infrastructure to enhance administrative practices. Policy implications include the need for clear digital transformation guidelines and leadership training to foster innovation and collaboration. Recommendations include investing in scalable digital tools, implementing comprehensive capacity-building programs, and promoting stakeholder engagement to drive successful digital integration. These insights provide a roadmap for UCC and similar institutions seeking to optimize administrative efficiency through digital transformation.展开更多
Despite the increasing global emphasis on decentralized disaster risk reduction(DRR),the capacity of local institutions to implement eff ective risk governance strategies remains inconsistent and often inadequate.This...Despite the increasing global emphasis on decentralized disaster risk reduction(DRR),the capacity of local institutions to implement eff ective risk governance strategies remains inconsistent and often inadequate.This study conducted a comparative analysis of institutional vulnerability at the municipal level in two hazard-prone regions:Teziutlán,Mexico,and Tola,Nicaragua.It employed comparative case study methods alongside structured surveys administered to local DRR actors.An integrated analytical framework was used,synthesizing the Pressure and Release model,the Forensic Investigations of Disasters approach,the MOVE framework,and the Institutional Analysis and Development model.The research identified key institutional vulnerabilities,including preparedness,coordination,information access,infrastructure,legal enforcement,climate integration,and informal governance.The findings indicate that the deficiencies within these institutions are not merely technical but are significantly influenced by systemic disparities in power,resource allocation,and political stability.Both municipalities exhibit notable gaps between formal DRR mandates and their operational implementation,reflecting a structural disjunction between institutions articulated in policy(institutions-in-form)and those in practice(institutions-inuse).The study concluded that eff ectively addressing institutional vulnerability necessitates transitioning from compliancedriven reforms towards integrated strategies that foster institutional learning,enhance cross-sectoral coordination,promote climate adaptation,and acknowledge informal and community-based governance structures.These findings off er policyrelevant insights for national and regional policymakers seeking to strengthen the institutional foundations of local DRR implementation within Latin America and comparable decentralized governance contexts.展开更多
The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade ...The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade governance system has mainly referred to the multilateral trading system, with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and the World Trade Organization(WTO) serving as governance platforms.展开更多
The current system of Chinese medicine education is centered on institutional education,teacher-training education,and continuing education,and it has realized the dynamic match between the supply of talents and the d...The current system of Chinese medicine education is centered on institutional education,teacher-training education,and continuing education,and it has realized the dynamic match between the supply of talents and the demand of the industry through large-scale cultivation,innovative teacher-training integration,and multi-dimensional continuing education.However,there are still problems such as the disconnection between the theory and practice of institutional education,the limited development of teacher-training education on a large scale,the uneven quality of continuing education,the conflict of combined education of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine,and the obstruction of internationalized education.This paper proposes to reconstruct the institutional curriculum system,innovate the stratified classification system of teacher training,strengthen the practice orientation of continuing education,promote the in-depth integration of Chinese and Western medicine,and improve the policy guarantee mechanism,and other improvement paths,aiming to build a new type of Chinese medicine personnel training system that emphasizes both classical inheritance and modern innovation,and the complementarity between institutional education and teacher training,so as to provide a decision-making reference for the sustainable development of Chinese medicine education.展开更多
Under the twin transitions of decarbonization and digitalization,global apparel trade is shifting from speed-and cost-based competition toward speed with verifable green compliance.This paper integrates Institutional ...Under the twin transitions of decarbonization and digitalization,global apparel trade is shifting from speed-and cost-based competition toward speed with verifable green compliance.This paper integrates Institutional Theory and Transaction Cost Theory to explain how external regulatory and normative pressures are operationalized through digital infrastructures.We argue that IoT-enabled MRV,blockchain traceability,and Digital Product Passports reduce information asymmetry,measurement burdens,and enforcement costs across fragmented apparel value chains.Using mixed methods—bibliometric mapping and comparative regional cases(China ASEAN,China Central Asia,and the Greater Bay Area)—the study identifes differentiated implementation pathways driven by rules,technology,and market-platform innovation.Policy implications emphasize inclusive digital infrastructure,cross-border carbon data governance,and interoperable standard recognition.展开更多
Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in w...Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in which diverse individuals or groups within an organization internalize and manifest distinct institutional logics,alongside the ensuing political and cultural conflicts.Furthermore,the theory endeavors to elucidate the complexities inherent in institutional logic across organizational fields,examining the reflection of these logics among various individuals or groups and their associated political and cultural dichotomies.Central to this discourse is the acknowledgment of the core systems that constitute the fabric of a country,encompassing the state,market,familial structures,corporate entities,professional bodies,and religious institutions.These components not only coexist with inherent conflicts but also exhibit a high degree of interdependence,underlined by their shared institutional logics.This literature attempts to review and analysis institutional logic in the field of entrepreneurship and integrates institutional logic into entrepreneurs’personal background,experience,and other social characteristics,and study how institutional logic operates.It is recommended that future researchers take entrepreneurs as the research object and conduct more in-depth research on the evolution of organizational response strategies when political and cultural conflicts occur between different groups within the enterprise,combined with institutional logic theory.展开更多
Ideological and political education in higher education institutions is currently facing the practical challenge of discourse transformation.Traditional theoretical indoctrination models are unable to effectively alig...Ideological and political education in higher education institutions is currently facing the practical challenge of discourse transformation.Traditional theoretical indoctrination models are unable to effectively align with the cognitive characteristics and acceptance habits of young people.With the profound changes in the media ecosystem,the ideological and political discourse system urgently needs to transition from a one-way communication model to an interactive dialogue model.This paper focuses on the bidirectional construction logic of“concise extraction”and“concise dissemination,”revealing the innovative characteristics of the ideological and political discourse system in content creation,dissemination methods,and talent cultivation mechanisms under the new era.It provides new theoretical perspectives and practical reference frameworks for addressing the challenges of insufficient effectiveness in ideological and political education.展开更多
Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capaci...Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capacity of drug regulation,including a clearer functional positioning for drug regulation,increased resource inputs in drug regulation at central level,a more rational allocation of vertical drug regulatory functions,and an improved supervision mechanism for regulatory departments.展开更多
The successful of total quality management(TQM) apply in industry have prompted people to think about the usage of total quality management in education.This is a challenge for education system to accept a new system ...The successful of total quality management(TQM) apply in industry have prompted people to think about the usage of total quality management in education.This is a challenge for education system to accept a new system in able to improve themselves,and also it is a new stage for them going to a new education quality control era.In education system,the productivity of teacher could be enhanced,teachers and students may find enjoyable in academic life,and leaving students positive contribution in society gain reputation for education institutions.展开更多
This article reflects on the process of transcribing spoken interaction and makes a comparative analysis of two different varieties of spoken interaction(casual conver- sation and institutional talk). By doing so, it ...This article reflects on the process of transcribing spoken interaction and makes a comparative analysis of two different varieties of spoken interaction(casual conver- sation and institutional talk). By doing so, it reveals how the different purposes of speech result in their distinctive characteristics, and shows how language is struc- tured to construct ideational meanings(Field) and interpersonal meanings(Tenor) that define each context.展开更多
There is a gap between the great vision and high-quality targets of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) and Western recognition of them, which challenges Chinese and Western scholars. This gap should be narrowed by cond...There is a gap between the great vision and high-quality targets of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) and Western recognition of them, which challenges Chinese and Western scholars. This gap should be narrowed by conducting in-depth case studies and comparative studies at the project level. In recent years, the international academic community has paid increasing attention to Chinese outward foreign direct investment(FDI), but Belt and Road construction is much broader in scope, comprising not only FDI projects but also China-financed projects and emerging mixed projects. Our investigation, observation, and examination of the BRI projects find that compared to their Western counterparts, Chinese enterprises have less experience in doing business in other countries and often pay less attention to institutional and cultural differences between China and the host countries. Thus, revisiting the institutional and cultural turn in economic geography and employing its ideas to analyze the BRI projects and summarize their construction modes may contribute to the development of both economic geography and the BRI. This paper first briefly reviews the background and research trends of the institutional and cultural turn and then summarizes three major modes of Belt and Road construction, namely, EPC(Engineering Procurement Construction)-based projects, concession-based projects, and FDI;finally, it draws on the institutional and cultural turn to classify the BRI projects according to the two indicators of "Breadth and Depth of Territorial Embeddedness" and "Destructive Effect of a Project and/or Technology" into four types: transformative, supportive, ordinary projects and overseas industrial cooperation parks. Different institutional and cultural sensitivity can be observed for each type of project. The preliminary theorization proposed in this paper may offer a potential framework for further research on the BRI.