Early knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage,synovial inflammation,and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).At present,intra-articular injecti...Early knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage,synovial inflammation,and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).At present,intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid(HA)is widely used to alleviate symptoms;however,its lubrication persistence,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory abilities are limited,and it is difficult to effectively delay the early process of cartilage degeneration.Based on this,hyaluronic acid-g-lipoic acid(HA-LA)was synthesized by esterification reaction,and HA-LA microspheres were prepared by a reversed-phase emulsion method,which was combined with a macromolecular HA-LA solution to form injectable hydrogels.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an injectable hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid-g-lipoic acid microspheres(HA-LA MS)for the treatment of KOA and to verify its injectability,lubricity,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging ability,and anti-inflammatory effects.The results show that the HA-LA MS hydrogel has excellent shear thinning characteristics and continuous injectability,and its microsphere structure significantly reduces the interfacial friction coefficient through the rolling effect.In vitro experiments have shown that the hydrogel can efficiently scavenge ROS,reduce the expression of inflammatory factors,and is non-cytotoxic.The HA-LA MS injectable hydrogel has excellent lubricity,ROS scavenging ability,and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo,which can effectively delay the degeneration of early KOA cartilage,and its efficacy is significantly better than that of traditional hyaluronic acid,making it a promising intra-articular injection preparation.展开更多
Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Althou...Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.展开更多
The Southern Advanced Photon Source(SAPS)is a diffraction-limited synchrotron light source under design,which employs longitudinal injection as its primary injection scheme.This kind of injection scheme requires that ...The Southern Advanced Photon Source(SAPS)is a diffraction-limited synchrotron light source under design,which employs longitudinal injection as its primary injection scheme.This kind of injection scheme requires that the injected beam has a short bunch length and low emittance,and the preferred injector should offer high stability and low cost.Therefore,an injector based on a booster synchrotron was developed.The proposed injector includes a 250 MeV linac,a booster synchrotron that ramps the beam energy to 3.5 GeV,and two beam transport lines to ensure efficient beam delivery and beam quality preservation.The linac utilizes a thermionic high-voltage DC gun for reliable operation and features a bunching system with an advanced focusing system to preserve the emittance.To meet the injection requirements of the SAPS,a comprehensive design for the booster has been conducted.The booster synchrotron employs a threefold lattice structure,incorporating modified theoretical minimum emittance cells with a small momentum compaction factor and a high voltage to achieve an emittance of 3.98 nm rad and a bunch length of 4.8 mm.The injector has the potential to deliver a high charge,reducing the injection period of the storage ring to less than 1 min.Simulations demonstrated the expected performance,with a transmission efficiency of 90%,confirming its capability to meet the injection requirement of the SAPS storage ring.This design offers a stable and efficient solution for the SAPS.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that man...Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.展开更多
Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secr...Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.展开更多
Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG h...Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.展开更多
The definition of AP-injectivity wnil-injectivity and almost nil n-injectivity motivates us to generalize the injectivity to almost The aim of this paper is to investigate characterizations and properties of almost w...The definition of AP-injectivity wnil-injectivity and almost nil n-injectivity motivates us to generalize the injectivity to almost The aim of this paper is to investigate characterizations and properties of almost wnil-injective rings and almost nil n-injective rings. Various results are developed, and many conclusions extend known results.展开更多
In this study,injectable bone graft putty samples were developed using fine and coarse melt-quenched 45S5 bioactive glass(BG)incorporated into a carrier system composed of glycerol and polyethylene glycol(PEG)with dif...In this study,injectable bone graft putty samples were developed using fine and coarse melt-quenched 45S5 bioactive glass(BG)incorporated into a carrier system composed of glycerol and polyethylene glycol(PEG)with different average molecular weights.Selected putty samples were further incorporated with varying amounts of Denosumab(5wt%-10wt%)to investigate its influence on rhe-ological behavior and flow properties using mathematical modeling.All PEG/glycerol/45S5-based putty samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior(storage modulus>loss modulus)and pseudoplastic behavior(n<1),with viscosity values required for optimal flow remaining below 1000 Pa∙s.Both viscosity and thixotropic area increased proportionally with higher BG content and smaller-sized BG particles.All putty samples showed more than 98%injectability through a 12G cannula,suggesting potential clinical suitability.However,injectability decreased with smaller cannulas,dropping to 34.7%-58.3%with a 19G cannula and further decreasing with a 23G cannula at higher BG contents.Incorporation of Denosumab preserved viscoelasticity and injectability but modified the flow behavior,shifting it from pseudo-plastic to more Newtonian with higher Denosumab content,while also reducing viscosity and thixotropic area values.Among all tested samples,putty containing a lower amount of Denosumab and smaller-sized BG exhibited the most suitable combination of injectability and rheological features.All putty samples were well described by both the Power law and Herschel-Bulkley rheological models(coeffi-cient of determination>0.95).This study highlights the influence of Denosumab on flowability and rheological relationships and sug-gests potential improvements in bioactivity through a dual synergistic effect of BG and Denosumab in minimally invasive bone graft sys-tems.