The shale gas development in China faces challenges such as complex reservoir conditions and high development costs.Based on the pore pressure and geostress coupling theory,this paper studies the geostress evolution l...The shale gas development in China faces challenges such as complex reservoir conditions and high development costs.Based on the pore pressure and geostress coupling theory,this paper studies the geostress evolution laws and fracture network characteristics of shale gas infill wells.A mechanism model of CN platform logging data and geomechanical parameters is established to simulate the influence of parent well’s production on the geostress in the infill well area.It is suggested that with the increase of production time,normal fault stress state and horizontal stress deflection will occur.The smaller the parent well spacing and the longer the production time,the earlier the normal fault stress state appears and the larger the range.Based on the model,the fracture network morphology and construction parameters of infill wells are optimized.parentparentparentparent The results indicate that:1:A well spacing of 500 m achieves a Pareto optimum between“full reserve coverage”and“stress barrier”;2:A parent well recovery degree of 30%corresponds to the critical point of stress reversal,where the lateral deflection rate of the infill fracture is less than 8%and the SRV loss is minimized;3:6-cluster intensive completion with twice the liquid intensity increases the fracture complexity index by 1.7 times,enhances well group EUR by 15.4%,and reduces single-well cost by 22%.This research fills the theoretical gap in the collaborative optimization of“multi-parameter,multi-objective and multi-constraint”and provide parameter optimization basis for shale gas infill well development in China and help to improve the development efficiency and economic benefits.展开更多
Field development practices in many shale gas regions(e.g.,the Changning region)have revealed a persistent issue of suboptimal reserve utilization,particularly in areas where the effective drainage width of production...Field development practices in many shale gas regions(e.g.,the Changning region)have revealed a persistent issue of suboptimal reserve utilization,particularly in areas where the effective drainage width of production wells is less than half the inter-well spacing(typically 400-500 m).To address this,infill drilling has become a widely adopted and effective strategy for enhancing reservoir contact andmobilizing previously untapped reserves.However,this approach has introduced significant inter-well interference,complicating production dynamics and performance evaluation.The two primary challenges hindering efficient deployment of infill wells are:(1)the quantitative assessment of hydraulic and pressure connectivity between infill wells and their associated parent wells,and(2)the accurate estimation of platform-scale Estimated Ultimate Recovery(EUR)following infill implementation.This study presents a novel framework to quantify inter-well connectivity by deriving a material balance equation tailored for shale gas infill well groups,explicitly incorporating gas adsorption and desorption mechanisms.The model simultaneously evaluates formation pressure evolution and crossflow behavior between wells,offering a robust analytical basis for performance prediction.For infill wells intersecting the drainage boundaries of parent wells,EUR is estimated using an analytical model developed for multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells.Meanwhile,the EUR of the parent wells is obtained by summing their pre-infill EUR with the final inter-well crossflow contribution.展开更多
Investment casting shell moulds are widely applied to cast alloys, but how to efficiently form a hierarchical porous structure inside the wall is an innovation and challenge. In this research, porous shell moulds with...Investment casting shell moulds are widely applied to cast alloys, but how to efficiently form a hierarchical porous structure inside the wall is an innovation and challenge. In this research, porous shell moulds with three infill patterns(rectilinear, grid, and honeycomb) were prepared using bauxite slurry and slurry extrusionbased additive manufacturing technology, and the effects of infill patterns on the properties were evaluated. The hierarchical pores inside the wall are composed of the macropores formed by infills and the micropores among bauxite particles. Different infill patterns result in changes in distribution and shape of pores, thereby affecting the properties of the shell moulds. The honeycomb pattern has more comprehensive advantages compared to the other two infill patterns. The samples prepared with the honeycomb pattern exhibit the highest bending strength(11.62 MPa) and porosity(41.6%), as well as good heat-transfer ability, with an average shrinkage rate within 2.0%. This work provides an attractive feasibility for fabricating shell moulds with hierarchical porous walls.展开更多
The method for optimizing the hydraulic fracturing parameters of the cube development infill well pad was proposed,aiming at the well pattern characteristic of“multi-layer and multi-period”of the infill wells in Sic...The method for optimizing the hydraulic fracturing parameters of the cube development infill well pad was proposed,aiming at the well pattern characteristic of“multi-layer and multi-period”of the infill wells in Sichuan Basin.The fracture propagation and inter-well interference model were established based on the evolution of 4D in-situ stress,and the evolution characteristics of stress and the mechanism of interference between wells were analyzed.The research shows that the increase in horizontal stress difference and the existence of natural fractures/faults are the main reasons for inter-well interference.Inter-well interference is likely to occur near the fracture zones and between the infill wells and parent wells that have been in production for a long time.When communication channels are formed between the infill wells and parent wells,it can increase the productivity of parent wells in the short term.However,it will have a delayed negative impact on the long-term sustained production of both infill wells and parent wells.The change trend of in-situ stress caused by parent well production is basically consistent with the decline trend of pore pressure.The lateral disturbance range of in-situ stress is initially the same as the fracture length and reaches 1.5 to 1.6 times that length after 2.5 years.The key to avoiding inter-well interference is to optimize the fracturing parameters.By adopting the M-shaped well pattern,the optimal well spacing for the infill wells is 300 m,the cluster spacing is 10 m,and the liquid volume per stage is 1800 m^(3).展开更多
