The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by ...The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.展开更多
Melioidosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Burkholderia(B.)pseudomallei.It is predominantly endemic in Southeast Asia[1-3].Clinical manifestations are often non-specific,commonly presenting as pneumonia or...Melioidosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Burkholderia(B.)pseudomallei.It is predominantly endemic in Southeast Asia[1-3].Clinical manifestations are often non-specific,commonly presenting as pneumonia or skin abscesses[4],and may progress to severe sepsis with a high case-fatality rate of 10%-50%[5].Due to its early flu-like symptoms,melioidosis is frequently misdiagnosed by clinicians in non-endemic regions.Beijing,located in the North Temperate Zone,rarely reports melioidosis cases;the lack of awareness among healthcare professionals may lead to misdiagnosis and fatal outcomes.展开更多
Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unpr...Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unprecedented complexity,particularly in the post-COVID-19 era.This review synthesizes evidence from the past decade(2015-2024)to systematically elucidate how key environmental drivers modulate pathogen emergence,transmission dynamics,and clinical outcomes,with a focus on underlying mechanistic pathways.Specifically,we highlight:(1)the temperature-and precipitation-dependent transmission of vector-borne diseases(e.g.,malaria,dengue)via expanded vector habitats and accelerated pathogen incubation;(2)the exacerbation of respiratory infections(including COVID-19)by particulate matter(PM2.5)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)through impaired mucosal immunity and enhanced inflammatory responses;(3)the persistence of diarrheal diseases in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)linked to water insecurity and climate-induced infrastructure failure;and(4)zoonotic spillover risks amplified by urbanization and deforestation-driven human-wildlife interface disruption.Integrating the One Health socioecological framework,we further summarize methodological advances from high-resolution genomic surveillance to climate-informed machine learning models that have improved causal inference and predictive accuracy.Our synthesis confirms that environmental factors are not merely contextual but central,modifiable determinants of infectious disease risk,with disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations.To mitigate future threats,we emphasize the urgency of interdisciplinary collaboration,integrated environmental-health monitoring platforms,and climate-resilient public health policies tailored to post-pandemic challenges.This review provides a timely roadmap for translating environmental epidemiology insights into actionable strategies to strengthen global health resilience.展开更多
Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and en...Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and environmental sanitation.However,the theoretical foundation of prevention has shifted significantly toward biomedical sciences,including microbiology,immunology,and molecular biology.Methods:Using a public health history framework,this review synthesizes data from academic archives,monographs,and policy documents.We examined key case studies-Plague,Cholera,Influenza,HIV/AIDS,and COVID-19-to map the technological and institutional evolution of disease management.Results:We locate the primary historical turning point in the 19th century.It was here that control strategies evolved from crude population mandates into precise biomedical interventions.The synthesis of sanitary reform and germ theory catalyzed this era of scientific progress.Following the standardization of vaccines and antibiotics,the focus shifted to chronic management during the HIV/AIDS crisis.Contemporary tools like mRNA platforms and genomic surveillance continue this lineage,yet their practical application remains uneven globally.Conclusion:We conclude that biomedical breakthroughs are necessary but insufficient for security.Effective defense requires coupling scientific tools with resilient infrastructure and global health coordination to resolve systemic inequities.展开更多
Vaccination is a key strategy to curb the spread of epidemics.Heterologous vaccination,unlike homologous vaccination which acts on a single target and forms a single immune barrier,covers multiple targets for broader ...Vaccination is a key strategy to curb the spread of epidemics.Heterologous vaccination,unlike homologous vaccination which acts on a single target and forms a single immune barrier,covers multiple targets for broader protection.Yet,heterologous vaccination involves a complex decision process that conventional game-theoretic approaches,such as classical,evolutionary,and minority games cannot adequately capture.The parallel minority game(PMG)can handle bounded-rational,multi-choice decisions,but its application in vaccine research remains rare.In this study,we propose a vaccination-transmission coupled dynamic mechanism based on the parallel minority game and simulate it on a two-dimensional lattice.Using actual observational data and a mean-field mathematical model,we verify the effectiveness of this mechanism in simulating realistic vaccination behavior and transmission dynamics.We further analyze the impact of key parameters,such as vaccine efficacy differences and the proportion of individuals eligible for vaccine switching,on containment effectiveness.Our results demonstrate that heterologous vaccination surpasses homologous vaccination in containment effectiveness,particularly when vaccine efficacy varies significantly.This work provides a novel framework and empirical evidence for understanding individual decision-making and population-wide immunity formation in multi-vaccine settings.展开更多