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein inje...This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein injection(TV10,10 mg/kg)to those of retro-orbital sinus(orbital vein)injection(OV10,10 mg/kg;OV8,8 mg/kg).The re-sults indicated that the OV10 group exhibited CKD pathology similar to the TV10 group,with both groups demonstrating significantly higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(p<0.05),tubular injury(p<0.05),and degree of renal fibrosis(p<0.05)than the OV8 group.No significant differences were observed between the OV10 and TV10 groups in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio,tubular injury,and degree of renal fibrosis.These findings demonstrated that retro-orbital administration of 10 mg/kg ADR in-duces comparable effects to conventional tail-vein administration.This technique's technical simplicity may improve experimental efficiency,reproducibility,and animal welfare in CKD research.In conclusion,this study validates the utility of retro-orbital injection in CKD model establishment,demonstrating its potential to standardize and improve the reliability of future CKD research protocols.展开更多
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow ...BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow lesions(BMLs)-as a key contributor to pain,progression,and structural deterioration.Mesenchymal stem cell exhaustion within the osteoarthritic subchondral zone further impairs intrinsic repair mechanisms,reinforcing the rationale for biologic interventions.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)therapy for knee OA,comparing subchondral vs intra-articular delivery routes,and elucidating the therapeutic impact on symptom relief and structural preservation.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,five clinical studies were included-comprising three randomized controlled trials and two prospective cohorts-with pooled data from 298 knees.Data on functional outcomes,imaging findings,and progression to total knee arthroplasty(TKA)were extracted and qualitatively synthesized.RESULTS Subchondral BMAC injections demonstrated superior improvements compared to intra-articular injection or placebo:Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score improved from 49.1±1.9 to 61.2±6.3 at 12 months(P<0.05),Knee Society Score increased from 57±12 to 87.3±12 at two years,and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores showed significant improvement favoring combined approaches.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed mean BML volume regression of 2.1 cm3,with 80%of knees avoiding TKA over 13-year follow-up.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed regression of BMLs and increased cartilage preservation in subchondral-treated knees.Long-term data indicated delayed progression to TKA and biomechanical improvements(e.g.,Hip-Knee-Ankle angle correction).No major adverse events were reported.CONCLUSION Targeting subchondral bone with BMAC addresses underlying OA pathology and may offer disease-modifying potential beyond symptom relief.These findings support a paradigm shift toward whole-joint biologic therapy,positioning the subchondral matrix as a therapeutic epicenter in OA management.展开更多
Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to corre...Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to correct an error in Figure 3 in which the flow cytometric scattergram of CD4/CD44 for the control group was erroneously used for the scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group.The correct scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group is provided below.The error does not affect the conclusion of the study.The authors apologize for the error and the inconvenience it might have caused to readers.展开更多
The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection site...The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.展开更多
Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by de...Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.展开更多
The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship b...The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing earthquake disasters.Numerical simulation of hydromechanical coupling is a crucial method for studying injection-induced seismicity.However,few studies have explored the risk management measures for injection-induced seismicity from the perspective of engineering.How seismic magnitudes can be reduced through reasonable adjustments to injection operations in engineering remains unclear.Therefore,in this study,a 3D hydro-mechanical coupling model involving multiple faults and injection wells was established based on the geological background and well location of Fox Creek,Canada.Different injection schemes under multi-well and multi-fault conditions were studied,and a traffic light system was used to simulate and control the magnitudes under a multi-well injection scheme.Specifically,we simulated injection scenarios involving up to three wells and analyzed the response of five faults.We compared the maximum moment magnitude of different scenarios by controlling the same injection volume.The results revealed the effect and advantage of the multi-well scheme in reducing seismic magnitude.To reduce the risk of induced seismicity,utilizing far-fault operational wells to compensate for the effects of near-fault operational wells proves to be an efficient and cost-effective method,with potential for wide practical applications.展开更多
