A WAVEWATCH III version 3.14（WW3） wave model is used to evaluate input/dissipation source term packages WAM3, WAM4 and TC96 considering the effect of atmospheric instability. The comparisons of a significant wave he...A WAVEWATCH III version 3.14（WW3） wave model is used to evaluate input/dissipation source term packages WAM3, WAM4 and TC96 considering the effect of atmospheric instability. The comparisons of a significant wave height acquired from the model with different packages have been performed based on wave observation radar and HY-2 altimetry significant wave height data through five experiments in the South China Sea domain spanning latitudes of 0°–35°N and longitudes of 100°–135°E. The sensitivity of the wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 package also has been analyzed. From the results, the model is unable to dissipate the wave energy efficiently during a swell propagation with either source packages. It is found that TC96 formulation with the ＂effective wind speed＂ strategy performs better than WAM3 and WAM4 formulations. The wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 source package is very sensitive and needs to be calibrated and selected before the WW3 model can be applied to a specific region.展开更多
By combining the merits of radiative cooling(RC)and evaporation cooling(EC),radiative coupled evaporative cooling(REC)has attracted considerable attention for sub-ambient cooling purposes.However,for outdoor devices,t...By combining the merits of radiative cooling(RC)and evaporation cooling(EC),radiative coupled evaporative cooling(REC)has attracted considerable attention for sub-ambient cooling purposes.However,for outdoor devices,the interior heating power would increase the working temperature and fire risk,which would suppress their above-ambient heat dissipation capabilities and passive water cycle properties.In this work,we introduced a REC design based on an all-in-one photonic hydrogel for above-ambient heat dissipation and flame retardancy.Unlike conventional design RC film for heat dissipation with limited cooling power and fire risk,REC hydrogel can greatly improve the heat dissipation performance in the daytime with a high workload,indicating a 12.0℃lower temperature than the RC film under the same conditions in the outdoor experiment.In the nighttime with a low workload,RC-assisted adsorption can improve atmospheric water harvesting to ensure EC in the daytime.In addition,our REC hydrogel significantly enhanced flame retardancy by absorbing heat without a corresponding temperature rise,thus mitigating fire risks.Thus,our design shows a promising solution for the thermal management of outdoor devices,delivering outstanding performance in both heat dissipation and flame retardancy.展开更多
In order to investigate the effect of wind input and whitecapping dissipation on the simulation of typhoon-waves, three experiments are conducted with the latest version of SWAN （Simulating WAves Nearshore） model. T...In order to investigate the effect of wind input and whitecapping dissipation on the simulation of typhoon-waves, three experiments are conducted with the latest version of SWAN （Simulating WAves Nearshore） model. The three experiments adopt the Komen, Janssens, and Westhuysen expressions for wind input and whitecapping dissipation, respectively. Besides the above-mentioned source tems, other parameterization schemes in these experiments are the same. It shows that the experiment with the Westhuysen expression result in the least simulation errors while that with the Janssens expression has the most. The results from the experiments with Komen and Westhuysen expressions show that the differenees in significant wave height （SWH） have a good correlation with the differences in dissipation energy caused by whiteeapping. This indicates that the whitecapping dissipation source term plays an important role in the resultant differences of the simulated SWH between the two experiments.展开更多
The preparation of carbon-based electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbers possessing thin matching thickness,wide absorption bandwidth,strong absorption intensity,and low filling ratio remains a huge challenge.Metal-organic ...The preparation of carbon-based electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbers possessing thin matching thickness,wide absorption bandwidth,strong absorption intensity,and low filling ratio remains a huge challenge.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are ideal self-sacrificing templates for the construction of carbon-based EMW absorbers.In this work,bimetallic FeMn-MOF-derived MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composites were fabricated via a two-step route of solvothermal reaction and the following pyrolysis treatment.The results re-veal the evolution of the microscopic morphology of carbon skeletons from loofah-like to octahedral and then to polyhedron and pomegran-ate after the adjustment of the Fe^(3+)to Mn^(2+)molar ratio.Furthermore,at the Fe^(3+)to Mn^(2+)molar ratio of 2:1,the obtained MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composite exhibited the highest EMW absorption capacity.Specifically,a minimum reflection loss of-72.7 dB and a max-imum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz were achieved at a low filling ratio of 10wt%.In addition,the possible EMW absorp-tion mechanism of MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composites was proposed.Therefore,the results of this work will contribute to the construction of broadband and efficient carbon-based EMW absorbers derived from MOFs.展开更多
The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of ex...The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of existing works remain complex as they usually require the integration of multiscale structures.Here,we introduce phase modulation into the infrared camouflage metasurfaces with metal-dielectric-metal configuration,enabling them to achieve camouflage across more bands.Based on this strategy,a simple but effective single-layer cascaded metasurface is demonstrated for the first time to achieve low reflection at multi-wavelength lasers,low infrared radiation in atmospheric windows,and broadband thermal management.As a proof-of-concept,a 4-inch sample with a minimum linewidth of 1.8μm is fabricated using photolithography.The excellent infrared multispectral camouflage performance is verified in experiments,showing low reflectance in 0.9–1.6μm,low infrared emissivity in mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)bands,and high absorptance at the wavelength of 10.6μm.Meanwhile,broadband high emissivity in 5–8μm can provide high-performance radiative heat dissipation.When the input power is 1.57 W·cm^(-2),the surface/radiation temperature of the metasurface decreases by 5.3℃/18.7℃ compared to the reference.The proposed metasurface may trigger further innovation in the design and application of compact multispectral optical devices.展开更多
