This paper proposes a new technique that is used to embed depth maps into corresponding 2-dimensional （2D） images. Since a 2D image and its depth map are integrated into one type of image format, they can be treated...This paper proposes a new technique that is used to embed depth maps into corresponding 2-dimensional （2D） images. Since a 2D image and its depth map are integrated into one type of image format, they can be treated as if they were one 2D image. Thereby, it can reduce the amount of data in 3D images by half and simplify the processes for sending them through networks because the synchronization between images for the left and right eyes becomes unnecessary. We embed depth maps in the quantized discrete cosine transform （DCT） data of 2D images. The key to this technique is whether the depth maps could be embedded into 2D images without perceivably deteriorating their quality. We try to reduce their deterioration by compressing the depth map data by using the differences from the next pixel to the left. We assume that there is only one non-zero pixel at most on one horizontal line in the DCT block because the depth map values change abruptly. We conduct an experiment to evaluate the quality of the 2D images embedded with depth maps and find that satisfactory quality could be achieved.展开更多
Digital watermarking must balance imperceptibility,robustness,complexity,and security.To address the challenge of computational efficiency in trellis-based informed embedding,we propose a modified watermarking framewo...Digital watermarking must balance imperceptibility,robustness,complexity,and security.To address the challenge of computational efficiency in trellis-based informed embedding,we propose a modified watermarking framework that integrates fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering into the generation off block codewords for labeling trellis arcs.The system incorporates a parallel trellis structure,controllable embedding parameters,and a novel informed embedding algorithm with reduced complexity.Two types of embedding schemes—memoryless and memory-based—are designed to flexibly trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches in bit error rate(BER)and computational complexity under various attacks,including additive noise,filtering,JPEG compression,cropping,and rotation.The integration of FCM enhances robustness by increasing the codeword distance,while preserving perceptual quality.Overall,the proposed framework is suitable for real-time and secure watermarking applications.展开更多
文摘This paper proposes a new technique that is used to embed depth maps into corresponding 2-dimensional （2D） images. Since a 2D image and its depth map are integrated into one type of image format, they can be treated as if they were one 2D image. Thereby, it can reduce the amount of data in 3D images by half and simplify the processes for sending them through networks because the synchronization between images for the left and right eyes becomes unnecessary. We embed depth maps in the quantized discrete cosine transform （DCT） data of 2D images. The key to this technique is whether the depth maps could be embedded into 2D images without perceivably deteriorating their quality. We try to reduce their deterioration by compressing the depth map data by using the differences from the next pixel to the left. We assume that there is only one non-zero pixel at most on one horizontal line in the DCT block because the depth map values change abruptly. We conduct an experiment to evaluate the quality of the 2D images embedded with depth maps and find that satisfactory quality could be achieved.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Council,Taiwan,under grant number NSTC 114-2221-E-167-005-MY3,and NSTC 113-2221-E-167-006-.
文摘Digital watermarking must balance imperceptibility,robustness,complexity,and security.To address the challenge of computational efficiency in trellis-based informed embedding,we propose a modified watermarking framework that integrates fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering into the generation off block codewords for labeling trellis arcs.The system incorporates a parallel trellis structure,controllable embedding parameters,and a novel informed embedding algorithm with reduced complexity.Two types of embedding schemes—memoryless and memory-based—are designed to flexibly trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches in bit error rate(BER)and computational complexity under various attacks,including additive noise,filtering,JPEG compression,cropping,and rotation.The integration of FCM enhances robustness by increasing the codeword distance,while preserving perceptual quality.Overall,the proposed framework is suitable for real-time and secure watermarking applications.