Tuberculosis(TB),one of the oldest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,poses a considerable challenge to global public health.There are approximately 10 million new TB cases worldwide annually,and...Tuberculosis(TB),one of the oldest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,poses a considerable challenge to global public health.There are approximately 10 million new TB cases worldwide annually,and TB claims the lives of nearly 3 million people each year,making it one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious disease[1].China ranks third globally in terms of TB burden,with approximately 733,000 TB cases reported in 2023[2].Based on the ecological model of health determinants developed by Whitehead and Dahlgren,health determinants can be classified into direct causes.展开更多
AIM:To analyze the etiologies,disease course,clinical characteristics,and surgical management patterns of nontraumatic corneal perforation in China.METHODS:This multicenter,retrospective study reviewed medical records...AIM:To analyze the etiologies,disease course,clinical characteristics,and surgical management patterns of nontraumatic corneal perforation in China.METHODS:This multicenter,retrospective study reviewed medical records from patients with non-traumatic corneal perforation treated at 16 tertiary hospitals in China from 2019 to 2021.Data collected included demographics,etiology,disease duration,perforation location,visual acuity Non-traumatic corneal perforation on admission,and surgical procedures.RESULTS:A total of 796 eyes from 791 patients were included,comprising 271 women(34.2%)and 520 men(65.7%),with a mean age of 58.4±15.6y(range,0.38-92y).Infectious keratitis was the leading cause(62.6%),followed by postoperative complications(12.8%)and autoimmune diseases(8.7%).Fungal infections were more prevalent in rural areas,while autoimmune-related perforations were more common in females.Autoimmune cases more frequently presented with a chronic disease course and better visual acuity at admission compared to infectious causes(P<0.001).Among infectious causes,viral keratitis exhibited the highest proportion of chronic cases(65.7%).Perforation location varied significantly by etiology,with infectious cases predominantly central and autoimmune cases more often peripheral or limbal(P<0.001).Overall,88.3%of eyes presented with poor visual acuity on admission.Most eyes(90.0%)required surgical intervention.Penetrating keratoplasty was the most common procedure,especially for central perforations,while lamellar keratoplasty was preferred for peripheral and autoimmune-related cases.CONCLUSION:This nationwide,multicenter study provides a comprehensive epidemiologic characterization of non-traumatic corneal perforation.Infectious keratitis was identified as the predominant etiology.Distinct patterns in disease progression,perforation location,and surgical intervention were observed across etiologic subgroups.These findings underscore the relevance of etiologystratified assessment and support the need for tailored clinical management strategies.展开更多
Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significa...Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significant position in global public health.In recent years,its incidence has continued to rise worldwide[2],making it one of the major diseases threatening human health.The disease course of dengue fever is divided into three typical phases:the acute febrile phase,the critical phase,and the recovery phase.While most patients experience mild symptoms,some may progress to severe dengue and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly and effectively treated during the critical phase.展开更多
Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning fr...Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns,has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods.In the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data,there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information.Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections,the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating,selecting,and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select,how to access it,and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels,from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends.The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale,encompassing pathogens,hosts,and vectors.In addition to data summarization,this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources.It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases,highlighting the progress achieved over time.Simultaneously,it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore,we propose strategies to surmount these challenges,focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques,AI-driven models,and enhanced data integration practices.By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge,this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance,prevention,and control of viral infectious diseases,particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.展开更多
BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a ...BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a total of 13 procedures within our medical facility,including five performed under local anesthesia and eight performed under general anesthesia.The source of the ailment was ultimately identified as Enterobacter cloacae.After the last procedure,the patient's symptoms were alleviated,and the recovery process was satisfactory.Three months post-operation,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores had improved to 100%.Imageological examination revealed a satisfactory position of internal fixation,and the abnormal signals in the vertebral body and intervertebral space had been eliminated when compared to the pre-operative results.CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the extreme lateral approach debridement combined with multiple VSD operations is a secure and successful method of treatment for recurrent spinal infection,providing an alternative to traditional surgery.展开更多