The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann...The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.展开更多
Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforce...Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforced with thermally conductive fillers are widely adopted as thermal interface materials(TIMs).However,the three dimensional(3D)-stacked heterogenous integration of electronic devices has posed the problem that high-density heat sources are spatially distributed in the package.This situation puts forward new requirements for TIMs,where efficient heat dissipation channels must be established according to the specific distribution of discrete heat sources.To address this challenge,a 3D printing-assisted streamline orientation(3D-PSO)method was proposed to fabricate composite thermal materials with 3D programmable microstructures and orientations of fillers,which combines the shape-design capability of 3D printing and oriented control ability of fluid.The mechanism of fluid-based filler orientation control along streamlines was revealed by mechanical analysis of fillers in matrix.Thanks to the designed heat dissipation channels,composites showed better thermal and mechanical properties in comparison to random composites.Specifically,the thermal conductivity of 3D mesh-shape polydimethylsiloxane/liquid metal(PDMS/LM)composite was5.8 times that of random PDMS/LM composite under filler loading of 34.8 vol%.The thermal conductivity enhancement efficiency of 3D mesh-shape PDMS/carbon fibers composite reached101.05%under filler loading of 5.2 vol%.In the heat dissipation application of 3D-stacked chips,the highest chip temperature with 3D-PSO composite was 42.14℃lower than that with random composites.This is mainly attributed to the locally aggregated and oriented fillers'microstructure in fluid channels,which contributes to thermal percolation phenomena.The3D-PSO method exhibits excellent programmable design capabilities to adopt versatile distributions of heat sources,paving a new way to solve the complicated heat dissipation issue in 3D-stacked chips integration application.展开更多
As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in ...As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in electronic circuit design.This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of electronic components in air-cooled servers.By adjusting airflow speed,heat sink configurations,and the arrangement of straight-fin heat sinks,we optimize heat dissipation performance and analyze the mechanisms at different airflow speeds.The results show that,at the same airflow speed,the temperature of the heat sink is lower than that of the electronic components,creating a temperature gradient that enhances heat transfer.Compared to a front-to-back arrangement of two straight-fin heat sinks,placing the heat sinks parallel to each other results in a lower maximum component temperature and better temperature uniformity.Heat sinks with fins significantly improve heat dissipation.The heat sink with semicylindrical fins on the rib surface provides the best cooling performance.Moreover,compared to natural convection,the maximum temperature of the electronic components decreases by 56.17%and 61%when the incoming flow velocity is 6 m/s with two parallel flat ribbed heat sinks and front-to-back arrangement,respectively.展开更多
In this study,a coupled loading method combining three-dimensional static loading with graded cyclic impacts was developed to simulate the stress environment of the surrounding rock under impact ground pressure caused...In this study,a coupled loading method combining three-dimensional static loading with graded cyclic impacts was developed to simulate the stress environment of the surrounding rock under impact ground pressure caused by cyclic disturbances.The mechanical behavior and energy dissipation of coal under this loading method were studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The results showed that the pre-applied cyclic low-pressure impacts deteriorated the coal sample's resistance to external loads.Under both cyclic low-pressure impacts and single high-pressure impacts,the dynamic peak stress and secant modulus decreased with increasing impact cycles,exhibiting dynamic fatigue characteristics.The dynamic secant modulus of the sample decreased by 4.14%-6.67%after each impact.The dissipated energy for coal fragmentation samples increased with the number of impacts,averaging 28%under cyclic low-pressure impacts and 29%under single high-pressure impacts.The efficiency of dissipated energy for coal fragmentation initially increased and then decreased as the wave impedance ratio between the coal sample and the bar increased,reaching a maximum of 43.3%when the ratio was 0.06.Based on the defined damage variable,the damage to coal samples from high-pressure impacts was found to be 12 times greater than that under low-pressure conditions.The degree of coal fragmentation was positively correlated with the maximum damage increment.With increasing maximum damage increment,the failure mode of the coal sample evolved from tensile failure to tensile-compressive-shear composite failure.展开更多
After excavation,some of the surrounding rock mass is in a state of triaxial extension,exhibiting tensile or shear fracture modes.To study the energy mechanism of tensile fracture turning to shear fracture,a series of...After excavation,some of the surrounding rock mass is in a state of triaxial extension,exhibiting tensile or shear fracture modes.To study the energy mechanism of tensile fracture turning to shear fracture,a series of triaxial extension tests were conducted on sandstone under confining pressures of 10,30,50 and 70 MPa.Elastic energy and dissipated energy were separated by single unloading,the input energy u_(t),elastic energy u_(e),and dissipated energy u_(d)at different unloading stress levels were calculated by the integrating stress−strain curves.The results show that tensile cracks dominate fracture under lower confining pressure(10 MPa),and shear cracks play an increasingly important role in fracture as confining pressure increases(30,50 and 70 MPa).Based on the phenomenon that u_(e)and u_(d)increase linearly with increasing u_(t),a possible energy distribution mechanism of fracture mode transition under triaxial extension was proposed.In addition,it was found that peak energy storage capacity is more sensitive to confining pressure compared to elastic energy conversion capacity.展开更多