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor type in the gastrointestinal system. Presently, various classification systems to prognosticate GISTs have been proposed.AIM To e...BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor type in the gastrointestinal system. Presently, various classification systems to prognosticate GISTs have been proposed.AIM To evaluate the application value of four different risk stratification systems for GISTs.METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with GISTs and underwent surgical resection at four hospitals from 1998 to 2015 were identified from a database. Risk of recurrence was stratified by the modified National Institute of Health(NIH)criteria, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology(AFIP) criteria, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center(MSKCC) prognostic nomogram, and the contour maps. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were established to compare the four abovementioned risk stratification systems based on the area under the curve(AUC).RESULTS A total of 1303 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.77 ± 13.70 yr; 52.3% of the patients were male. The mean follow-up period was 64.91 ± 35.79 mo. Approximately 67.0% the tumors were located in the stomach, and 59.5% were smaller than 5 cm; 67.3% of the patients had a mitotic count ≤ 5/50 high-power fields(HPFs). Thirty-four tumors ruptured before and during surgery. Univariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size > 5 cm(P <0.05), mitotic count > 5/50 HPFs(P < 0.05), non-gastric location(P < 0.05), and tumor rupture(P < 0.05) were significantly associated with increased recurrence rates. According to the ROC curve, the AFIP criteria showed the largest AUC(0.754).CONCLUSION According to our data, the AFIP criteria were associated with a larger AUC than the NIH modified criteria, the MSKCC nomogram, and the contour maps, which might indicate that the AFIP criteria have better accuracy to support therapeutic decision-making for patients with GISTs.展开更多
Relaxation of control over the upstream business of the petroleum industry in China is discussed. The authors suggest that a basic institutional preparation should be made before relaxing control over the upstream bus...Relaxation of control over the upstream business of the petroleum industry in China is discussed. The authors suggest that a basic institutional preparation should be made before relaxing control over the upstream business, and that the institutional preparation includes at least four parts： 1） setting up the admission standards, 2） perfecting the management system of mining rights, 3） reforming the royalty and taxation system for oil and gas resources, and 4） improving the supervision and management system. Stressing the institutional preparation before relaxation of control does not mean that China could not relax control over the upstream business until the management systems are perfected, but the authors suggest that China could establish a necessary system for relaxation of control and to improve it with future practice.展开更多
This article aims to provide reference for medicine-engineering interdisciplinary research.Targeted at the scientific literature and patent literature published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,this article attempts t...This article aims to provide reference for medicine-engineering interdisciplinary research.Targeted at the scientific literature and patent literature published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,this article attempts to set up co-occurrence matrix of medicine-engineering institutional information which was extracted from address fields of the papers,so as to construct the medicine-engineering intersection datasets.The dataset of scientific literature was analyzed using bibliometrics and visualization methods from multiple dimensions,and the most active factors,such as trends of output,journal and subject distribution,were identified from the indicators of category normalized citation impact(CNCI),times cited,keywords,citation topics and the degree of medicineengineering interdisplinary.Research on hotspots and trends was discussed in detail.Analyses of the dataset of patent literature showed research themes and measured the degree for technology convergence of medicineengineering.展开更多
Most community forests in hill regions of northeast India have been managed by traditional local institutions for centuries and most of these institutions remain functional even today. Higher forest coverage on privat...Most community forests in hill regions of northeast India have been managed by traditional local institutions for centuries and most of these institutions remain functional even today. Higher forest coverage on private and community lands as compared to government land indicates that traditional institutions effectively manage community forests in the region. The present study was conducted through a survey of literature and field work using participatory research tools viz., PRA exercises, group discussions and questionnaire interviews with key informants in northeast India. We categorized the institutions involved in conservation and management of forests into three major types： traditional, quasi-traditional and modern. Traditional institutions with hierarchal structure were found in all states and are intact and functional in the state of Meghalaya. Quasi-traditional institutions, a blend of traditional and modern institutions were prevalent in Nagaland while modern institutions have almost replaced traditional institutions in Mizoram. We recorded at least eleven types of community forests viz., group of village forest, village forest, restricted forest, sacred forest, clan forest, cemetery forest, regeneration forest, bamboo forest, recreation forest, village reserved forest and medicinal plantation in villages of three states. The tribal people, through long-term trial and error experiments, have developed an elaborate, functional and generally democratic system of conservation and management of forests and associated natural ecosystems. Several forest and natural resource management lessons can be learnt from the institutional structure and decision making system of the evolving and dynamic institutions of tribal communities of the region.展开更多