[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the...[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.展开更多
This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National ...This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National Inpatient Sample.The findings reveal significantly higher mortality rates in COVID-19-positive patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients,particularly among middle-aged individuals,males,and ethnic minorities.This editorial explores the underlying mechanisms contributing to these outcomes and discusses the clinical implications for targeted management strategies in high-risk groups.The results emphasize the need for comprehensive approaches to mitigate the heightened risks faced by recurrent stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
Since 2016,the number of clinical trials registered in the World Health Organization-International Clinical Trials Registry Platform has been steadily increasing.The number of clinical trials registered between 2018 a...Since 2016,the number of clinical trials registered in the World Health Organization-International Clinical Trials Registry Platform has been steadily increasing.The number of clinical trials registered between 2018 and 2022 is 39765 for BRICS countries.Though India’s contribution increased from 33%to 40%in the interim,the number of infectious disease trials registered in India is low(325)compared to the number of oncology clinical trials(1936)[1].The number of phase 3 registrational antibacterial clinical trials conducted in India is also low(Table 1).This poses a serious public health challenge given the infectious disease burden in India[2].展开更多
Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppres...Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppression in diseased chicks(Muller et al.2012).The pathogenic infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)is a member of the Avira virus genus in the Birnaviridae family.(Harkness et al.1975;Dobos et al.1979;Müller et al.1979).IBDV is prevalent worldwide,causing serious economic losses to the global poultry industry.Currently,vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to prevent IBDV.展开更多
Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven ...Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven by climate change can directly impact the survival and reproduction of pathogens and vector organisms.Moreover,climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme weather events,including floods and droughts,which can disrupt infrastructure and increase the risk of waterand foodborne diseases.There are potential shifts in the temporal and spatial patterns of infectious disease transmission owing to climate change.Furthermore,climate change may alter the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.These climatic variations not only affect the ecological characteristics of pathogens and vectors but also indirectly influence human behaviors and socioeconomic conditions,further amplifying disease transmission risks.Addressing this challenge requires an interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive public health strategies.This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the impact of climate change on climate-sensitive infectious diseases and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and transmission pathways.Additionally,we explored adaptive policy strategies to mitigate the public health burden of infectious diseases in the context of climate change,offering insights for global health governance and disease control efforts.展开更多
Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been link...Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.展开更多
1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers ...1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers are now able to incorporate intricate features such as delays,stochastic effects,fractional dynamics,variable-order systems,and uncertainty into epidemic models.These advancements not only improve predictive accuracy but also enable deeper insights into disease transmission,control,and policy-making.Tashfeen et al.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseas...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and major chronic illnesses.With the support of national policies,the advantages of the“five major resources”of TCM are gradually being realized,ushering the enterprise and industry of TCM into a new era of high-quality development.展开更多
Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous...Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.展开更多
Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and dura...Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.展开更多
文摘The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.
基金supported by the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2024-1G-4362)the National Key Program for Infectious Disease of China(2018ZX10714002-003-002).
文摘Melioidosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Burkholderia(B.)pseudomallei.It is predominantly endemic in Southeast Asia[1-3].Clinical manifestations are often non-specific,commonly presenting as pneumonia or skin abscesses[4],and may progress to severe sepsis with a high case-fatality rate of 10%-50%[5].Due to its early flu-like symptoms,melioidosis is frequently misdiagnosed by clinicians in non-endemic regions.Beijing,located in the North Temperate Zone,rarely reports melioidosis cases;the lack of awareness among healthcare professionals may lead to misdiagnosis and fatal outcomes.