This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture ...This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture at four different injection rates under undrained conditions and monitored the acoustic emission(AE)signals during the tests.Experimental results reveal that the critical activation fluid pressure is related to the injection rate,pressure diffusion rate,stress state,and fracture roughness.For the smooth fracture,as the injection rate increases,the critical activation fluid pressure increases significantly,while the injection rate has little effect on the critical activation fluid pressure of the rough fracture.The quasi-static slip distance of fractures decreases as the injection rate increases,with rough fractures exhibiting a greater overall slip distance compared to smooth fractures.The number of AE events per unit sliding distance increases with the injection rate,while the global b value decreases.These results indicate that higher injection rates produce more large-magnitude AE events and more severe slip instability and asperity damage.We established a linkage between fluid injection volume,injection rate,and AE events using the seismogenic index(Σ).The smooth fracture exhibits a steadily increasingΣwith the elapse of injection time,and the rate of increase is higher at higher injection rates;while the rough fracture is featured by a fluctuatingΣ,signifying the intermittent occurrence of large-magnitude AE events associated with the damage of larger fracture asperities.Our results highlight the importance of fracture surface heterogeneity on injection-induced fracture activation and slip.展开更多
Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic...Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic control unit, due to the system hydraulic lag or the possible communication malfunction. In this study,a simple estimate approach based on the injector inlet pressure is proposed to capture four critical characteristic instants at the start and end of injection. The critical characteristic moments estimated using this pressure-based approach are validated against those determined by the actual injection rate profiles, in the context of different single or split injection processes. The comparison revealed that the characteristic injection moments estimated by the injector inlet pressures and those determined by the actual injection rate profiles have a satisfactory agreement, certifying the broad applicability and reliability of this pressure-based approach in the detection of the real fuel injection start and end time.展开更多
BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different tre...BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.展开更多
Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized...Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.展开更多
This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensi...This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensive multiphysics simulations guided by field data from hydrate production tests in the South China Sea,we pinpoint key operational parameters—such as injection rates,depths,and timings—that notably enhance production efficiency.The results indicate that a 3-phase hydrate reservoir transitions from a free-gas-dominated production stage to a hydrate-decomposition-dominated stage.Moderate warm seawater injection supplies additional heat during the hydrate decomposition phase,thereby enhancing stable production;however,excessively high injection rates can impede the depressurization process.Only injection at an appropriate depth simultaneously balances thermal supplementation and the pressure gradient,leading to higher overall productivity.A“depressurization-driven sensible-heat supply window”is introduced,highlighting that timely seawater injection following initial depressurization prolongs reservoir dissociation dynamics.In this study area,commencing seawater injection at 170 d of depressurization proved optimal.This optimized integration leverages clean and renewable thermal energy,providing essential insights into thermal supplementation strategies with significant implications for sustainable,economically feasible,and efficient commercial-scale hydrate production.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82272472 and 52373146)。
文摘Early knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage,synovial inflammation,and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).At present,intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid(HA)is widely used to alleviate symptoms;however,its lubrication persistence,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory abilities are limited,and it is difficult to effectively delay the early process of cartilage degeneration.Based on this,hyaluronic acid-g-lipoic acid(HA-LA)was synthesized by esterification reaction,and HA-LA microspheres were prepared by a reversed-phase emulsion method,which was combined with a macromolecular HA-LA solution to form injectable hydrogels.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an injectable hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid-g-lipoic acid microspheres(HA-LA MS)for the treatment of KOA and to verify its injectability,lubricity,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging ability,and anti-inflammatory effects.The results show that the HA-LA MS hydrogel has excellent shear thinning characteristics and continuous injectability,and its microsphere structure significantly reduces the interfacial friction coefficient through the rolling effect.In vitro experiments have shown that the hydrogel can efficiently scavenge ROS,reduce the expression of inflammatory factors,and is non-cytotoxic.The HA-LA MS injectable hydrogel has excellent lubricity,ROS scavenging ability,and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo,which can effectively delay the degeneration of early KOA cartilage,and its efficacy is significantly better than that of traditional hyaluronic acid,making it a promising intra-articular injection preparation.