Stress accumulation is a key factor leading to sodium storage performance deterioration for NiSe_(2)-based anodes.Therefore,inhibiting the concentrated local stress during the sodiataion/desodiation process is crucial...Stress accumulation is a key factor leading to sodium storage performance deterioration for NiSe_(2)-based anodes.Therefore,inhibiting the concentrated local stress during the sodiataion/desodiation process is crucial for acquiring stable NiSe2-based materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),Herein,a stress dissipation strategy driven by architecture engineering is proposed,which can achieve ultrafast and ultralong sodium storage properties.Different from the conventional sphere-like or rod-like architecture,the three-dimensional(3D)flower-like NiSe_(2)@C composite is delicately designed and assembled with onedimensional nanorods and carbon framework.More importantly,the fundamental mechanism of improved structure stability is unveiled by simulations and experimental results simultaneously.It demonstrates that this designed multidimensional flower-like architecture with dispersed nanorods can balance the structural mismatch,avoid concentrated local strain,and relax the internal stress,mainly induced by the unavoidable volume variation during the repeated conversion processes.Moreover,it can provide more Na^(+)-storage sites and multi-directional migration pathways,leading to a fast Na^(+)-migration channel with boosted reaction kinetic.As expected,it delivers superior rate performance(441 mA h g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1))and long cycling stability(563 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)over 1000 cycles)for SIBs.This work provides useful insights for designing high-performance conversion-based anode materials for SIBs.展开更多
The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissip...The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissipation(LED)law,a novel compressive damage constitutive model for brittle coal is proposed.Utilizing the energy-defined damage method for mate-rials,the LED law is innovatively introduced to accurately characterize the energy dissipation during the loading process,and a novel formula for characterizing the damage variable of brittle coal is proposed.On this basis,considering that the constitutive model based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence is incapable of accurately describing the compaction effect exhibited by coal material during the compression process,a correction coefficient is proposed and apply it in the novel damage constitutive model.The established conventional monotone loading and single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression damage constitutive models have been validated using experimental data from cylindrical and cuboid coal specimens.In addition,compared with the constitutive model obtained via the traditional energy calculation method based on the hypothesis that the unloading curve is a straight line,the constitutive model employing LED law can describe the stress-strain state of brittle coal more precisely.This approach introduces a new perspective and enhances the convenience for constructing the constitutive model based on energy theory.展开更多
Wind input parameterizations proposed by Jeffreys, Sverdrup and Munk, and Plant are analyzed. It is found by analogy that the similarity of integrals of the three wind input parameterizations exists. Wave breaking dis...Wind input parameterizations proposed by Jeffreys, Sverdrup and Munk, and Plant are analyzed. It is found by analogy that the similarity of integrals of the three wind input parameterizations exists. Wave breaking dissipation parameterizations proposed by Tsikunov, Hasselmann, and Phillips are also analyzed. Likewise it is found by analogy that the similarity of integrals of the three dissipation parameterizations exists. The similarities of wind input and dissipation are applied to the investigation of the fetch-limited growth of wind waves, together with the 3/2 power law presented by Toba. Some semi-empirical formulas concerning the growth of wave height and period with fetch are presented. The results from the formulas are in good agreement with previous field observations.展开更多
Mangrove forest is always considered an effective barrier to protect habitats from high waves,especially tsunami.Therefore,the estimation of wave energy dissipation is required for disater warning.The aim of this stud...Mangrove forest is always considered an effective barrier to protect habitats from high waves,especially tsunami.Therefore,the estimation of wave energy dissipation is required for disater warning.The aim of this study is to calculate wave attenuation in mangrove areas by combining field survey method and mathematical modeling method.The application area is Cu Lao Dung mangrove forest,Soc Trang,Vietnam.From data measurements of hydrodynamics and mangrove characteristics,the wave attenuation coefficient r,the drag coefficient Cd were determined in mud area,mud-mangrove area and mangrove area.In addition,using WAPROMAN model,the attenuation of wave height is simulated in different cases such as without mangrove,with mangrove,breaking wave effect and wave trunk interaction effect.Both the results from the measured method and the model method show the role of mangroves in reducing wave energy.The results from modeling are smaller than the calculated results.However,both methods tend to be suitable.Such difference required more considerations not only on calculation formulas but also on modeling adjustment.The research clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of mangroves in coastal protection,with wave-trunk interaction becoming the dominant factor in energy dissipation deeper into the forest.For future,extending the study to different mangrove forests and longer time scales could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of mangroves in coastal protection across various geographical and temporal contexts.展开更多
Flexible microporous metal rubber(FMP-MR)is widely used in national defense applications,yet its mechanical behavior under high-speed impact conditions remains insufficiently explored.In this study,dynamic and static ...Flexible microporous metal rubber(FMP-MR)is widely used in national defense applications,yet its mechanical behavior under high-speed impact conditions remains insufficiently explored.In this study,dynamic and static experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the mechanical response of metal-wrapped microporous materials under impact loading that spanned 10~6 orders of magnitude.By combining a high-precision numerical model with a spatial contact point search algorithm,the spatio–temporal contact characteristics of the complex network structure in FMP-MR were systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the mapping mechanism from turn topology and mesoscopic friction behavior to macroscopic mechanical properties was comprehensively explored.The results showed that compared with quasi-static loading,FMP-MR under high-speed impact exhibited higher energy absorption efficiency due to high-strain-rate inertia effect.Therefore,the peak stress increased by 141%,and the maximum energy dissipation increased by 300%.Consequently,the theory of dynamic friction locking effect was innovatively proposed.The theory explains that the close synergistic effect of sliding friction and plastic dissipation promoted by the stable interturn-locked embedded structure is the essential reason for the excellent dynamic mechanical properties of FMP-MR under dynamic loading conditions.Briefly,based on the in-depth investigation of the mechanical response and energy dissipation mechanism of FMP-MR under impact loads,this study provides a solid theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of FMP-MR and optimizing its performance.展开更多