Infill walls that are considered for the design phase of RC buildings completely change damage mechanisms.In such cases,field studies conducted after destructive earthquakes show that the damage is advanced,especially...Infill walls that are considered for the design phase of RC buildings completely change damage mechanisms.In such cases,field studies conducted after destructive earthquakes show that the damage is advanced,especially in structures without infilling walls on the ground floors.The same situation was observed in destructive earthquakes such as the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake.The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of the infill wall situation on the behavior of structures in earthquakes and to examine how the near-fault effect will change the damage levels of structures with and without infill walls.In this context,the effect of the infill wall situation was examined by utilizing the Kahramanmaras earthquake data.As a result of the study,it was observed that designs with infill wall building models gave better results compared to the other models.The near fault effect was observed to be more dominant in building models without infill walls and with open stories.In conclusion,the infill walls was positively affected with regard to the near fault effect and the features of the building,such as period values,ground story behavior,story shear forces,column moment values,inter-story drift ratio,and base shear forces on ground floors,and increased base shear force.展开更多
In recent years,surrogate models derived from genuine data samples have proven to be efficient in addressing optimization challenges that are costly or time⁃intensive.However,the individuals in the population become i...In recent years,surrogate models derived from genuine data samples have proven to be efficient in addressing optimization challenges that are costly or time⁃intensive.However,the individuals in the population become indistinguishable as the curse of dimensionality increases in the objective space and the accumulation of surrogate approximated errors.Therefore,in this paper,each objective function is modeled using a radial basis function approach,and the optimal solution set of the surrogate model is located by the multi⁃objective evolutionary algorithm of strengthened dominance relation.The original objective function values of the true evaluations are converted to two indicator values,and then the surrogate models are set up for the two performance indicators.Finally,an adaptive infill sampling strategy that relies on approximate performance indicators is proposed to assist in selecting individuals for real evaluations from the potential optimal solution set.The algorithm is contrasted against several advanced surrogate⁃assisted evolutionary algorithms on two suites of test cases,and the experimental findings prove that the approach is competitive in solving expensive many⁃objective optimization problems.展开更多
Seismic imaging quality is critical to describing reservoirs. There are many methods that can improve imaging quality; some rely on advanced processing means, whereas others rely on changing the field acquisition meth...Seismic imaging quality is critical to describing reservoirs. There are many methods that can improve imaging quality; some rely on advanced processing means, whereas others rely on changing the field acquisition methods. However, most of the acquisition methods focus on improving imaging by using infill shots without considering the target-layer illumination energy. Moreover, total infill shooting greatly increases the acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a new method for maximizing the contribution to the target shadow area illumination by automatic local infill shooting. Thus, we designed 2D and 3D models and obtained the depth migration section by forward modeling, infill shots, depth migration, etc. The model results also show that by choosing the most appropriate number of shot points, we can enhance the shadow area energy and improve the target-layer imaging quality at low cost.展开更多
In this paper, a computationally efficient optimization method for aerodynamic design has been developed. The low-fidelity model and the multi-infill strategy are utilized in this approach.Low-fidelity data is employe...In this paper, a computationally efficient optimization method for aerodynamic design has been developed. The low-fidelity model and the multi-infill strategy are utilized in this approach.Low-fidelity data is employed to provide a good global trend for model prediction, and multiple sample points chosen by different infill criteria in each updating cycle are used to enhance the exploitation and exploration ability of the optimization approach. Take the advantages of lowfidelity model and the multi-infill strategy, and no initial sample for the high-fidelity model is needed. This approach is applied to an airfoil design case and a high-dimensional wing design case.It saves a large number of high-fidelity function evaluations for initial model construction. What＇s more, faster reduction of an aerodynamic function is achieved, when compared to ordinary kriging using the multi-infill strategy and variable-fidelity model using single infill criterion. The results indicate that the developed approach has a promising application to efficient aerodynamic design when high-fidelity analyses are involved.展开更多
Six reinforced concrete frames with or without masonry infills were constructed and tested under horizontal cyclic loads. All six frames had identical details in which the transverse reinforcement in columns was provi...Six reinforced concrete frames with or without masonry infills were constructed and tested under horizontal cyclic loads. All six frames had identical details in which the transverse reinforcement in columns was provided by rectangular hoops that did not meet current ACI specifications for ductile frames. For comparison purposes, the columns in three of these frames were jacketed by carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer （CFRP） sheets to avoid possible shear failure. A nonlinear pushover analysis, in which the force-deformation relationships of individual elements were developed based on ACI 318, FEMA 356, and Chen＇s model, was carried out for these frames and compared to test results. Both the failure mechanisms and impact of infills on the behaviors of these frames were examined in the study. Conclusions from the present analysis provide structural engineers with valuable information for evaluation and design of infilled concrete frame building structures.展开更多
Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism.This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation.Continuous ...Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism.This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation.Continuous components offer alternatives that may avoid such failures.A novel infilled rocking wall frame system is proposed that takes advantage of continuous component and rocking characteristics.Previous studies have investigated similar systems that combine a reinforced concrete frame and a wall with rocking behavior used.However,a large-scale experimental study of a reinforced concrete frame combined with a rocking wall has not been reported.In this study,a seismic performance evaluation of the newly proposed infilled rocking wall frame structure was conducted through quasi-static cyclic testing.Critical joints were designed and verified.Numerical models were established and calibrated to estimate frame shear forces.The results evaluation demonstrate that an infilled rocking wall frame can effectively avoid soft-story mechanisms.Capacity and initial stiffness are greatly improved and self-centering behavior is achieved with the help of the infilled rocking wall.Drift distribution becomes more uniform with height.Concrete cracks and damage occurs in desired areas.The infilled rocking wall frame offers a promising approach to achieving seismic resilience.展开更多
Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of inf...Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of infill wells.To understand the effect of stress reorientation on the propagation of infill well’s fractures,an integrated simulation workflow that combines the reservoir flow calculation and the infill well hydraulic fracturing modeling is adopted.The reservoir simulation is computed to examine the relationship between the extent of stress reversal region and reservoir properties.Then,the hydraulic fracturing model considering the altered stress field for production is built to characterize the stress evolution of secondary fracturing.Numerical simulations show that stress reorientation may occur due to the decreasing of the horizontal stresses in an elliptical region around the parent well.Also,the initial stress difference is the driving factor for stress reorientation.However,the bottom hole pressure,permeability and other properties connected with fluid flow control timing of the stress reorientation.The decrease of the horizontal stresses around the parent well lead to asymmetrical propagation of a hydraulic fracture of the infill well.The study provides insights on understanding the influence of stress reorientation to the infill well fracturing treatment and interference between parent and infill wells.展开更多
The anti-bird-strike performance of a lattice-material-infilled curved plate is investigated herein.Since automatically filling the curved structure by classical lattice material filling methods will cause a large num...The anti-bird-strike performance of a lattice-material-infilled curved plate is investigated herein.Since automatically filling the curved structure by classical lattice material filling methods will cause a large number of manufacturing defects,a space-dependent lattice material filling method for the curved plate is firstly proposed in this paper Next,using a face-centered cubic lattice,a lattice-material-infilled test piece with a hollow ratio of 40.8%is built.The test pieces are manufactured via additive manufacturing using titanium alloy.In bird-strike experimental tests,the test pieces are crashed against gelatin birds at an impact velocity of 200 m/s.Dynamic strain gauges are used to record the crash history and the results are discussed.Furthermore,a numerical analysis to simulate the bird-strike experiment is performed.The results from the experimental tests and numerical simulation agree well.This work shows that the lattice-material-infilled curved plate yields promising bird-strike resistance.Therefore,lattice-infilled materials are feasible for protecting aerospace components against bird-strike as well as for reducing the component weight.展开更多
Hollow cylindrical sandstone specimens filled with Al,Pb and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA),as well as hollow and solid specimens were tested under monotonic unconfined compression.The discrepancies in the elastic modu...Hollow cylindrical sandstone specimens filled with Al,Pb and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA),as well as hollow and solid specimens were tested under monotonic unconfined compression.The discrepancies in the elastic modulus,unconfined compressive strength and failure pattern of the specimens were studied and then illustrated.The interaction stress threshold and localized failure stress threshold were identified by the strain gauges on the rock and filling rod.The results indicated that unobvious changes in the strength and elastic modulus were found between the solid and hollow specimens,while for the hollow specimens with infillings,the strength decreases with increasing the stiffness of the infilling material.The filling material with a higher stiffness leads to a high hoop stress,and hence a stronger interfacial force.The specimens coupled with filling rod are mainly fractured with tensile cracks,while the solid and hollow specimens are typically split into blocky fragments with dominated shear fractures.Finally,the equivalent inner pressure in the opening was theoretically derived.The findings suggested in the experiments can be well explained using the theoretical thick-walled cylinder model.展开更多
Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on th...Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers(HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness(CNS) is described. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using threedimensional(3D) printed surface moulds, and filled with kaolin and sand mixture prepared at different water contents. Shear behaviours of both planar infilled joints and rough joints having joint roughness coefficients(JRCs) of 8-10 and 18-20 with the ratios of infill thickness to asperity height(t/a)equal to 0.5 were investigated. Matric suction shows predominantly unimodal behaviour during shearing of both planar and rough joints, which is closely associated with the variation of unloading rate and volumetric changes of the infill material. As expected, two-peak behaviour was observed for the rough joints and both peaks increased with the increase of infill matric suction. The results suggest that the contribution of matric suction of infill on the joint peak normalised shear stress is relatively independent of the joint roughness.展开更多
This study aims to examine the influence of pre-existing discontinuities on the strengths of four natural rocks of different origins.A series of unconfined compression tests was performed on specimens of two types of ...This study aims to examine the influence of pre-existing discontinuities on the strengths of four natural rocks of different origins.A series of unconfined compression tests was performed on specimens of two types of sandstones,argillite and basalt that contain open and filled cracks.It was found that the presence of cracks tends to decrease the overall strength for all studied rocks;however,the magnitude of strength reduction is related to the property of rock.The larger strength decrease was observed for the relatively harder argillite and basalt,compared to the softer sandstone.It was also found that the infill material could increase the strength of rock specimens,while the obtained strength depended on the characteristics of the fill material.展开更多