Literature asserts that prenatal care is an imperative factor for subsequent health care utilization. However, in the Indian settings presence of selection bias while determining the impact of ANC visits on institutio...Literature asserts that prenatal care is an imperative factor for subsequent health care utilization. However, in the Indian settings presence of selection bias while determining the impact of ANC visits on institutional delivery has been overlooked by the researchers. Therefore this paper aims to examine the net impact of ANC visits on subsequent utilization of institutional delivery after removing the presence of selection bias using recent round of National Family Health survey data. The analysis has been carried out in two separate models, in the first model 1-2 ANC visits been compared with no visit and in the second model three or more antenatal care visits with no visit. The propensity score matching analysis used in this study sheds new light into this line of research which provides an effective strategy for controlling the confounding influence of institutional delivery. Employing the propensity score matching estimation approach we found women who made 1-2 ANC visits had 6.6 percent higher chance to deliver in an institution compared to women who made no visit. In addition, if a woman visited health centre three or more than three times, her chances were 31 percent higher to deliver in an institution. Result based on sensitivity analysis suggests that selection bias on unobserved covariates would have to be around 40 percent to alter the impact of 1-2 ANC visits. Findings suggest that interventions which plan to increase institutional delivery should target pregnant women who come for ANC checkups at institution first time, and health workers should encourage women to return to the health centre for more numbers of visits, as our results indicate that three or more ANC visits significantly change the women’s attitudes towards institutional delivery.展开更多
文摘During the first phase of initiation of Knowl-edge Innovation Program (KIP), from 1998 to 2000,CAS has undergone a large-scale institutional con-solidation, involving 60 research institutions(in-cluding 33 institutes and the like. As a result, 40institutes won preferential support from the KIP.
基金Supported by Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Yunnan Province(JD2015YB30)
文摘At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.
文摘Open field system is the most important land farming system in the middle part of the Medieval England. It has the property of private property and common property right and exited for very long time. This article analyzed how the open field system was replaced by the enclosure system from the perspective of institutional t transition. By carrying on the detailed investigation, it can provide certain enlightenments and references to deepen rural reform, especially promoting the reasonable transfer of rural land use rights in China.
文摘Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a Regional Drinking Water Company which has responsibility for supplying drinking water at the regency/city level.The coastal city as the object of study manages clean water then transfers under a private company.Due to government restrictions regarding the authority to provide clean water,a technical implementation unit was formed for better solution in clean water services.The new form of institution will be able to make decisions and carry out execution at any time because it is directly under the authority of the government,it can also apply the concept of good governance to support more transparent management.In accordance with the policy,the new institutional form will be able to finance itself,develop the level of service and contribute to regional development as a source of local revenue.However,the institutional transition requires adaptation both from a functional and operational perspective.Through this study,an analysis of the readiness for the transition of institutional forms is carried out to minimize conflicts such the lack of improvement in the quality of drinking water services due to limited government authority,insufficient qualified human resources in water management,and the difficulty of developing drinking water service infrastructure because it still depends on the private sector.The analysis of the structure and human resources associated with clean water service targets also conducted.Institutional strengthening,both regulatory and institutional,is necessary to maximize the roles and functions of the relevant institutions.With a more comprehensive understanding in the preparation of contracts and division of authority,no parties will be aggrieved in the long term.
文摘The integration of digital tools and effective knowledge management practices is critical for enhancing administrative efficiency and institutional continuity in higher education. This study investigates the relationships between knowledge modeling, institutional memory, leadership styles, technology, and administrative efficiency at the University of Cape Coast (UCC). The study sought to identify the challenges and opportunities in integrating digital tools into administrative processes and to provide actionable recommendations for improvement. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative analysis using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with qualitative thematic analysis of interviews. The findings revealed key challenges, including resistance to change, fragmented knowledge repositories, and inadequate funding, alongside opportunities such as centralized knowledge systems, cost-effective open-source tools, and capacity-building initiatives. The study highlights the importance of strategic leadership, robust policies, and investments in digital infrastructure to enhance administrative practices. Policy implications include the need for clear digital transformation guidelines and leadership training to foster innovation and collaboration. Recommendations include investing in scalable digital tools, implementing comprehensive capacity-building programs, and promoting stakeholder engagement to drive successful digital integration. These insights provide a roadmap for UCC and similar institutions seeking to optimize administrative efficiency through digital transformation.