Longitudinal seismic performance is a critical aspect to be considered during the tunnel design process,in addition to cross-sectional considerations.The present study proposed using a laminated shear energy dissipati...Longitudinal seismic performance is a critical aspect to be considered during the tunnel design process,in addition to cross-sectional considerations.The present study proposed using a laminated shear energy dissipation(LSED)structure to achieve effective longitudinal seismic design.The proposed structure consists of thin steel plates and alternately bonded layers of rubber,which can be installed around the periphery of the secondary lining.This configuration guarantees that the tunnels will exhibit optimal axial deformation capacity and robust rigid resistance to circumferential compression from the surrounding rock.To evaluate the impact of the LSED structure on the longitudinal seismic performance of the tunnel,a fine numerical model of the LSED structureetunnel liningesurrounding rock system was developed using finite element simulation.The evaluation criteria include maximum principal stress and strain energy.The seismic response of the tunnel with the LSED structure exhibited a notable reduction of over 40%in terms of seismic attenuation rate when subjected to the Trinidad seismic wave compared to the tunnel without the LSED structure.Furthermore,the aseismic mechanism of the proposed LSED structure is discussed,considering both internal factors such as the rubber shear modulus,steel plate dimensions,and number and location of structures,and external influencing factors such as seismic wave parameters and surrounding rock quality.Meanwhile,the effectiveness of the tunnel with the LSED structure has been quantitatively demonstrated in terms of seismic fragility curves.展开更多
The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductilit...The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductility design has not been rigorously enforced inmany developing countries that are prone to seismic risks.Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of joint behavior based on both ductile and non-ductile designs under cyclic loading.Previous research has demonstrated that enhancing joint regions with Ultra-High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete(UHPSFRC)significantly improves the seismic resistance of structural components.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the considerable improvements in energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation observed in both reinforced test samples compared to the control sample.Furthermore,assessing the effective performance of enhanced reinforced concrete joints is a critical parameter for evaluating the feasibility of this approach.The findings highlight the potential for UHPSFRC to enhance the resilience of concrete structures under seismic loads,providing a viable solution to improve the safety and durability of infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.This study aims to inform future design methodologies and standards in seismic-resistant construction in developing nations,emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative materials to mitigate earthquake risks effectively.展开更多
The strength of backfill body is a crucial parameter in backfilling mining,and the failure process of cemented backfill body is essentially an energy dissipation process.To investigate the effects of curing age and ce...The strength of backfill body is a crucial parameter in backfilling mining,and the failure process of cemented backfill body is essentially an energy dissipation process.To investigate the effects of curing age and cement-sand ratio on the strength and energy consumption of backfill,whole tailings were used as aggregate to prepare slurry with mass concentration of 74%,and the slurry with cement-sand ratio of 1:4,1:6,1:8 and 1:12 was poured into backfill.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on backfill body specimens that had been cured for 7 days,14 days,28 days,and 45 days.It aims at studying the compressive strength,damage,energy storage limit,energy dissipation,and crack propagation of the fill.The results show that when the cement-sand ratio is held constant,the strength of the backfill increases with curing age.Simultaneously,when the curing age is fixed,the strength is positively correlated with the cement-sand ratio.During uniaxial compression tests,it is observed that the pre-peak energy consumption,post-peak energy consumption,total energy consumption,and unit volume strain energy of the cemented backfill body exhibit exponential relationships with both curing age and cement-sand ratio.The energy storage limit of the backfill reflects its capacity to absorb energy prior to failure,while the relationship between damage and energy consumption provides an accurate depiction of its internal failure mechanisms at different stages.In the failure process of the cemented backfill body,primary cracks accompany secondary cracks,many microcracks initiate and propagate from the stress direction,and crack propagation consumes a significant amount of energy.This study on the strength,energy storage limit,and failure of the cemented backfill body can provide valuable insights for mine safety production.展开更多
The effects of adjacent metal layers and space between metal lines on the temperature rise of multilevel ULSI interconnect lines are investigated by modeling a three-layer interconnect. The heat dissipation of various...The effects of adjacent metal layers and space between metal lines on the temperature rise of multilevel ULSI interconnect lines are investigated by modeling a three-layer interconnect. The heat dissipation of various metallization technologies concerning the metal and low-k dielectric employment is simulated in detail. The Joule heat generated in the interconnect is transferred mainly through the metal lines in each metal layer and through the path with the smallest thermal resistance in each Ield layer. The temperature rises of Al metallization are approximately pAl/pCu times higher than those of Cu metallization under the same conditions. In addition, a thermal problem in 0.13μm globe interconnects is studied for the worst case, in which there are no metal lines in the lower interconnect layers. Several types of dummy metal heat sinks are investigated and compared with regard to thermal efficiency,influence on parasitic capacitance,and optimal application by combined thermal and electrical simula- tion.展开更多