To resolve the issue regarding inaccurate prediction of the hysteretic behavior by micro-based numerical analysis for partially-restrained（PR）steel frames with solid reinforced concrete（RC）infill walls,an innovati...To resolve the issue regarding inaccurate prediction of the hysteretic behavior by micro-based numerical analysis for partially-restrained（PR）steel frames with solid reinforced concrete（RC）infill walls,an innovative simplified model of composite compression struts is proposed on the basis of experimental observation on the cracking distribution,load transferring mechanism,and failure modes of RC infill walls filled in PR steel frame.The proposed composite compression struts model for the solid RC infill walls is composed ofαinclined struts and main diagonal struts.Theαinclined struts are used to reflect the part of the lateral force resisted by shear connectors along the frame-wall interface,while the main diagonal struts are introduced to take into account the rest of the lateral force transferred along the diagonal direction due to the complicated interaction between the steel frame and RC infill walls.This study derives appropriate formulas for the effective widths of theαinclined strut and main diagonal strut,respectively.An example of PR steel frame with RC infill walls simulating simulated by the composite inclined compression struts model is illustrated.The maximum lateral strength and the hysteresis curve shape obtained from the proposed composite strut model are in good agreement with those from the test results,and the backbone curve of a PR steel frame with RC infill walls can be predicted precisely when the inter-story drift is within 1%.This simplified model can also predict the structural stiffness and the equivalent viscous damping ratio well when the inter-story drift ratio exceeds 0.5%.展开更多
Tightening the well spacing for unconventional tight reservoirs is an efficient technique to enhance oil and gas recoveries.Infill well-caused fracture connection between wells is widely reported in the field with sma...Tightening the well spacing for unconventional tight reservoirs is an efficient technique to enhance oil and gas recoveries.Infill well-caused fracture connection between wells is widely reported in the field with small well spacing.This will make it difficult to make formation evaluation and fracture characterization between wells compared to single well cases.In this paper,a novel production data analysis(PDA)method is proposed for fracture characterization with the consideration of interwell fracture connections after the hydraulic fracturing of the infill.The PDA method is based on a semianalytical model,in which the small-scaled fractures are treated with the concept of stimulated reservoir volume(SRV).Thus,the fracture connections between wells are classified into three types,including SRV,fractures,and both SRV and fractures.The physical model is discretized into several linear flow regions,so the mathematical model can be solved semianalytically.An integrated workflow is proposed to analyze the production data for the wellpad,and three steps are mainly included in the workflow,including PDA for the parent well before infill,PDA for the parent well after infill,and PDA for the infill well.In each step,the production performance in the early linear and bilinear flow regimes are analyzed with approximate solutions in the square and fourth root-of-time plots.Because only the relationship between unknown model parameters can be obtained with the approximate solutions,history matching to the production data in log-log plots is further used to determine each unknown parameter.The PDA method is benchmarked with a synthetic case generated by the numerical simulator tNavigator and a field case from Southwestern China.The results show that both good matches and precise parameters can be obtained with the proposed PDA method.The connected fracture number will not be sensitive in PDA when the wells are connected with high-conductive dSRV.The innovation of this paper is that a practical method is provided for PDA analysis of well groups with fracture connection,and it will be a good technique for fracture characterization and well-interference analysis for tight formations.展开更多
Framed structures are usually infilled with masonry walls. They may cause a significant increase in both stiffness and strength, reducing the deformation demand and increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the sy...Framed structures are usually infilled with masonry walls. They may cause a significant increase in both stiffness and strength, reducing the deformation demand and increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the system. On the other hand, irregular arrangements of the masonry panels may lead to the concentration of damage in some regions, with negative effects; for example soft story mechanisms and shear failures in short columns. Therefore, the presence ofinfill walls should not be neglected, especially in regions of moderate and high seismicity. To this aim, simple models are available for solid infills walls, such as the diagonal no-tension strut model, while infilled frames with openings have not been adequately investigated. In this study, the effect of openings on the strength and stiffness of infilled frames is investigated by means of about 150 experimental and numerical tests. The main parameters involved are identified and a simple model to take into account the openings in the infills is developed and compared with other models proposed by different researchers. The model, which is based on the use of strength and stiffness reduction factors, takes into account the opening dimensions and presence of reinforcing elements around the opening. An example of an application of the proposed reduction factors is also presented.展开更多
Infill drilling is now recognized as a viable improved recovery process. However, the reliable prediction of incremental recovery by infill drilling cannot be readily and accurately determined by present techniques. T...Infill drilling is now recognized as a viable improved recovery process. However, the reliable prediction of incremental recovery by infill drilling cannot be readily and accurately determined by present techniques. This paper proposes a hybrid predictive model of stream tube simulation and numerical simulation by using the contemporary theory of fluid flow in porous media. The model calculates the geometries of stream tubes, remaining oil distribution and water cut at different development stages in the near future, and uses a three-dimensional simulation to track fluid movement in each stream tube slice. This will help reservoir engineers to determine the feasibility of infill drilling. This predictive model is used to forecast the degree of control of well pattern, the ultimate incremental recovery of infill wells within an inverted 5-spot case in an oilfield and the economic benefit is also analyzed.展开更多