基金the support of the National Council of Humanities,Sciences,and Technologies(CONAHCYT)for awarding a student fellowship to Gema Velásquez-EspinozaDGAPA-UNAM for the financial support provided through Project PAPIIT IN300823。
文摘Despite the increasing global emphasis on decentralized disaster risk reduction(DRR),the capacity of local institutions to implement eff ective risk governance strategies remains inconsistent and often inadequate.This study conducted a comparative analysis of institutional vulnerability at the municipal level in two hazard-prone regions:Teziutlán,Mexico,and Tola,Nicaragua.It employed comparative case study methods alongside structured surveys administered to local DRR actors.An integrated analytical framework was used,synthesizing the Pressure and Release model,the Forensic Investigations of Disasters approach,the MOVE framework,and the Institutional Analysis and Development model.The research identified key institutional vulnerabilities,including preparedness,coordination,information access,infrastructure,legal enforcement,climate integration,and informal governance.The findings indicate that the deficiencies within these institutions are not merely technical but are significantly influenced by systemic disparities in power,resource allocation,and political stability.Both municipalities exhibit notable gaps between formal DRR mandates and their operational implementation,reflecting a structural disjunction between institutions articulated in policy(institutions-in-form)and those in practice(institutions-inuse).The study concluded that eff ectively addressing institutional vulnerability necessitates transitioning from compliancedriven reforms towards integrated strategies that foster institutional learning,enhance cross-sectoral coordination,promote climate adaptation,and acknowledge informal and community-based governance structures.These findings off er policyrelevant insights for national and regional policymakers seeking to strengthen the institutional foundations of local DRR implementation within Latin America and comparable decentralized governance contexts.
文摘The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade governance system has mainly referred to the multilateral trading system, with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and the World Trade Organization(WTO) serving as governance platforms.
基金Yunnan 046 Key Laboratory of Yi Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine(2024SS24046)。
文摘The current system of Chinese medicine education is centered on institutional education,teacher-training education,and continuing education,and it has realized the dynamic match between the supply of talents and the demand of the industry through large-scale cultivation,innovative teacher-training integration,and multi-dimensional continuing education.However,there are still problems such as the disconnection between the theory and practice of institutional education,the limited development of teacher-training education on a large scale,the uneven quality of continuing education,the conflict of combined education of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine,and the obstruction of internationalized education.This paper proposes to reconstruct the institutional curriculum system,innovate the stratified classification system of teacher training,strengthen the practice orientation of continuing education,promote the in-depth integration of Chinese and Western medicine,and improve the policy guarantee mechanism,and other improvement paths,aiming to build a new type of Chinese medicine personnel training system that emphasizes both classical inheritance and modern innovation,and the complementarity between institutional education and teacher training,so as to provide a decision-making reference for the sustainable development of Chinese medicine education.
文摘Under the twin transitions of decarbonization and digitalization,global apparel trade is shifting from speed-and cost-based competition toward speed with verifable green compliance.This paper integrates Institutional Theory and Transaction Cost Theory to explain how external regulatory and normative pressures are operationalized through digital infrastructures.We argue that IoT-enabled MRV,blockchain traceability,and Digital Product Passports reduce information asymmetry,measurement burdens,and enforcement costs across fragmented apparel value chains.Using mixed methods—bibliometric mapping and comparative regional cases(China ASEAN,China Central Asia,and the Greater Bay Area)—the study identifes differentiated implementation pathways driven by rules,technology,and market-platform innovation.Policy implications emphasize inclusive digital infrastructure,cross-border carbon data governance,and interoperable standard recognition.
文摘Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in which diverse individuals or groups within an organization internalize and manifest distinct institutional logics,alongside the ensuing political and cultural conflicts.Furthermore,the theory endeavors to elucidate the complexities inherent in institutional logic across organizational fields,examining the reflection of these logics among various individuals or groups and their associated political and cultural dichotomies.Central to this discourse is the acknowledgment of the core systems that constitute the fabric of a country,encompassing the state,market,familial structures,corporate entities,professional bodies,and religious institutions.These components not only coexist with inherent conflicts but also exhibit a high degree of interdependence,underlined by their shared institutional logics.This literature attempts to review and analysis institutional logic in the field of entrepreneurship and integrates institutional logic into entrepreneurs’personal background,experience,and other social characteristics,and study how institutional logic operates.It is recommended that future researchers take entrepreneurs as the research object and conduct more in-depth research on the evolution of organizational response strategies when political and cultural conflicts occur between different groups within the enterprise,combined with institutional logic theory.
