Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support ...Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support the “time-dilation” interpretation and others support “curved space-time” interpretation. In this, and related work, we investigate the key issues in terms of the intuitive space-time frame. In particular, we provide alternative approaches to explain “time dilation” and to explain the energy density for gravity systems. We approach the latter problem from an information perspective.展开更多
The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neu...The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neurons in the OB,mitral/tufted cells encode information such as odor identity and concentration.Recently,the neural strategies and mechanisms underlying odor representation and encoding in the OB have been investigated extensively.Here we review the main progress on this topic.We first review the neurons and circuits involved in odor representation,including the different cell types in the OB and the neural circuits within and beyond the OB.We will then discuss how two different coding strategies—spatial coding and temporal coding—work in the rodent OB.Finally,we discuss potential future directions for this research topic.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive description of our current understanding of how odor information is represented and encoded by mitral/tufted cells in the OB.展开更多
Inspired by the photoelectric effect,a phototube is incorporated into a simple neural circuit,and then the output voltage and dynamics become sensitive to external illumination within a specific frequency band.The fir...Inspired by the photoelectric effect,a phototube is incorporated into a simple neural circuit,and then the output voltage and dynamics become sensitive to external illumination within a specific frequency band.The firing modes are also dependent on the amplitude and frequency band in the illumination.In this paper,the signal outputs from a chaotic circuit are used as external optical signals,which are filtered and encoded by a phototube.Then,the functional neural circuit is excited to present a variety of firing modes and patterns.An exponential function of the filtering wave is proposed to discover the biophysical mechanism for frequency selection in the retina as most of wave bands of the external illumination are absorbed in the cathode material of the phototube while a specific band is effective in inducing a photocurrent for stimulating the visual neurons.Based on our light-sensitive neural circuit and model,external illumination is filtered and firing modes in the neuron are reproduced;furthermore,the mode transition induced by parameter shift is also investigated in detail.This result discovers the signal processing mechanism in the visual neurons and provides helpful guidance for designing artificial sensors for encoding optical signals and for repairing abnormalities in the retina of the visual system.展开更多
Gesture recognition technology enables machines to read human gestures and has significant application prospects in the fields of human-computer interaction and sign language translation.Existing researches usually us...Gesture recognition technology enables machines to read human gestures and has significant application prospects in the fields of human-computer interaction and sign language translation.Existing researches usually use convolutional neural networks to extract features directly from raw gesture data for gesture recognition,but the networks are affected by much interference information in the input data and thus fit to some unimportant features.In this paper,we proposed a novel method for encoding spatio-temporal information,which can enhance the key features required for gesture recognition,such as shape,structure,contour,position and hand motion of gestures,thereby improving the accuracy of gesture recognition.This encoding method can encode arbitrarily multiple frames of gesture data into a single frame of the spatio-temporal feature map and use the spatio-temporal feature map as the input to the neural network.This can guide the model to fit important features while avoiding the use of complex recurrent network structures to extract temporal features.In addition,we designed two sub-networks and trained the model using a sub-network pre-training strategy that trains the sub-networks first and then the entire network,so as to avoid the subnetworks focusing too much on the information of a single category feature and being overly influenced by each other’s features.Experimental results on two public gesture datasets show that the proposed spatio-temporal information encoding method achieves advanced accuracy.展开更多
Because the equivalence principle forbids local mass density, we cannot formulate general relativistic mass as an integral over mass density as in Newtonian gravity. This century-old problem was addressed forty years ...Because the equivalence principle forbids local mass density, we cannot formulate general relativistic mass as an integral over mass density as in Newtonian gravity. This century-old problem was addressed forty years ago by Penrose, and many papers have since extended the concept. Currently there is no satisfactory physical understanding of the nature of quasi-local mass. In this paper I review the key issues, the current status, and propose an alternative interpretation of the problem of local mass and energy density for gravity systems from an information perspective.展开更多
Spin （polarization） is widely used in free-space optics, while in photouic integrated circuits （PICs）, infor- mation is usually encoded in optical route. So a practical way to connect these two encoding methods is...Spin （polarization） is widely used in free-space optics, while in photouic integrated circuits （PICs）, infor- mation is usually encoded in optical route. So a practical way to connect these two encoding methods is necessary for information communication. In this letter, an encoding convertor is designed to connect spin encoding and route encoding. Finite element method is used to calculate the conversion efficiency and extinction ratio of the encoding convertor and the theoretical analyses are also given. Our protocol shows a friendly way to convert optical spin information to route information, which will promote the compatibility of free-space optics and PICs.展开更多