文摘The shale gas development in China faces challenges such as complex reservoir conditions and high development costs.Based on the pore pressure and geostress coupling theory,this paper studies the geostress evolution laws and fracture network characteristics of shale gas infill wells.A mechanism model of CN platform logging data and geomechanical parameters is established to simulate the influence of parent well’s production on the geostress in the infill well area.It is suggested that with the increase of production time,normal fault stress state and horizontal stress deflection will occur.The smaller the parent well spacing and the longer the production time,the earlier the normal fault stress state appears and the larger the range.Based on the model,the fracture network morphology and construction parameters of infill wells are optimized.parentparentparentparent The results indicate that:1:A well spacing of 500 m achieves a Pareto optimum between“full reserve coverage”and“stress barrier”;2:A parent well recovery degree of 30%corresponds to the critical point of stress reversal,where the lateral deflection rate of the infill fracture is less than 8%and the SRV loss is minimized;3:6-cluster intensive completion with twice the liquid intensity increases the fracture complexity index by 1.7 times,enhances well group EUR by 15.4%,and reduces single-well cost by 22%.This research fills the theoretical gap in the collaborative optimization of“multi-parameter,multi-objective and multi-constraint”and provide parameter optimization basis for shale gas infill well development in China and help to improve the development efficiency and economic benefits.
文摘Field development practices in many shale gas regions(e.g.,the Changning region)have revealed a persistent issue of suboptimal reserve utilization,particularly in areas where the effective drainage width of production wells is less than half the inter-well spacing(typically 400-500 m).To address this,infill drilling has become a widely adopted and effective strategy for enhancing reservoir contact andmobilizing previously untapped reserves.However,this approach has introduced significant inter-well interference,complicating production dynamics and performance evaluation.The two primary challenges hindering efficient deployment of infill wells are:(1)the quantitative assessment of hydraulic and pressure connectivity between infill wells and their associated parent wells,and(2)the accurate estimation of platform-scale Estimated Ultimate Recovery(EUR)following infill implementation.This study presents a novel framework to quantify inter-well connectivity by deriving a material balance equation tailored for shale gas infill well groups,explicitly incorporating gas adsorption and desorption mechanisms.The model simultaneously evaluates formation pressure evolution and crossflow behavior between wells,offering a robust analytical basis for performance prediction.For infill wells intersecting the drainage boundaries of parent wells,EUR is estimated using an analytical model developed for multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells.Meanwhile,the EUR of the parent wells is obtained by summing their pre-infill EUR with the final inter-well crossflow contribution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52062029)the Key Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province (No. 18YF1GA064)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Provence (No. 25JRRA094)。
文摘Investment casting shell moulds are widely applied to cast alloys, but how to efficiently form a hierarchical porous structure inside the wall is an innovation and challenge. In this research, porous shell moulds with three infill patterns(rectilinear, grid, and honeycomb) were prepared using bauxite slurry and slurry extrusionbased additive manufacturing technology, and the effects of infill patterns on the properties were evaluated. The hierarchical pores inside the wall are composed of the macropores formed by infills and the micropores among bauxite particles. Different infill patterns result in changes in distribution and shape of pores, thereby affecting the properties of the shell moulds. The honeycomb pattern has more comprehensive advantages compared to the other two infill patterns. The samples prepared with the honeycomb pattern exhibit the highest bending strength(11.62 MPa) and porosity(41.6%), as well as good heat-transfer ability, with an average shrinkage rate within 2.0%. This work provides an attractive feasibility for fabricating shell moulds with hierarchical porous walls.
基金Supported by the General Program of the NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA(52374004)National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFF06141022023YFE0110900)。
文摘The method for optimizing the hydraulic fracturing parameters of the cube development infill well pad was proposed,aiming at the well pattern characteristic of“multi-layer and multi-period”of the infill wells in Sichuan Basin.The fracture propagation and inter-well interference model were established based on the evolution of 4D in-situ stress,and the evolution characteristics of stress and the mechanism of interference between wells were analyzed.The research shows that the increase in horizontal stress difference and the existence of natural fractures/faults are the main reasons for inter-well interference.Inter-well interference is likely to occur near the fracture zones and between the infill wells and parent wells that have been in production for a long time.When communication channels are formed between the infill wells and parent wells,it can increase the productivity of parent wells in the short term.However,it will have a delayed negative impact on the long-term sustained production of both infill wells and parent wells.The change trend of in-situ stress caused by parent well production is basically consistent with the decline trend of pore pressure.The lateral disturbance range of in-situ stress is initially the same as the fracture length and reaches 1.5 to 1.6 times that length after 2.5 years.The key to avoiding inter-well interference is to optimize the fracturing parameters.By adopting the M-shaped well pattern,the optimal well spacing for the infill wells is 300 m,the cluster spacing is 10 m,and the liquid volume per stage is 1800 m^(3).