文摘Ideological and political education in higher education institutions is currently facing the practical challenge of discourse transformation.Traditional theoretical indoctrination models are unable to effectively align with the cognitive characteristics and acceptance habits of young people.With the profound changes in the media ecosystem,the ideological and political discourse system urgently needs to transition from a one-way communication model to an interactive dialogue model.This paper focuses on the bidirectional construction logic of“concise extraction”and“concise dissemination,”revealing the innovative characteristics of the ideological and political discourse system in content creation,dissemination methods,and talent cultivation mechanisms under the new era.It provides new theoretical perspectives and practical reference frameworks for addressing the challenges of insufficient effectiveness in ideological and political education.
文摘Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capacity of drug regulation,including a clearer functional positioning for drug regulation,increased resource inputs in drug regulation at central level,a more rational allocation of vertical drug regulatory functions,and an improved supervision mechanism for regulatory departments.
文摘The successful of total quality management(TQM) apply in industry have prompted people to think about the usage of total quality management in education.This is a challenge for education system to accept a new system in able to improve themselves,and also it is a new stage for them going to a new education quality control era.In education system,the productivity of teacher could be enhanced,teachers and students may find enjoyable in academic life,and leaving students positive contribution in society gain reputation for education institutions.
文摘This article reflects on the process of transcribing spoken interaction and makes a comparative analysis of two different varieties of spoken interaction(casual conver- sation and institutional talk). By doing so, it reveals how the different purposes of speech result in their distinctive characteristics, and shows how language is struc- tured to construct ideational meanings(Field) and interpersonal meanings(Tenor) that define each context.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA20080000。
文摘There is a gap between the great vision and high-quality targets of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) and Western recognition of them, which challenges Chinese and Western scholars. This gap should be narrowed by conducting in-depth case studies and comparative studies at the project level. In recent years, the international academic community has paid increasing attention to Chinese outward foreign direct investment(FDI), but Belt and Road construction is much broader in scope, comprising not only FDI projects but also China-financed projects and emerging mixed projects. Our investigation, observation, and examination of the BRI projects find that compared to their Western counterparts, Chinese enterprises have less experience in doing business in other countries and often pay less attention to institutional and cultural differences between China and the host countries. Thus, revisiting the institutional and cultural turn in economic geography and employing its ideas to analyze the BRI projects and summarize their construction modes may contribute to the development of both economic geography and the BRI. This paper first briefly reviews the background and research trends of the institutional and cultural turn and then summarizes three major modes of Belt and Road construction, namely, EPC(Engineering Procurement Construction)-based projects, concession-based projects, and FDI;finally, it draws on the institutional and cultural turn to classify the BRI projects according to the two indicators of "Breadth and Depth of Territorial Embeddedness" and "Destructive Effect of a Project and/or Technology" into four types: transformative, supportive, ordinary projects and overseas industrial cooperation parks. Different institutional and cultural sensitivity can be observed for each type of project. The preliminary theorization proposed in this paper may offer a potential framework for further research on the BRI.
基金the State Key Project of Research and Development Plan,No.2017YFC0108300 and No.2017YFC01083032018 Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students'Scientific and Technological Innovation(Climbing Program Special Funds),No.pdjha0094
文摘BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor type in the gastrointestinal system. Presently, various classification systems to prognosticate GISTs have been proposed.AIM To evaluate the application value of four different risk stratification systems for GISTs.METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with GISTs and underwent surgical resection at four hospitals from 1998 to 2015 were identified from a database. Risk of recurrence was stratified by the modified National Institute of Health(NIH)criteria, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology(AFIP) criteria, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center(MSKCC) prognostic nomogram, and the contour maps. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were established to compare the four abovementioned risk stratification systems based on the area under the curve(AUC).RESULTS A total of 1303 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.77 ± 13.70 yr; 52.3% of the patients were male. The mean follow-up period was 64.91 ± 35.79 mo. Approximately 67.0% the tumors were located in the stomach, and 59.5% were smaller than 5 cm; 67.3% of the patients had a mitotic count ≤ 5/50 high-power fields(HPFs). Thirty-four tumors ruptured before and during surgery. Univariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size > 5 cm(P <0.05), mitotic count > 5/50 HPFs(P < 0.05), non-gastric location(P < 0.05), and tumor rupture(P < 0.05) were significantly associated with increased recurrence rates. According to the ROC curve, the AFIP criteria showed the largest AUC(0.754).CONCLUSION According to our data, the AFIP criteria were associated with a larger AUC than the NIH modified criteria, the MSKCC nomogram, and the contour maps, which might indicate that the AFIP criteria have better accuracy to support therapeutic decision-making for patients with GISTs.