The relationship between the efficiency of NiO/Fe2O3 wet grinding and noisy-power dissipation was studied. The optimal grinding parameters were found as: a slurry water content of 64.10%-85.47%, ball number ratio of 3...The relationship between the efficiency of NiO/Fe2O3 wet grinding and noisy-power dissipation was studied. The optimal grinding parameters were found as: a slurry water content of 64.10%-85.47%, ball number ratio of 360/20, revolution speed of 300.9 r/min, powder-filling ratio of 10.88%, ball-filling ratio of 20.53%-23.88%, and grinding time of approximately 6 h. The discrete element method(DEM) was employed to analyze relationship between the noisy-power dissipation and the grinding efficiency, and equations describing the relationship were derived. The mean particle size of the ground powder decreased with a decrease in the degree of noisy-power dissipation, while the grinding efficiency and the amount of specific impact power used decreased with an increase in the degree of noisy-power dissipation.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41406007the National Key Research and Development Project of China under contract No.2016YFC1401800+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41306002the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under contract Nos 16CX02011A and 15CX08011A
文摘A WAVEWATCH III version 3.14（WW3） wave model is used to evaluate input/dissipation source term packages WAM3, WAM4 and TC96 considering the effect of atmospheric instability. The comparisons of a significant wave height acquired from the model with different packages have been performed based on wave observation radar and HY-2 altimetry significant wave height data through five experiments in the South China Sea domain spanning latitudes of 0°–35°N and longitudes of 100°–135°E. The sensitivity of the wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 package also has been analyzed. From the results, the model is unable to dissipate the wave energy efficiently during a swell propagation with either source packages. It is found that TC96 formulation with the ＂effective wind speed＂ strategy performs better than WAM3 and WAM4 formulations. The wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 source package is very sensitive and needs to be calibrated and selected before the WW3 model can be applied to a specific region.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2024RC3003)the Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Programme(2023CXQD012)the Initiative for Sustainable Energy for its financial support。
文摘By combining the merits of radiative cooling(RC)and evaporation cooling(EC),radiative coupled evaporative cooling(REC)has attracted considerable attention for sub-ambient cooling purposes.However,for outdoor devices,the interior heating power would increase the working temperature and fire risk,which would suppress their above-ambient heat dissipation capabilities and passive water cycle properties.In this work,we introduced a REC design based on an all-in-one photonic hydrogel for above-ambient heat dissipation and flame retardancy.Unlike conventional design RC film for heat dissipation with limited cooling power and fire risk,REC hydrogel can greatly improve the heat dissipation performance in the daytime with a high workload,indicating a 12.0℃lower temperature than the RC film under the same conditions in the outdoor experiment.In the nighttime with a low workload,RC-assisted adsorption can improve atmospheric water harvesting to ensure EC in the daytime.In addition,our REC hydrogel significantly enhanced flame retardancy by absorbing heat without a corresponding temperature rise,thus mitigating fire risks.Thus,our design shows a promising solution for the thermal management of outdoor devices,delivering outstanding performance in both heat dissipation and flame retardancy.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Project of China(Grant No.2007CB411805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40675065)
文摘In order to investigate the effect of wind input and whitecapping dissipation on the simulation of typhoon-waves, three experiments are conducted with the latest version of SWAN （Simulating WAves Nearshore） model. The three experiments adopt the Komen, Janssens, and Westhuysen expressions for wind input and whitecapping dissipation, respectively. Besides the above-mentioned source tems, other parameterization schemes in these experiments are the same. It shows that the experiment with the Westhuysen expression result in the least simulation errors while that with the Janssens expression has the most. The results from the experiments with Komen and Westhuysen expressions show that the differenees in significant wave height （SWH） have a good correlation with the differences in dissipation energy caused by whiteeapping. This indicates that the whitecapping dissipation source term plays an important role in the resultant differences of the simulated SWH between the two experiments.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Project of the Anhui Educational Committee,China(No.2022AH050827)the Open Research Fund Program of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers,Anhui University of Science and Technology,China(No.AHKLSP23-12)the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Center for Safe and Precise Coal Mining Fund,China(No.EC2022020)。
文摘The preparation of carbon-based electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbers possessing thin matching thickness,wide absorption bandwidth,strong absorption intensity,and low filling ratio remains a huge challenge.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are ideal self-sacrificing templates for the construction of carbon-based EMW absorbers.In this work,bimetallic FeMn-MOF-derived MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composites were fabricated via a two-step route of solvothermal reaction and the following pyrolysis treatment.The results re-veal the evolution of the microscopic morphology of carbon skeletons from loofah-like to octahedral and then to polyhedron and pomegran-ate after the adjustment of the Fe^(3+)to Mn^(2+)molar ratio.Furthermore,at the Fe^(3+)to Mn^(2+)molar ratio of 2:1,the obtained MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composite exhibited the highest EMW absorption capacity.Specifically,a minimum reflection loss of-72.7 dB and a max-imum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz were achieved at a low filling ratio of 10wt%.In addition,the possible EMW absorp-tion mechanism of MnFe_(2)O_(4)/C/graphene composites was proposed.Therefore,the results of this work will contribute to the construction of broadband and efficient carbon-based EMW absorbers derived from MOFs.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51925503&52105575)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.QTZX23063)+2 种基金the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2022Z073081001)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZC20232028)the Open Research Funds of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology(Grant No.IMETKF2024008).