文摘Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2021B1515140007).
文摘The Southern Advanced Photon Source(SAPS)is a diffraction-limited synchrotron light source under design,which employs longitudinal injection as its primary injection scheme.This kind of injection scheme requires that the injected beam has a short bunch length and low emittance,and the preferred injector should offer high stability and low cost.Therefore,an injector based on a booster synchrotron was developed.The proposed injector includes a 250 MeV linac,a booster synchrotron that ramps the beam energy to 3.5 GeV,and two beam transport lines to ensure efficient beam delivery and beam quality preservation.The linac utilizes a thermionic high-voltage DC gun for reliable operation and features a bunching system with an advanced focusing system to preserve the emittance.To meet the injection requirements of the SAPS,a comprehensive design for the booster has been conducted.The booster synchrotron employs a threefold lattice structure,incorporating modified theoretical minimum emittance cells with a small momentum compaction factor and a high voltage to achieve an emittance of 3.98 nm rad and a bunch length of 4.8 mm.The injector has the potential to deliver a high charge,reducing the injection period of the storage ring to less than 1 min.Simulations demonstrated the expected performance,with a transmission efficiency of 90%,confirming its capability to meet the injection requirement of the SAPS storage ring.This design offers a stable and efficient solution for the SAPS.
基金supported by 2023 Higher Education Scientific Research Planning Project of China Society of Higher Education(No.23PG0408)2023 Philosophy and Social Science Research Programs in Jiangsu Province(No.2023SJSZ0993)+2 种基金Nantong Science and Technology Project(No.JC2023070)Key Project of Jiangsu Province Education Science 14th Five-Year Plan(Grant No.B-b/2024/02/41)the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(Grant No.SKLACSS-202407).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.
文摘Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51909154)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ship Intelligent Maintenance and Energy Efficiency(No.20DZ2252300).
文摘Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.200803570003)the College Excellent Young Talents Fund of Anhui Province(Grant No.2013SQRL071ZD)
文摘The definition of AP-injectivity wnil-injectivity and almost nil n-injectivity motivates us to generalize the injectivity to almost The aim of this paper is to investigate characterizations and properties of almost wnil-injective rings and almost nil n-injective rings. Various results are developed, and many conclusions extend known results.
基金supported by Yildiz Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under project number FBA-2023-5377support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)under the BIDEB/2211-A National PhD Scholarship Program and 2250-Performance-Based Scholarships Program for PhD.