文摘Infill walls that are considered for the design phase of RC buildings completely change damage mechanisms.In such cases,field studies conducted after destructive earthquakes show that the damage is advanced,especially in structures without infilling walls on the ground floors.The same situation was observed in destructive earthquakes such as the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake.The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of the infill wall situation on the behavior of structures in earthquakes and to examine how the near-fault effect will change the damage levels of structures with and without infill walls.In this context,the effect of the infill wall situation was examined by utilizing the Kahramanmaras earthquake data.As a result of the study,it was observed that designs with infill wall building models gave better results compared to the other models.The near fault effect was observed to be more dominant in building models without infill walls and with open stories.In conclusion,the infill walls was positively affected with regard to the near fault effect and the features of the building,such as period values,ground story behavior,story shear forces,column moment values,inter-story drift ratio,and base shear forces on ground floors,and increased base shear force.
基金Sponsored by Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(Grant No.2022L294)Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding(Grant Nos.W2022018,W20242012)Foundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202403021212170).
文摘In recent years,surrogate models derived from genuine data samples have proven to be efficient in addressing optimization challenges that are costly or time⁃intensive.However,the individuals in the population become indistinguishable as the curse of dimensionality increases in the objective space and the accumulation of surrogate approximated errors.Therefore,in this paper,each objective function is modeled using a radial basis function approach,and the optimal solution set of the surrogate model is located by the multi⁃objective evolutionary algorithm of strengthened dominance relation.The original objective function values of the true evaluations are converted to two indicator values,and then the surrogate models are set up for the two performance indicators.Finally,an adaptive infill sampling strategy that relies on approximate performance indicators is proposed to assist in selecting individuals for real evaluations from the potential optimal solution set.The algorithm is contrasted against several advanced surrogate⁃assisted evolutionary algorithms on two suites of test cases,and the experimental findings prove that the approach is competitive in solving expensive many⁃objective optimization problems.
基金funded by the Science and technology Program (No:13ZB0191)the Natural Gas Geology Innovation Team (No:13TD0024) of Sichuan Province Education Departmentthe Sichuan Province University Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Geology,the Sichuan Province key Disciplines Construction Program (Earth Exploration and Information Technology)
文摘Seismic imaging quality is critical to describing reservoirs. There are many methods that can improve imaging quality; some rely on advanced processing means, whereas others rely on changing the field acquisition methods. However, most of the acquisition methods focus on improving imaging by using infill shots without considering the target-layer illumination energy. Moreover, total infill shooting greatly increases the acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a new method for maximizing the contribution to the target shadow area illumination by automatic local infill shooting. Thus, we designed 2D and 3D models and obtained the depth migration section by forward modeling, infill shots, depth migration, etc. The model results also show that by choosing the most appropriate number of shot points, we can enhance the shadow area energy and improve the target-layer imaging quality at low cost.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11272263 and 11302177)
文摘In this paper, a computationally efficient optimization method for aerodynamic design has been developed. The low-fidelity model and the multi-infill strategy are utilized in this approach.Low-fidelity data is employed to provide a good global trend for model prediction, and multiple sample points chosen by different infill criteria in each updating cycle are used to enhance the exploitation and exploration ability of the optimization approach. Take the advantages of lowfidelity model and the multi-infill strategy, and no initial sample for the high-fidelity model is needed. This approach is applied to an airfoil design case and a high-dimensional wing design case.It saves a large number of high-fidelity function evaluations for initial model construction. What＇s more, faster reduction of an aerodynamic function is achieved, when compared to ordinary kriging using the multi-infill strategy and variable-fidelity model using single infill criterion. The results indicate that the developed approach has a promising application to efficient aerodynamic design when high-fidelity analyses are involved.
基金Science Council of Chinese Taipei Under Grant No. SC-92-2625-Z-027-003
文摘Six reinforced concrete frames with or without masonry infills were constructed and tested under horizontal cyclic loads. All six frames had identical details in which the transverse reinforcement in columns was provided by rectangular hoops that did not meet current ACI specifications for ductile frames. For comparison purposes, the columns in three of these frames were jacketed by carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer （CFRP） sheets to avoid possible shear failure. A nonlinear pushover analysis, in which the force-deformation relationships of individual elements were developed based on ACI 318, FEMA 356, and Chen＇s model, was carried out for these frames and compared to test results. Both the failure mechanisms and impact of infills on the behaviors of these frames were examined in the study. Conclusions from the present analysis provide structural engineers with valuable information for evaluation and design of infilled concrete frame building structures.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51178342 and 51578314
文摘Earthquake investigations have illustrated that even code-compliant reinforced concrete frames may suffer from soft-story mechanism.This damage mode results in poor ductility and limited energy dissipation.Continuous components offer alternatives that may avoid such failures.A novel infilled rocking wall frame system is proposed that takes advantage of continuous component and rocking characteristics.Previous studies have investigated similar systems that combine a reinforced concrete frame and a wall with rocking behavior used.However,a large-scale experimental study of a reinforced concrete frame combined with a rocking wall has not been reported.In this study,a seismic performance evaluation of the newly proposed infilled rocking wall frame structure was conducted through quasi-static cyclic testing.Critical joints were designed and verified.Numerical models were established and calibrated to estimate frame shear forces.The results evaluation demonstrate that an infilled rocking wall frame can effectively avoid soft-story mechanisms.Capacity and initial stiffness are greatly improved and self-centering behavior is achieved with the help of the infilled rocking wall.Drift distribution becomes more uniform with height.Concrete cracks and damage occurs in desired areas.The infilled rocking wall frame offers a promising approach to achieving seismic resilience.