基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China[2023-JC-QN-0858]the Free Exploration Program of the Second Affiliated Hospital,School of Medicine,Xi’an Jiaotong University[2020YJ(ZYTS)605]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81900620].
文摘Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unprecedented complexity,particularly in the post-COVID-19 era.This review synthesizes evidence from the past decade(2015-2024)to systematically elucidate how key environmental drivers modulate pathogen emergence,transmission dynamics,and clinical outcomes,with a focus on underlying mechanistic pathways.Specifically,we highlight:(1)the temperature-and precipitation-dependent transmission of vector-borne diseases(e.g.,malaria,dengue)via expanded vector habitats and accelerated pathogen incubation;(2)the exacerbation of respiratory infections(including COVID-19)by particulate matter(PM2.5)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)through impaired mucosal immunity and enhanced inflammatory responses;(3)the persistence of diarrheal diseases in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)linked to water insecurity and climate-induced infrastructure failure;and(4)zoonotic spillover risks amplified by urbanization and deforestation-driven human-wildlife interface disruption.Integrating the One Health socioecological framework,we further summarize methodological advances from high-resolution genomic surveillance to climate-informed machine learning models that have improved causal inference and predictive accuracy.Our synthesis confirms that environmental factors are not merely contextual but central,modifiable determinants of infectious disease risk,with disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations.To mitigate future threats,we emphasize the urgency of interdisciplinary collaboration,integrated environmental-health monitoring platforms,and climate-resilient public health policies tailored to post-pandemic challenges.This review provides a timely roadmap for translating environmental epidemiology insights into actionable strategies to strengthen global health resilience.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2024YFA0917200)the Projects of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Grant No.BB2110240090)World Medical History under the Education Innovation Plan of the University of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2024YCHX07).
文摘Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and environmental sanitation.However,the theoretical foundation of prevention has shifted significantly toward biomedical sciences,including microbiology,immunology,and molecular biology.Methods:Using a public health history framework,this review synthesizes data from academic archives,monographs,and policy documents.We examined key case studies-Plague,Cholera,Influenza,HIV/AIDS,and COVID-19-to map the technological and institutional evolution of disease management.Results:We locate the primary historical turning point in the 19th century.It was here that control strategies evolved from crude population mandates into precise biomedical interventions.The synthesis of sanitary reform and germ theory catalyzed this era of scientific progress.Following the standardization of vaccines and antibiotics,the focus shifted to chronic management during the HIV/AIDS crisis.Contemporary tools like mRNA platforms and genomic surveillance continue this lineage,yet their practical application remains uneven globally.Conclusion:We conclude that biomedical breakthroughs are necessary but insufficient for security.Effective defense requires coupling scientific tools with resilient infrastructure and global health coordination to resolve systemic inequities.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12571549,12571592,12471463,12022113,12101573)。
文摘Vaccination is a key strategy to curb the spread of epidemics.Heterologous vaccination,unlike homologous vaccination which acts on a single target and forms a single immune barrier,covers multiple targets for broader protection.Yet,heterologous vaccination involves a complex decision process that conventional game-theoretic approaches,such as classical,evolutionary,and minority games cannot adequately capture.The parallel minority game(PMG)can handle bounded-rational,multi-choice decisions,but its application in vaccine research remains rare.In this study,we propose a vaccination-transmission coupled dynamic mechanism based on the parallel minority game and simulate it on a two-dimensional lattice.Using actual observational data and a mean-field mathematical model,we verify the effectiveness of this mechanism in simulating realistic vaccination behavior and transmission dynamics.We further analyze the impact of key parameters,such as vaccine efficacy differences and the proportion of individuals eligible for vaccine switching,on containment effectiveness.Our results demonstrate that heterologous vaccination surpasses homologous vaccination in containment effectiveness,particularly when vaccine efficacy varies significantly.This work provides a novel framework and empirical evidence for understanding individual decision-making and population-wide immunity formation in multi-vaccine settings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82574173,82003516)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(BK20251958)+2 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline(ZDXK202250)Top Talent Awards Project Fund(RDF-TP-0023,RDF-TP-0030)Postgraduate Research Fund(PGRS2112022)at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University.