文摘The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of existing works remain complex as they usually require the integration of multiscale structures.Here,we introduce phase modulation into the infrared camouflage metasurfaces with metal-dielectric-metal configuration,enabling them to achieve camouflage across more bands.Based on this strategy,a simple but effective single-layer cascaded metasurface is demonstrated for the first time to achieve low reflection at multi-wavelength lasers,low infrared radiation in atmospheric windows,and broadband thermal management.As a proof-of-concept,a 4-inch sample with a minimum linewidth of 1.8μm is fabricated using photolithography.The excellent infrared multispectral camouflage performance is verified in experiments,showing low reflectance in 0.9–1.6μm,low infrared emissivity in mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)bands,and high absorptance at the wavelength of 10.6μm.Meanwhile,broadband high emissivity in 5–8μm can provide high-performance radiative heat dissipation.When the input power is 1.57 W·cm^(-2),the surface/radiation temperature of the metasurface decreases by 5.3℃/18.7℃ compared to the reference.The proposed metasurface may trigger further innovation in the design and application of compact multispectral optical devices.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41176016)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Nos.2012CB417402,2011CB403501)the Fund for Creative Research Groups by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41121064)
文摘The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52106089)the National Key R&D Project from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2022YFA1203100)。
文摘Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforced with thermally conductive fillers are widely adopted as thermal interface materials(TIMs).However,the three dimensional(3D)-stacked heterogenous integration of electronic devices has posed the problem that high-density heat sources are spatially distributed in the package.This situation puts forward new requirements for TIMs,where efficient heat dissipation channels must be established according to the specific distribution of discrete heat sources.To address this challenge,a 3D printing-assisted streamline orientation(3D-PSO)method was proposed to fabricate composite thermal materials with 3D programmable microstructures and orientations of fillers,which combines the shape-design capability of 3D printing and oriented control ability of fluid.The mechanism of fluid-based filler orientation control along streamlines was revealed by mechanical analysis of fillers in matrix.Thanks to the designed heat dissipation channels,composites showed better thermal and mechanical properties in comparison to random composites.Specifically,the thermal conductivity of 3D mesh-shape polydimethylsiloxane/liquid metal(PDMS/LM)composite was5.8 times that of random PDMS/LM composite under filler loading of 34.8 vol%.The thermal conductivity enhancement efficiency of 3D mesh-shape PDMS/carbon fibers composite reached101.05%under filler loading of 5.2 vol%.In the heat dissipation application of 3D-stacked chips,the highest chip temperature with 3D-PSO composite was 42.14℃lower than that with random composites.This is mainly attributed to the locally aggregated and oriented fillers'microstructure in fluid channels,which contributes to thermal percolation phenomena.The3D-PSO method exhibits excellent programmable design capabilities to adopt versatile distributions of heat sources,paving a new way to solve the complicated heat dissipation issue in 3D-stacked chips integration application.
基金supported by the key technology project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(GZKJXM20240009).
文摘As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases,heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates.Therefore,heat dissipation has become a critical concern in electronic circuit design.This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of electronic components in air-cooled servers.By adjusting airflow speed,heat sink configurations,and the arrangement of straight-fin heat sinks,we optimize heat dissipation performance and analyze the mechanisms at different airflow speeds.The results show that,at the same airflow speed,the temperature of the heat sink is lower than that of the electronic components,creating a temperature gradient that enhances heat transfer.Compared to a front-to-back arrangement of two straight-fin heat sinks,placing the heat sinks parallel to each other results in a lower maximum component temperature and better temperature uniformity.Heat sinks with fins significantly improve heat dissipation.The heat sink with semicylindrical fins on the rib surface provides the best cooling performance.Moreover,compared to natural convection,the maximum temperature of the electronic components decreases by 56.17%and 61%when the incoming flow velocity is 6 m/s with two parallel flat ribbed heat sinks and front-to-back arrangement,respectively.
基金supported by the Youth Fund of the CCTEG Coal Mining Research Institute(Grant No.KCYJY-2023-QN-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52174080)the Science Foundation of Tiandi Technology Co.,Ltd.(Grant No.2022-2-TD-ZD016).
文摘In this study,a coupled loading method combining three-dimensional static loading with graded cyclic impacts was developed to simulate the stress environment of the surrounding rock under impact ground pressure caused by cyclic disturbances.The mechanical behavior and energy dissipation of coal under this loading method were studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The results showed that the pre-applied cyclic low-pressure impacts deteriorated the coal sample's resistance to external loads.Under both cyclic low-pressure impacts and single high-pressure impacts,the dynamic peak stress and secant modulus decreased with increasing impact cycles,exhibiting dynamic fatigue characteristics.The dynamic secant modulus of the sample decreased by 4.14%-6.67%after each impact.The dissipated energy for coal fragmentation samples increased with the number of impacts,averaging 28%under cyclic low-pressure impacts and 29%under single high-pressure impacts.The efficiency of dissipated energy for coal fragmentation initially increased and then decreased as the wave impedance ratio between the coal sample and the bar increased,reaching a maximum of 43.3%when the ratio was 0.06.Based on the defined damage variable,the damage to coal samples from high-pressure impacts was found to be 12 times greater than that under low-pressure conditions.The degree of coal fragmentation was positively correlated with the maximum damage increment.With increasing maximum damage increment,the failure mode of the coal sample evolved from tensile failure to tensile-compressive-shear composite failure.
基金Project(52074352)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2023JJ30680)supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China。
文摘After excavation,some of the surrounding rock mass is in a state of triaxial extension,exhibiting tensile or shear fracture modes.To study the energy mechanism of tensile fracture turning to shear fracture,a series of triaxial extension tests were conducted on sandstone under confining pressures of 10,30,50 and 70 MPa.Elastic energy and dissipated energy were separated by single unloading,the input energy u_(t),elastic energy u_(e),and dissipated energy u_(d)at different unloading stress levels were calculated by the integrating stress−strain curves.The results show that tensile cracks dominate fracture under lower confining pressure(10 MPa),and shear cracks play an increasingly important role in fracture as confining pressure increases(30,50 and 70 MPa).Based on the phenomenon that u_(e)and u_(d)increase linearly with increasing u_(t),a possible energy distribution mechanism of fracture mode transition under triaxial extension was proposed.In addition,it was found that peak energy storage capacity is more sensitive to confining pressure compared to elastic energy conversion capacity.