文摘In this study,injectable bone graft putty samples were developed using fine and coarse melt-quenched 45S5 bioactive glass(BG)incorporated into a carrier system composed of glycerol and polyethylene glycol(PEG)with different average molecular weights.Selected putty samples were further incorporated with varying amounts of Denosumab(5wt%-10wt%)to investigate its influence on rhe-ological behavior and flow properties using mathematical modeling.All PEG/glycerol/45S5-based putty samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior(storage modulus>loss modulus)and pseudoplastic behavior(n<1),with viscosity values required for optimal flow remaining below 1000 Pa∙s.Both viscosity and thixotropic area increased proportionally with higher BG content and smaller-sized BG particles.All putty samples showed more than 98%injectability through a 12G cannula,suggesting potential clinical suitability.However,injectability decreased with smaller cannulas,dropping to 34.7%-58.3%with a 19G cannula and further decreasing with a 23G cannula at higher BG contents.Incorporation of Denosumab preserved viscoelasticity and injectability but modified the flow behavior,shifting it from pseudo-plastic to more Newtonian with higher Denosumab content,while also reducing viscosity and thixotropic area values.Among all tested samples,putty containing a lower amount of Denosumab and smaller-sized BG exhibited the most suitable combination of injectability and rheological features.All putty samples were well described by both the Power law and Herschel-Bulkley rheological models(coeffi-cient of determination>0.95).This study highlights the influence of Denosumab on flowability and rheological relationships and sug-gests potential improvements in bioactivity through a dual synergistic effect of BG and Denosumab in minimally invasive bone graft sys-tems.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein injection(TV10,10 mg/kg)to those of retro-orbital sinus(orbital vein)injection(OV10,10 mg/kg;OV8,8 mg/kg).The re-sults indicated that the OV10 group exhibited CKD pathology similar to the TV10 group,with both groups demonstrating significantly higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(p<0.05),tubular injury(p<0.05),and degree of renal fibrosis(p<0.05)than the OV8 group.No significant differences were observed between the OV10 and TV10 groups in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio,tubular injury,and degree of renal fibrosis.These findings demonstrated that retro-orbital administration of 10 mg/kg ADR in-duces comparable effects to conventional tail-vein administration.This technique's technical simplicity may improve experimental efficiency,reproducibility,and animal welfare in CKD research.In conclusion,this study validates the utility of retro-orbital injection in CKD model establishment,demonstrating its potential to standardize and improve the reliability of future CKD research protocols.
文摘BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow lesions(BMLs)-as a key contributor to pain,progression,and structural deterioration.Mesenchymal stem cell exhaustion within the osteoarthritic subchondral zone further impairs intrinsic repair mechanisms,reinforcing the rationale for biologic interventions.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)therapy for knee OA,comparing subchondral vs intra-articular delivery routes,and elucidating the therapeutic impact on symptom relief and structural preservation.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,five clinical studies were included-comprising three randomized controlled trials and two prospective cohorts-with pooled data from 298 knees.Data on functional outcomes,imaging findings,and progression to total knee arthroplasty(TKA)were extracted and qualitatively synthesized.RESULTS Subchondral BMAC injections demonstrated superior improvements compared to intra-articular injection or placebo:Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score improved from 49.1±1.9 to 61.2±6.3 at 12 months(P<0.05),Knee Society Score increased from 57±12 to 87.3±12 at two years,and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores showed significant improvement favoring combined approaches.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed mean BML volume regression of 2.1 cm3,with 80%of knees avoiding TKA over 13-year follow-up.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed regression of BMLs and increased cartilage preservation in subchondral-treated knees.Long-term data indicated delayed progression to TKA and biomechanical improvements(e.g.,Hip-Knee-Ankle angle correction).No major adverse events were reported.CONCLUSION Targeting subchondral bone with BMAC addresses underlying OA pathology and may offer disease-modifying potential beyond symptom relief.These findings support a paradigm shift toward whole-joint biologic therapy,positioning the subchondral matrix as a therapeutic epicenter in OA management.
文摘Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to correct an error in Figure 3 in which the flow cytometric scattergram of CD4/CD44 for the control group was erroneously used for the scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group.The correct scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group is provided below.The error does not affect the conclusion of the study.The authors apologize for the error and the inconvenience it might have caused to readers.
基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8232044)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462023BJRC030).
文摘The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China(62373240,62273224,U24A20259).
文摘Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.