In recent years,quantum computing has made significant strides,particularly in light-based technology.The introduction of quantum photonic chips has ushered in an era marked by scalability,stability,and cost-effective...In recent years,quantum computing has made significant strides,particularly in light-based technology.The introduction of quantum photonic chips has ushered in an era marked by scalability,stability,and cost-effectiveness,paving the way for innovative possibilities within compact footprints.This article provides a comprehensive exploration of photonic quantum computing,covering key aspects such as encoding information in photons,the merits of photonic qubits,and essential photonic device components including light squeezers,quantum light sources,interferometers,photodetectors,and wave-guides.The article also examines photonic quantum communication and internet,and its implications for secure systems,detailing implementations such as quantum key distribution and long-distance communication.Emerging trends in quantum communication and essential reconfigurable elements for advancing photonic quantum internet are discussed.The review further navigates the path towards establishing scalable and fault-tolerant photonic quantum computers,highlighting quantum computational advantages achieved using photons.Additionally,the discussion extends to programmable photonic circuits,integrated photonics and transformative applications.Lastly,the review addresses prospects,implications,and challenges in photonic quantum computing,offering valuable insights into current advancements and promising future directions in this technology.展开更多
Dear Editor,Transfer RNA(tRNA)is an indispensable adaptor molecule in the messenger RNA(mRNA)translation machinery,facilitating the conversion of genetic information encoded in mRNA into functional proteins.Numerous p...Dear Editor,Transfer RNA(tRNA)is an indispensable adaptor molecule in the messenger RNA(mRNA)translation machinery,facilitating the conversion of genetic information encoded in mRNA into functional proteins.Numerous posttranscriptional modifications in tRNA have been identified,which play significantroles in modulating tRNA folding,biochemical stability,amino-acylation,and codon–anticodon interaction(Suzuki,2021).TRMT10A,the mammalian homolog of Trm10,incorporates N1-methylguanosine modification at position 9(m1G9)of various cytoplasmic tRNAs,including tRNAGln and tRNAIniMeth(Vilardo et al.,2020).Mutations in human TRMT10A,which is enriched in pancreatic islets and brain(Igoillo-Esteve et al.,2013),are often associated with microcephaly,intellectual disability,early-onset diabetes,and short stature(Igoillo-Esteve et al.,2013;Uçan Tokuçet al.,2024).展开更多
文摘Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support the “time-dilation” interpretation and others support “curved space-time” interpretation. In this, and related work, we investigate the key issues in terms of the intuitive space-time frame. In particular, we provide alternative approaches to explain “time dilation” and to explain the energy density for gravity systems. We approach the latter problem from an information perspective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271055 and 32070995)the Jiangsu Province Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team Program,and the Guangdong Medical University(No.GDMUB2022048),China.
文摘The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neurons in the OB,mitral/tufted cells encode information such as odor identity and concentration.Recently,the neural strategies and mechanisms underlying odor representation and encoding in the OB have been investigated extensively.Here we review the main progress on this topic.We first review the neurons and circuits involved in odor representation,including the different cell types in the OB and the neural circuits within and beyond the OB.We will then discuss how two different coding strategies—spatial coding and temporal coding—work in the rodent OB.Finally,we discuss potential future directions for this research topic.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive description of our current understanding of how odor information is represented and encoded by mitral/tufted cells in the OB.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12072139)。
文摘Inspired by the photoelectric effect,a phototube is incorporated into a simple neural circuit,and then the output voltage and dynamics become sensitive to external illumination within a specific frequency band.The firing modes are also dependent on the amplitude and frequency band in the illumination.In this paper,the signal outputs from a chaotic circuit are used as external optical signals,which are filtered and encoded by a phototube.Then,the functional neural circuit is excited to present a variety of firing modes and patterns.An exponential function of the filtering wave is proposed to discover the biophysical mechanism for frequency selection in the retina as most of wave bands of the external illumination are absorbed in the cathode material of the phototube while a specific band is effective in inducing a photocurrent for stimulating the visual neurons.Based on our light-sensitive neural circuit and model,external illumination is filtered and firing modes in the neuron are reproduced;furthermore,the mode transition induced by parameter shift is also investigated in detail.This result discovers the signal processing mechanism in the visual neurons and provides helpful guidance for designing artificial sensors for encoding optical signals and for repairing abnormalities in the retina of the visual system.
基金This work was supported,in part,by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under grant numbers 62272236in part,by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under grant numbers BK20201136,BK20191401in part,by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)fund.