文摘Tuberculosis(TB),one of the oldest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,poses a considerable challenge to global public health.There are approximately 10 million new TB cases worldwide annually,and TB claims the lives of nearly 3 million people each year,making it one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious disease[1].China ranks third globally in terms of TB burden,with approximately 733,000 TB cases reported in 2023[2].Based on the ecological model of health determinants developed by Whitehead and Dahlgren,health determinants can be classified into direct causes.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC0840708)the Zhejiang Province Leading Geese Plan(No.2024C03206)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan Project of Wenzhou Municipality(No.Y20211005)the Centralized Guided Local Science and Technology Development Funds Project of China(No.ZYYD2024CG16)the Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program(No.2023030716).
文摘AIM:To analyze the etiologies,disease course,clinical characteristics,and surgical management patterns of nontraumatic corneal perforation in China.METHODS:This multicenter,retrospective study reviewed medical records from patients with non-traumatic corneal perforation treated at 16 tertiary hospitals in China from 2019 to 2021.Data collected included demographics,etiology,disease duration,perforation location,visual acuity Non-traumatic corneal perforation on admission,and surgical procedures.RESULTS:A total of 796 eyes from 791 patients were included,comprising 271 women(34.2%)and 520 men(65.7%),with a mean age of 58.4±15.6y(range,0.38-92y).Infectious keratitis was the leading cause(62.6%),followed by postoperative complications(12.8%)and autoimmune diseases(8.7%).Fungal infections were more prevalent in rural areas,while autoimmune-related perforations were more common in females.Autoimmune cases more frequently presented with a chronic disease course and better visual acuity at admission compared to infectious causes(P<0.001).Among infectious causes,viral keratitis exhibited the highest proportion of chronic cases(65.7%).Perforation location varied significantly by etiology,with infectious cases predominantly central and autoimmune cases more often peripheral or limbal(P<0.001).Overall,88.3%of eyes presented with poor visual acuity on admission.Most eyes(90.0%)required surgical intervention.Penetrating keratoplasty was the most common procedure,especially for central perforations,while lamellar keratoplasty was preferred for peripheral and autoimmune-related cases.CONCLUSION:This nationwide,multicenter study provides a comprehensive epidemiologic characterization of non-traumatic corneal perforation.Infectious keratitis was identified as the predominant etiology.Distinct patterns in disease progression,perforation location,and surgical intervention were observed across etiologic subgroups.These findings underscore the relevance of etiologystratified assessment and support the need for tailored clinical management strategies.
文摘Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significant position in global public health.In recent years,its incidence has continued to rise worldwide[2],making it one of the major diseases threatening human health.The disease course of dengue fever is divided into three typical phases:the acute febrile phase,the critical phase,and the recovery phase.While most patients experience mild symptoms,some may progress to severe dengue and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly and effectively treated during the critical phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370703)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2022-I2M-1-021,2021-I2M-1-061)the Major Project of Guangzhou National Labora-tory(GZNL2024A01015).
文摘Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns,has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods.In the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data,there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information.Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections,the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating,selecting,and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select,how to access it,and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels,from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends.The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale,encompassing pathogens,hosts,and vectors.In addition to data summarization,this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources.It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases,highlighting the progress achieved over time.Simultaneously,it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore,we propose strategies to surmount these challenges,focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques,AI-driven models,and enhanced data integration practices.By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge,this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance,prevention,and control of viral infectious diseases,particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2023MH331.