基金funded by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20671)the Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology(2021ZD0034)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(No.Z021003)。
文摘The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing earthquake disasters.Numerical simulation of hydromechanical coupling is a crucial method for studying injection-induced seismicity.However,few studies have explored the risk management measures for injection-induced seismicity from the perspective of engineering.How seismic magnitudes can be reduced through reasonable adjustments to injection operations in engineering remains unclear.Therefore,in this study,a 3D hydro-mechanical coupling model involving multiple faults and injection wells was established based on the geological background and well location of Fox Creek,Canada.Different injection schemes under multi-well and multi-fault conditions were studied,and a traffic light system was used to simulate and control the magnitudes under a multi-well injection scheme.Specifically,we simulated injection scenarios involving up to three wells and analyzed the response of five faults.We compared the maximum moment magnitude of different scenarios by controlling the same injection volume.The results revealed the effect and advantage of the multi-well scheme in reducing seismic magnitude.To reduce the risk of induced seismicity,utilizing far-fault operational wells to compensate for the effects of near-fault operational wells proves to be an efficient and cost-effective method,with potential for wide practical applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB2390300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42172292)Yinlin Ji is grateful for the support by the Helmholtz Association's Initiative and Networking Fund for the Helmholtz Young Investigator Group ARES(Contract No.VH-NG-1516).
文摘This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture at four different injection rates under undrained conditions and monitored the acoustic emission(AE)signals during the tests.Experimental results reveal that the critical activation fluid pressure is related to the injection rate,pressure diffusion rate,stress state,and fracture roughness.For the smooth fracture,as the injection rate increases,the critical activation fluid pressure increases significantly,while the injection rate has little effect on the critical activation fluid pressure of the rough fracture.The quasi-static slip distance of fractures decreases as the injection rate increases,with rough fractures exhibiting a greater overall slip distance compared to smooth fractures.The number of AE events per unit sliding distance increases with the injection rate,while the global b value decreases.These results indicate that higher injection rates produce more large-magnitude AE events and more severe slip instability and asperity damage.We established a linkage between fluid injection volume,injection rate,and AE events using the seismogenic index(Σ).The smooth fracture exhibits a steadily increasingΣwith the elapse of injection time,and the rate of increase is higher at higher injection rates;while the rough fracture is featured by a fluctuatingΣ,signifying the intermittent occurrence of large-magnitude AE events associated with the damage of larger fracture asperities.Our results highlight the importance of fracture surface heterogeneity on injection-induced fracture activation and slip.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51306114)
文摘Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic control unit, due to the system hydraulic lag or the possible communication malfunction. In this study,a simple estimate approach based on the injector inlet pressure is proposed to capture four critical characteristic instants at the start and end of injection. The critical characteristic moments estimated using this pressure-based approach are validated against those determined by the actual injection rate profiles, in the context of different single or split injection processes. The comparison revealed that the characteristic injection moments estimated by the injector inlet pressures and those determined by the actual injection rate profiles have a satisfactory agreement, certifying the broad applicability and reliability of this pressure-based approach in the detection of the real fuel injection start and end time.
文摘BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.06500108)。
文摘Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFB4206700)the Joint Geological Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2244223)+5 种基金the China Scholarship Council Program(No.202404910533)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2020B0301030003)the China Geological Survey Project(No.DD20211350)the Key Deployment Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.YJKYYQ20190043,ZDBS-LY-DQC003,KFZD-SW-422,and ZDRW-ZS-2021-3-1)the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(No.2022DJ5503)the Supercomputing Laboratory,IGGCAS.
文摘This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensive multiphysics simulations guided by field data from hydrate production tests in the South China Sea,we pinpoint key operational parameters—such as injection rates,depths,and timings—that notably enhance production efficiency.The results indicate that a 3-phase hydrate reservoir transitions from a free-gas-dominated production stage to a hydrate-decomposition-dominated stage.Moderate warm seawater injection supplies additional heat during the hydrate decomposition phase,thereby enhancing stable production;however,excessively high injection rates can impede the depressurization process.Only injection at an appropriate depth simultaneously balances thermal supplementation and the pressure gradient,leading to higher overall productivity.A“depressurization-driven sensible-heat supply window”is introduced,highlighting that timely seawater injection following initial depressurization prolongs reservoir dissociation dynamics.In this study area,commencing seawater injection at 170 d of depressurization proved optimal.This optimized integration leverages clean and renewable thermal energy,providing essential insights into thermal supplementation strategies with significant implications for sustainable,economically feasible,and efficient commercial-scale hydrate production.