文摘Gesture recognition technology enables machines to read human gestures and has significant application prospects in the fields of human-computer interaction and sign language translation.Existing researches usually use convolutional neural networks to extract features directly from raw gesture data for gesture recognition,but the networks are affected by much interference information in the input data and thus fit to some unimportant features.In this paper,we proposed a novel method for encoding spatio-temporal information,which can enhance the key features required for gesture recognition,such as shape,structure,contour,position and hand motion of gestures,thereby improving the accuracy of gesture recognition.This encoding method can encode arbitrarily multiple frames of gesture data into a single frame of the spatio-temporal feature map and use the spatio-temporal feature map as the input to the neural network.This can guide the model to fit important features while avoiding the use of complex recurrent network structures to extract temporal features.In addition,we designed two sub-networks and trained the model using a sub-network pre-training strategy that trains the sub-networks first and then the entire network,so as to avoid the subnetworks focusing too much on the information of a single category feature and being overly influenced by each other’s features.Experimental results on two public gesture datasets show that the proposed spatio-temporal information encoding method achieves advanced accuracy.
文摘Because the equivalence principle forbids local mass density, we cannot formulate general relativistic mass as an integral over mass density as in Newtonian gravity. This century-old problem was addressed forty years ago by Penrose, and many papers have since extended the concept. Currently there is no satisfactory physical understanding of the nature of quasi-local mass. In this paper I review the key issues, the current status, and propose an alternative interpretation of the problem of local mass and energy density for gravity systems from an information perspective.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Priorities of China(Nos.2011CBA00200 and 2011CB921200)the Innovation Funds from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.60921091)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11374289 and 10934006)the Program for New Century Excuent Talents in University
文摘Spin （polarization） is widely used in free-space optics, while in photouic integrated circuits （PICs）, infor- mation is usually encoded in optical route. So a practical way to connect these two encoding methods is necessary for information communication. In this letter, an encoding convertor is designed to connect spin encoding and route encoding. Finite element method is used to calculate the conversion efficiency and extinction ratio of the encoding convertor and the theoretical analyses are also given. Our protocol shows a friendly way to convert optical spin information to route information, which will promote the compatibility of free-space optics and PICs.
文摘In recent years,quantum computing has made significant strides,particularly in light-based technology.The introduction of quantum photonic chips has ushered in an era marked by scalability,stability,and cost-effectiveness,paving the way for innovative possibilities within compact footprints.This article provides a comprehensive exploration of photonic quantum computing,covering key aspects such as encoding information in photons,the merits of photonic qubits,and essential photonic device components including light squeezers,quantum light sources,interferometers,photodetectors,and wave-guides.The article also examines photonic quantum communication and internet,and its implications for secure systems,detailing implementations such as quantum key distribution and long-distance communication.Emerging trends in quantum communication and essential reconfigurable elements for advancing photonic quantum internet are discussed.The review further navigates the path towards establishing scalable and fault-tolerant photonic quantum computers,highlighting quantum computational advantages achieved using photons.Additionally,the discussion extends to programmable photonic circuits,integrated photonics and transformative applications.Lastly,the review addresses prospects,implications,and challenges in photonic quantum computing,offering valuable insights into current advancements and promising future directions in this technology.
基金Supplementary material is available at Journal of Molecular Cell Biology online.This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82230075 to D.G.32270159 to J.W.)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515012613 to J.W.)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20200109142201695 and KQTD20180411143323605 to D.G.,JCYJ20220530145608018 to J.W.)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases(ZDSYS20220606100803007 to J.W.).
文摘Dear Editor,Transfer RNA(tRNA)is an indispensable adaptor molecule in the messenger RNA(mRNA)translation machinery,facilitating the conversion of genetic information encoded in mRNA into functional proteins.Numerous posttranscriptional modifications in tRNA have been identified,which play significantroles in modulating tRNA folding,biochemical stability,amino-acylation,and codon–anticodon interaction(Suzuki,2021).TRMT10A,the mammalian homolog of Trm10,incorporates N1-methylguanosine modification at position 9(m1G9)of various cytoplasmic tRNAs,including tRNAGln and tRNAIniMeth(Vilardo et al.,2020).Mutations in human TRMT10A,which is enriched in pancreatic islets and brain(Igoillo-Esteve et al.,2013),are often associated with microcephaly,intellectual disability,early-onset diabetes,and short stature(Igoillo-Esteve et al.,2013;Uçan Tokuçet al.,2024).