基金the support provided by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of CNPC(Grant No.kt2017-19-01-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41772286,No.42077247 and No.42002271)+2 种基金Petro China Innovation Foundation(Grant No.2018D-5007-0202)Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021T140514)Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Z020009)。
文摘Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of infill wells.To understand the effect of stress reorientation on the propagation of infill well’s fractures,an integrated simulation workflow that combines the reservoir flow calculation and the infill well hydraulic fracturing modeling is adopted.The reservoir simulation is computed to examine the relationship between the extent of stress reversal region and reservoir properties.Then,the hydraulic fracturing model considering the altered stress field for production is built to characterize the stress evolution of secondary fracturing.Numerical simulations show that stress reorientation may occur due to the decreasing of the horizontal stresses in an elliptical region around the parent well.Also,the initial stress difference is the driving factor for stress reorientation.However,the bottom hole pressure,permeability and other properties connected with fluid flow control timing of the stress reorientation.The decrease of the horizontal stresses around the parent well lead to asymmetrical propagation of a hydraulic fracture of the infill well.The study provides insights on understanding the influence of stress reorientation to the infill well fracturing treatment and interference between parent and infill wells.
基金provided by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1106400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11672057,11702052,U1906233)+1 种基金Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2018ZB63002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M640251,2019T120201)。
文摘The anti-bird-strike performance of a lattice-material-infilled curved plate is investigated herein.Since automatically filling the curved structure by classical lattice material filling methods will cause a large number of manufacturing defects,a space-dependent lattice material filling method for the curved plate is firstly proposed in this paper Next,using a face-centered cubic lattice,a lattice-material-infilled test piece with a hollow ratio of 40.8%is built.The test pieces are manufactured via additive manufacturing using titanium alloy.In bird-strike experimental tests,the test pieces are crashed against gelatin birds at an impact velocity of 200 m/s.Dynamic strain gauges are used to record the crash history and the results are discussed.Furthermore,a numerical analysis to simulate the bird-strike experiment is performed.The results from the experimental tests and numerical simulation agree well.This work shows that the lattice-material-infilled curved plate yields promising bird-strike resistance.Therefore,lattice-infilled materials are feasible for protecting aerospace components against bird-strike as well as for reducing the component weight.
基金Projects(51904101,51774131,52004143)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(MDPC201916)supported by the Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control,China。
文摘Hollow cylindrical sandstone specimens filled with Al,Pb and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA),as well as hollow and solid specimens were tested under monotonic unconfined compression.The discrepancies in the elastic modulus,unconfined compressive strength and failure pattern of the specimens were studied and then illustrated.The interaction stress threshold and localized failure stress threshold were identified by the strain gauges on the rock and filling rod.The results indicated that unobvious changes in the strength and elastic modulus were found between the solid and hollow specimens,while for the hollow specimens with infillings,the strength decreases with increasing the stiffness of the infilling material.The filling material with a higher stiffness leads to a high hoop stress,and hence a stronger interfacial force.The specimens coupled with filling rod are mainly fractured with tensile cracks,while the solid and hollow specimens are typically split into blocky fragments with dominated shear fractures.Finally,the equivalent inner pressure in the opening was theoretically derived.The findings suggested in the experiments can be well explained using the theoretical thick-walled cylinder model.
基金The financial support provided by the China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 201406420027)
文摘Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers(HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness(CNS) is described. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using threedimensional(3D) printed surface moulds, and filled with kaolin and sand mixture prepared at different water contents. Shear behaviours of both planar infilled joints and rough joints having joint roughness coefficients(JRCs) of 8-10 and 18-20 with the ratios of infill thickness to asperity height(t/a)equal to 0.5 were investigated. Matric suction shows predominantly unimodal behaviour during shearing of both planar and rough joints, which is closely associated with the variation of unloading rate and volumetric changes of the infill material. As expected, two-peak behaviour was observed for the rough joints and both peaks increased with the increase of infill matric suction. The results suggest that the contribution of matric suction of infill on the joint peak normalised shear stress is relatively independent of the joint roughness.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge Mr.Beau McDonald for his invaluable help with laboratory testing.