文摘BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a total of 13 procedures within our medical facility,including five performed under local anesthesia and eight performed under general anesthesia.The source of the ailment was ultimately identified as Enterobacter cloacae.After the last procedure,the patient's symptoms were alleviated,and the recovery process was satisfactory.Three months post-operation,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores had improved to 100%.Imageological examination revealed a satisfactory position of internal fixation,and the abnormal signals in the vertebral body and intervertebral space had been eliminated when compared to the pre-operative results.CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the extreme lateral approach debridement combined with multiple VSD operations is a secure and successful method of treatment for recurrent spinal infection,providing an alternative to traditional surgery.
文摘[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.
文摘This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National Inpatient Sample.The findings reveal significantly higher mortality rates in COVID-19-positive patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients,particularly among middle-aged individuals,males,and ethnic minorities.This editorial explores the underlying mechanisms contributing to these outcomes and discusses the clinical implications for targeted management strategies in high-risk groups.The results emphasize the need for comprehensive approaches to mitigate the heightened risks faced by recurrent stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
文摘Since 2016,the number of clinical trials registered in the World Health Organization-International Clinical Trials Registry Platform has been steadily increasing.The number of clinical trials registered between 2018 and 2022 is 39765 for BRICS countries.Though India’s contribution increased from 33%to 40%in the interim,the number of infectious disease trials registered in India is low(325)compared to the number of oncology clinical trials(1936)[1].The number of phase 3 registrational antibacterial clinical trials conducted in India is also low(Table 1).This poses a serious public health challenge given the infectious disease burden in India[2].
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1801000)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(24ZR1479200)。
文摘Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppression in diseased chicks(Muller et al.2012).The pathogenic infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)is a member of the Avira virus genus in the Birnaviridae family.(Harkness et al.1975;Dobos et al.1979;Müller et al.1979).IBDV is prevalent worldwide,causing serious economic losses to the global poultry industry.Currently,vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to prevent IBDV.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 72122001).
文摘Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven by climate change can directly impact the survival and reproduction of pathogens and vector organisms.Moreover,climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme weather events,including floods and droughts,which can disrupt infrastructure and increase the risk of waterand foodborne diseases.There are potential shifts in the temporal and spatial patterns of infectious disease transmission owing to climate change.Furthermore,climate change may alter the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.These climatic variations not only affect the ecological characteristics of pathogens and vectors but also indirectly influence human behaviors and socioeconomic conditions,further amplifying disease transmission risks.Addressing this challenge requires an interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive public health strategies.This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the impact of climate change on climate-sensitive infectious diseases and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and transmission pathways.Additionally,we explored adaptive policy strategies to mitigate the public health burden of infectious diseases in the context of climate change,offering insights for global health governance and disease control efforts.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2025J01761 to J.W.)Open Subjects for Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Anhui Higher Education Institutes,Bengbu Medical University(I&I-2024-K03 to J.W.)+2 种基金The Middle-aged and Young Teachers’Educational Research Project of Fujian Province(JAT241032 to J.W.)The Research Foundation for Advanced Talents from Bengbu Medical University(bsqd2024011 to D.C.)High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Institute of Stomatology,Nanjing University(0224C041 to Y.Q.).
文摘Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.
文摘1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers are now able to incorporate intricate features such as delays,stochastic effects,fractional dynamics,variable-order systems,and uncertainty into epidemic models.These advancements not only improve predictive accuracy but also enable deeper insights into disease transmission,control,and policy-making.Tashfeen et al.
基金supported by the Strategic Research and Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023-PP-05,2025-PP-15)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and major chronic illnesses.With the support of national policies,the advantages of the“five major resources”of TCM are gradually being realized,ushering the enterprise and industry of TCM into a new era of high-quality development.
文摘Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22232006,22377127,and 52361145848)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-083)+2 种基金the Beijing Nova Program(Grant Nos.20230484352 and 20240484650)Institute of Process Engineering Project for Frontier Basic Research(Grant No.QYJC-2023-05)Progress of Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of CAS(Grant No.XDB0520300).
文摘Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.