文摘Relaxation of control over the upstream business of the petroleum industry in China is discussed. The authors suggest that a basic institutional preparation should be made before relaxing control over the upstream business, and that the institutional preparation includes at least four parts： 1） setting up the admission standards, 2） perfecting the management system of mining rights, 3） reforming the royalty and taxation system for oil and gas resources, and 4） improving the supervision and management system. Stressing the institutional preparation before relaxation of control does not mean that China could not relax control over the upstream business until the management systems are perfected, but the authors suggest that China could establish a necessary system for relaxation of control and to improve it with future practice.
基金the Key Research Fund for CALIS National Information Center in Medicine(No.CALIS-2020-01-001)。
文摘This article aims to provide reference for medicine-engineering interdisciplinary research.Targeted at the scientific literature and patent literature published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,this article attempts to set up co-occurrence matrix of medicine-engineering institutional information which was extracted from address fields of the papers,so as to construct the medicine-engineering intersection datasets.The dataset of scientific literature was analyzed using bibliometrics and visualization methods from multiple dimensions,and the most active factors,such as trends of output,journal and subject distribution,were identified from the indicators of category normalized citation impact(CNCI),times cited,keywords,citation topics and the degree of medicineengineering interdisplinary.Research on hotspots and trends was discussed in detail.Analyses of the dataset of patent literature showed research themes and measured the degree for technology convergence of medicineengineering.
文摘Most community forests in hill regions of northeast India have been managed by traditional local institutions for centuries and most of these institutions remain functional even today. Higher forest coverage on private and community lands as compared to government land indicates that traditional institutions effectively manage community forests in the region. The present study was conducted through a survey of literature and field work using participatory research tools viz., PRA exercises, group discussions and questionnaire interviews with key informants in northeast India. We categorized the institutions involved in conservation and management of forests into three major types： traditional, quasi-traditional and modern. Traditional institutions with hierarchal structure were found in all states and are intact and functional in the state of Meghalaya. Quasi-traditional institutions, a blend of traditional and modern institutions were prevalent in Nagaland while modern institutions have almost replaced traditional institutions in Mizoram. We recorded at least eleven types of community forests viz., group of village forest, village forest, restricted forest, sacred forest, clan forest, cemetery forest, regeneration forest, bamboo forest, recreation forest, village reserved forest and medicinal plantation in villages of three states. The tribal people, through long-term trial and error experiments, have developed an elaborate, functional and generally democratic system of conservation and management of forests and associated natural ecosystems. Several forest and natural resource management lessons can be learnt from the institutional structure and decision making system of the evolving and dynamic institutions of tribal communities of the region.
文摘Literature asserts that prenatal care is an imperative factor for subsequent health care utilization. However, in the Indian settings presence of selection bias while determining the impact of ANC visits on institutional delivery has been overlooked by the researchers. Therefore this paper aims to examine the net impact of ANC visits on subsequent utilization of institutional delivery after removing the presence of selection bias using recent round of National Family Health survey data. The analysis has been carried out in two separate models, in the first model 1-2 ANC visits been compared with no visit and in the second model three or more antenatal care visits with no visit. The propensity score matching analysis used in this study sheds new light into this line of research which provides an effective strategy for controlling the confounding influence of institutional delivery. Employing the propensity score matching estimation approach we found women who made 1-2 ANC visits had 6.6 percent higher chance to deliver in an institution compared to women who made no visit. In addition, if a woman visited health centre three or more than three times, her chances were 31 percent higher to deliver in an institution. Result based on sensitivity analysis suggests that selection bias on unobserved covariates would have to be around 40 percent to alter the impact of 1-2 ANC visits. Findings suggest that interventions which plan to increase institutional delivery should target pregnant women who come for ANC checkups at institution first time, and health workers should encourage women to return to the health centre for more numbers of visits, as our results indicate that three or more ANC visits significantly change the women’s attitudes towards institutional delivery.