基金the financial support from the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(grant no.2021GXNSFDA075012,2023GXNSFGA026002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104298,22075073,52362027,52462029)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(531107051077).
文摘Stress accumulation is a key factor leading to sodium storage performance deterioration for NiSe_(2)-based anodes.Therefore,inhibiting the concentrated local stress during the sodiataion/desodiation process is crucial for acquiring stable NiSe2-based materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),Herein,a stress dissipation strategy driven by architecture engineering is proposed,which can achieve ultrafast and ultralong sodium storage properties.Different from the conventional sphere-like or rod-like architecture,the three-dimensional(3D)flower-like NiSe_(2)@C composite is delicately designed and assembled with onedimensional nanorods and carbon framework.More importantly,the fundamental mechanism of improved structure stability is unveiled by simulations and experimental results simultaneously.It demonstrates that this designed multidimensional flower-like architecture with dispersed nanorods can balance the structural mismatch,avoid concentrated local strain,and relax the internal stress,mainly induced by the unavoidable volume variation during the repeated conversion processes.Moreover,it can provide more Na^(+)-storage sites and multi-directional migration pathways,leading to a fast Na^(+)-migration channel with boosted reaction kinetic.As expected,it delivers superior rate performance(441 mA h g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1))and long cycling stability(563 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)over 1000 cycles)for SIBs.This work provides useful insights for designing high-performance conversion-based anode materials for SIBs.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(52225403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077244).
文摘The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissipation(LED)law,a novel compressive damage constitutive model for brittle coal is proposed.Utilizing the energy-defined damage method for mate-rials,the LED law is innovatively introduced to accurately characterize the energy dissipation during the loading process,and a novel formula for characterizing the damage variable of brittle coal is proposed.On this basis,considering that the constitutive model based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence is incapable of accurately describing the compaction effect exhibited by coal material during the compression process,a correction coefficient is proposed and apply it in the novel damage constitutive model.The established conventional monotone loading and single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression damage constitutive models have been validated using experimental data from cylindrical and cuboid coal specimens.In addition,compared with the constitutive model obtained via the traditional energy calculation method based on the hypothesis that the unloading curve is a straight line,the constitutive model employing LED law can describe the stress-strain state of brittle coal more precisely.This approach introduces a new perspective and enhances the convenience for constructing the constitutive model based on energy theory.
文摘Wind input parameterizations proposed by Jeffreys, Sverdrup and Munk, and Plant are analyzed. It is found by analogy that the similarity of integrals of the three wind input parameterizations exists. Wave breaking dissipation parameterizations proposed by Tsikunov, Hasselmann, and Phillips are also analyzed. Likewise it is found by analogy that the similarity of integrals of the three dissipation parameterizations exists. The similarities of wind input and dissipation are applied to the investigation of the fetch-limited growth of wind waves, together with the 3/2 power law presented by Toba. Some semi-empirical formulas concerning the growth of wave height and period with fetch are presented. The results from the formulas are in good agreement with previous field observations.
基金funded by Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City(VNU-HCM)under grant number B2019-18-09.
文摘Mangrove forest is always considered an effective barrier to protect habitats from high waves,especially tsunami.Therefore,the estimation of wave energy dissipation is required for disater warning.The aim of this study is to calculate wave attenuation in mangrove areas by combining field survey method and mathematical modeling method.The application area is Cu Lao Dung mangrove forest,Soc Trang,Vietnam.From data measurements of hydrodynamics and mangrove characteristics,the wave attenuation coefficient r,the drag coefficient Cd were determined in mud area,mud-mangrove area and mangrove area.In addition,using WAPROMAN model,the attenuation of wave height is simulated in different cases such as without mangrove,with mangrove,breaking wave effect and wave trunk interaction effect.Both the results from the measured method and the model method show the role of mangroves in reducing wave energy.The results from modeling are smaller than the calculated results.However,both methods tend to be suitable.Such difference required more considerations not only on calculation formulas but also on modeling adjustment.The research clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of mangroves in coastal protection,with wave-trunk interaction becoming the dominant factor in energy dissipation deeper into the forest.For future,extending the study to different mangrove forests and longer time scales could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of mangroves in coastal protection across various geographical and temporal contexts.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-NSAF(Grant No.U2330202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52175162 and 51805086)+1 种基金Fujian Provincial Technological Innovation Key Research and Industrialization Projects(Grant Nos.2023XQ005 and 2024XQ010)The National Independent Innovation Demonstration Platform Project of Fujian Province(2024QZFX07)。
文摘Flexible microporous metal rubber(FMP-MR)is widely used in national defense applications,yet its mechanical behavior under high-speed impact conditions remains insufficiently explored.In this study,dynamic and static experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the mechanical response of metal-wrapped microporous materials under impact loading that spanned 10~6 orders of magnitude.By combining a high-precision numerical model with a spatial contact point search algorithm,the spatio–temporal contact characteristics of the complex network structure in FMP-MR were systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the mapping mechanism from turn topology and mesoscopic friction behavior to macroscopic mechanical properties was comprehensively explored.The results showed that compared with quasi-static loading,FMP-MR under high-speed impact exhibited higher energy absorption efficiency due to high-strain-rate inertia effect.Therefore,the peak stress increased by 141%,and the maximum energy dissipation increased by 300%.Consequently,the theory of dynamic friction locking effect was innovatively proposed.The theory explains that the close synergistic effect of sliding friction and plastic dissipation promoted by the stable interturn-locked embedded structure is the essential reason for the excellent dynamic mechanical properties of FMP-MR under dynamic loading conditions.Briefly,based on the in-depth investigation of the mechanical response and energy dissipation mechanism of FMP-MR under impact loads,this study provides a solid theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of FMP-MR and optimizing its performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52109132)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2020QE270).