文摘This study aims to examine the influence of pre-existing discontinuities on the strengths of four natural rocks of different origins.A series of unconfined compression tests was performed on specimens of two types of sandstones,argillite and basalt that contain open and filled cracks.It was found that the presence of cracks tends to decrease the overall strength for all studied rocks;however,the magnitude of strength reduction is related to the property of rock.The larger strength decrease was observed for the relatively harder argillite and basalt,compared to the softer sandstone.It was also found that the infill material could increase the strength of rock specimens,while the obtained strength depended on the characteristics of the fill material.
基金National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51108292,and Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province
文摘To resolve the issue regarding inaccurate prediction of the hysteretic behavior by micro-based numerical analysis for partially-restrained（PR）steel frames with solid reinforced concrete（RC）infill walls,an innovative simplified model of composite compression struts is proposed on the basis of experimental observation on the cracking distribution,load transferring mechanism,and failure modes of RC infill walls filled in PR steel frame.The proposed composite compression struts model for the solid RC infill walls is composed ofαinclined struts and main diagonal struts.Theαinclined struts are used to reflect the part of the lateral force resisted by shear connectors along the frame-wall interface,while the main diagonal struts are introduced to take into account the rest of the lateral force transferred along the diagonal direction due to the complicated interaction between the steel frame and RC infill walls.This study derives appropriate formulas for the effective widths of theαinclined strut and main diagonal strut,respectively.An example of PR steel frame with RC infill walls simulating simulated by the composite inclined compression struts model is illustrated.The maximum lateral strength and the hysteresis curve shape obtained from the proposed composite strut model are in good agreement with those from the test results,and the backbone curve of a PR steel frame with RC infill walls can be predicted precisely when the inter-story drift is within 1%.This simplified model can also predict the structural stiffness and the equivalent viscous damping ratio well when the inter-story drift ratio exceeds 0.5%.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province Carbon Peak Carbon Neutral Technology Innovation Project in China(BE2022034-2)the foundation of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974328)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021QN1005)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210520)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M713372).
文摘Tightening the well spacing for unconventional tight reservoirs is an efficient technique to enhance oil and gas recoveries.Infill well-caused fracture connection between wells is widely reported in the field with small well spacing.This will make it difficult to make formation evaluation and fracture characterization between wells compared to single well cases.In this paper,a novel production data analysis(PDA)method is proposed for fracture characterization with the consideration of interwell fracture connections after the hydraulic fracturing of the infill.The PDA method is based on a semianalytical model,in which the small-scaled fractures are treated with the concept of stimulated reservoir volume(SRV).Thus,the fracture connections between wells are classified into three types,including SRV,fractures,and both SRV and fractures.The physical model is discretized into several linear flow regions,so the mathematical model can be solved semianalytically.An integrated workflow is proposed to analyze the production data for the wellpad,and three steps are mainly included in the workflow,including PDA for the parent well before infill,PDA for the parent well after infill,and PDA for the infill well.In each step,the production performance in the early linear and bilinear flow regimes are analyzed with approximate solutions in the square and fourth root-of-time plots.Because only the relationship between unknown model parameters can be obtained with the approximate solutions,history matching to the production data in log-log plots is further used to determine each unknown parameter.The PDA method is benchmarked with a synthetic case generated by the numerical simulator tNavigator and a field case from Southwestern China.The results show that both good matches and precise parameters can be obtained with the proposed PDA method.The connected fracture number will not be sensitive in PDA when the wells are connected with high-conductive dSRV.The innovation of this paper is that a practical method is provided for PDA analysis of well groups with fracture connection,and it will be a good technique for fracture characterization and well-interference analysis for tight formations.
基金The financial support of the Ministry of the Instruction, University and Research of Italy (MIUR)
文摘Framed structures are usually infilled with masonry walls. They may cause a significant increase in both stiffness and strength, reducing the deformation demand and increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the system. On the other hand, irregular arrangements of the masonry panels may lead to the concentration of damage in some regions, with negative effects; for example soft story mechanisms and shear failures in short columns. Therefore, the presence ofinfill walls should not be neglected, especially in regions of moderate and high seismicity. To this aim, simple models are available for solid infills walls, such as the diagonal no-tension strut model, while infilled frames with openings have not been adequately investigated. In this study, the effect of openings on the strength and stiffness of infilled frames is investigated by means of about 150 experimental and numerical tests. The main parameters involved are identified and a simple model to take into account the openings in the infills is developed and compared with other models proposed by different researchers. The model, which is based on the use of strength and stiffness reduction factors, takes into account the opening dimensions and presence of reinforcing elements around the opening. An example of an application of the proposed reduction factors is also presented.
文摘Infill drilling is now recognized as a viable improved recovery process. However, the reliable prediction of incremental recovery by infill drilling cannot be readily and accurately determined by present techniques. This paper proposes a hybrid predictive model of stream tube simulation and numerical simulation by using the contemporary theory of fluid flow in porous media. The model calculates the geometries of stream tubes, remaining oil distribution and water cut at different development stages in the near future, and uses a three-dimensional simulation to track fluid movement in each stream tube slice. This will help reservoir engineers to determine the feasibility of infill drilling. This predictive model is used to forecast the degree of control of well pattern, the ultimate incremental recovery of infill wells within an inverted 5-spot case in an oilfield and the economic benefit is also analyzed.