文摘Longitudinal seismic performance is a critical aspect to be considered during the tunnel design process,in addition to cross-sectional considerations.The present study proposed using a laminated shear energy dissipation(LSED)structure to achieve effective longitudinal seismic design.The proposed structure consists of thin steel plates and alternately bonded layers of rubber,which can be installed around the periphery of the secondary lining.This configuration guarantees that the tunnels will exhibit optimal axial deformation capacity and robust rigid resistance to circumferential compression from the surrounding rock.To evaluate the impact of the LSED structure on the longitudinal seismic performance of the tunnel,a fine numerical model of the LSED structureetunnel liningesurrounding rock system was developed using finite element simulation.The evaluation criteria include maximum principal stress and strain energy.The seismic response of the tunnel with the LSED structure exhibited a notable reduction of over 40%in terms of seismic attenuation rate when subjected to the Trinidad seismic wave compared to the tunnel without the LSED structure.Furthermore,the aseismic mechanism of the proposed LSED structure is discussed,considering both internal factors such as the rubber shear modulus,steel plate dimensions,and number and location of structures,and external influencing factors such as seismic wave parameters and surrounding rock quality.Meanwhile,the effectiveness of the tunnel with the LSED structure has been quantitatively demonstrated in terms of seismic fragility curves.
文摘The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductility design has not been rigorously enforced inmany developing countries that are prone to seismic risks.Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of joint behavior based on both ductile and non-ductile designs under cyclic loading.Previous research has demonstrated that enhancing joint regions with Ultra-High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete(UHPSFRC)significantly improves the seismic resistance of structural components.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the considerable improvements in energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation observed in both reinforced test samples compared to the control sample.Furthermore,assessing the effective performance of enhanced reinforced concrete joints is a critical parameter for evaluating the feasibility of this approach.The findings highlight the potential for UHPSFRC to enhance the resilience of concrete structures under seismic loads,providing a viable solution to improve the safety and durability of infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.This study aims to inform future design methodologies and standards in seismic-resistant construction in developing nations,emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative materials to mitigate earthquake risks effectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52474131)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42467022)+1 种基金the Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects(Grant No.202202AG050014)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(NO.202101BE070001-038,202201AT070146).
文摘The strength of backfill body is a crucial parameter in backfilling mining,and the failure process of cemented backfill body is essentially an energy dissipation process.To investigate the effects of curing age and cement-sand ratio on the strength and energy consumption of backfill,whole tailings were used as aggregate to prepare slurry with mass concentration of 74%,and the slurry with cement-sand ratio of 1:4,1:6,1:8 and 1:12 was poured into backfill.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on backfill body specimens that had been cured for 7 days,14 days,28 days,and 45 days.It aims at studying the compressive strength,damage,energy storage limit,energy dissipation,and crack propagation of the fill.The results show that when the cement-sand ratio is held constant,the strength of the backfill increases with curing age.Simultaneously,when the curing age is fixed,the strength is positively correlated with the cement-sand ratio.During uniaxial compression tests,it is observed that the pre-peak energy consumption,post-peak energy consumption,total energy consumption,and unit volume strain energy of the cemented backfill body exhibit exponential relationships with both curing age and cement-sand ratio.The energy storage limit of the backfill reflects its capacity to absorb energy prior to failure,while the relationship between damage and energy consumption provides an accurate depiction of its internal failure mechanisms at different stages.In the failure process of the cemented backfill body,primary cracks accompany secondary cracks,many microcracks initiate and propagate from the stress direction,and crack propagation consumes a significant amount of energy.This study on the strength,energy storage limit,and failure of the cemented backfill body can provide valuable insights for mine safety production.
文摘The effects of adjacent metal layers and space between metal lines on the temperature rise of multilevel ULSI interconnect lines are investigated by modeling a three-layer interconnect. The heat dissipation of various metallization technologies concerning the metal and low-k dielectric employment is simulated in detail. The Joule heat generated in the interconnect is transferred mainly through the metal lines in each metal layer and through the path with the smallest thermal resistance in each Ield layer. The temperature rises of Al metallization are approximately pAl/pCu times higher than those of Cu metallization under the same conditions. In addition, a thermal problem in 0.13μm globe interconnects is studied for the worst case, in which there are no metal lines in the lower interconnect layers. Several types of dummy metal heat sinks are investigated and compared with regard to thermal efficiency,influence on parasitic capacitance,and optimal application by combined thermal and electrical simula- tion.
基金supported by the Inert Anode Material Production and Application in Electrolytic Production of Aluminium program of the Yunnan Aluminium Yonxin Aluminium Co. Ltd
文摘The relationship between the efficiency of NiO/Fe2O3 wet grinding and noisy-power dissipation was studied. The optimal grinding parameters were found as: a slurry water content of 64.10%-85.47%, ball number ratio of 360/20, revolution speed of 300.9 r/min, powder-filling ratio of 10.88%, ball-filling ratio of 20.53%-23.88%, and grinding time of approximately 6 h. The discrete element method(DEM) was employed to analyze relationship between the noisy-power dissipation and the grinding efficiency, and equations describing the relationship were derived. The mean particle size of the ground powder decreased with a decrease in the degree of noisy-power dissipation, while the grinding efficiency and the amount of specific impact power used decreased with an increase in the degree of noisy-power dissipation.
