The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the m...The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the morphogenesis and reproductive characteristics of two strains that are morphologically different from each other,were observed using experimental biology methods.The main results are as follows:(1)significant difference in the size of reproductive cells produced by Strains 1 and 2;(2)gametes produced by Strain 2 are isogamous and same gametangial during the binding process of gametes,whereas those of Strain 1 are isogamous but hetero-cystic;(3)progeny from Strain 1 has rhizoidal holdfast,whereas that of Strain 2 has discoid holdfast;(4)gametophytic“branching”was found in Strain 1.These results could validate the high phenotypic plasticity of macroalgae and offered an interpretation of habitat adaptation.Furthermore,this study innovatively provided fundamental research on the selection of macroalgal traits and explored competitive strategies for the dominant survival of macroalgae from a new perspective.展开更多
Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational instit...Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational institutions and great achievements have been made. As it is, there are many individual differences which affect the learning of foreign languages, such as intelligence, aptitude, motivation, personality, attitude,展开更多
This paper mainly focuses on the influence of age and motivation in second language learning.Based on the theories of individual differences and an interview analysis,results obtained in this research include three as...This paper mainly focuses on the influence of age and motivation in second language learning.Based on the theories of individual differences and an interview analysis,results obtained in this research include three aspects.Firstly,it is better to start a second language at an earlier age.Secondly,integrative motivation weighs more in the long-term success when learning a second language.Thirdly,creating better English environments is essential in EFL schools.展开更多
From the perspective of individual learner differences,this paper aims to show the readers an outline of the influence of individual learner differences on written corrective feedback.Based on 200 eighth and ninth gra...From the perspective of individual learner differences,this paper aims to show the readers an outline of the influence of individual learner differences on written corrective feedback.Based on 200 eighth and ninth grade junior high school students’thinking patterns and tests,60 students were selected as subjects in this study.Based on the comparative analysis and error analysis in second language acquisition as the main theoretical basis,this study analyzed the common types of errors in the use of nonpredicate verbs in junior high school students and their causes.There are three main questions in this study:how about the error frequency of the five forms(present participle,past participle,infinitive,gerund and independent nominative structure)in the nonpredicate verb learning of junior high school students?What kind of mistakes do junior high school students make in the process of learning non-predicate verbs?According to the conclusion of the investigation and research,the author puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of teachers and students in the last part of the article.展开更多
Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is characterized by various symptoms including impaired social interactions,unusually repetitive behaviors,and highly restricted interests etc.People with ASD differ significantly on their...Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is characterized by various symptoms including impaired social interactions,unusually repetitive behaviors,and highly restricted interests etc.People with ASD differ significantly on their clinical profiles and the causes of such individual difierences are not yet folly understood.The present paper provides an overview of the causes of individual differences in ASD from three different perspectives:genetic,environmental,and neurobiological perspectives.The present paper also describes one study design in detail within each perspective(i.e.,classical twin design,epidemiological case-control design,and magnetic resonance imaging),and explains how each study design is informative about the causes of ASD.展开更多
Estimating the individual feed intake(FI)for multiple consecutive meals of fish reared at commercial densities has long been a challenge and this difficulty has prevented the genetic improvement of feed efficiency(FE)...Estimating the individual feed intake(FI)for multiple consecutive meals of fish reared at commercial densities has long been a challenge and this difficulty has prevented the genetic improvement of feed efficiency(FE)in fish.We propose an automatic and real-time measurement system for individual FI of fish reared in a group based on computer vision and radio frequency identification fusion technology in large yellow croaker(Larimichthys cro-cea).To achieve this,we designed a feeding station where only one fish at a time can enter and have their passive integrated transponder(PIT)tag recorded.We then trained a feed pellet detection model based on You Only Look Once v5 using an annotated dataset,which achieved a final precision of nearly 100%.Finally,we utilized the trained feed detection model combined with PIT scanning to accurately and automatically track individual FI of fish with access to the feeding station.In 10 experiments lasting a total of 792 min conducted in the laboratory,the automatic real-time feed counting achieved an average accuracy of 94.5%.In addition,during a 14-day FI measurement period conducted in an indoor farm with 894 fish that received two meals per day,large yellow croaker feed efficiency ratio(FER)was 0.9±0.4 with a coefficient of variation of 47%.FER showed a weak positive correlation with initial body weight and a weak negative correlative with F1.There was also a moderate correlation between FER and body weight gain(BWG),with subgroups that had high BWG exhibiting greater FER values.The approach described here demonstrates a method to automatically and accurately investigate FER in fish that can be used to assess the potential for their genetic improvement.展开更多
Fatigue is an important cause of traffic crashes,and effective fatigue detection models can reduce these crashes.Research has found large differences in fatigued driving performance from driver to driver,as well as a ...Fatigue is an important cause of traffic crashes,and effective fatigue detection models can reduce these crashes.Research has found large differences in fatigued driving performance from driver to driver,as well as a significant cumulative effect of fatigue on a given driver over time.Both sources of variation can decrease the accuracy of detection systems,but previous studies have not done enough to evaluate these differences.The purpose of this study is therefore to develop a fatigue detection model that considers individual differ ences and the time cumulative effect of fatigue.Data on the lateral position of the car in its lane,steering wheel movement,speed,and eye movement were collected from 22 dri vers using a driving simulator with an eye-tracking system.Drivers’subjective fatigue scores were collected using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale.State space models(SSMs)were built to detect fatigue in each driver,considering his or her individual features.As a time series model,the SSM can also address the time cumulative effect of fatigue,and it does not require a large dataset to achieve high levels of accuracy.The differences in SSM results confirm that diversity does exist among drivers’fatigued driving performance,so the ability of the SSM to take into account driver-specific information from each individ ual driver suggests that it is more suitable for fatigue detection than models that use aggre gated driver data.Results show that the fatigue detection accuracy of the SSM(77.73%)is higher than that of artificial neural network models(61.37%).The advantages of accuracy,high interpretability,and flexibility make the SSM a comprehensive and valuable individ ualized fatigue detection model for commercial use.展开更多
Vitamins are vital to sustain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth for all living organisms. Being an integral component of coenzyme, vitamins can affect the catalytic activities of many enzymes and t...Vitamins are vital to sustain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth for all living organisms. Being an integral component of coenzyme, vitamins can affect the catalytic activities of many enzymes and the expression of drug transporters. Genetic variations in metabolism and/or transporter genes of drugs can influence the exposure of the human body to drugs and/or their active metabolites, thus contributing to the variations in drug responses and toxicities.Nonetheless, pharmacogenomics studies on nutrients have been rarely summarized. In this article,we reviewed recent progress on vitamin pharmacogenomics, for a better understanding on the influence of vitamin-related gene polymorphisms on inter-individual differences in diseases and drug efficacy and safety.展开更多
Dear Editor, I would like to offer some comments on the excellent article by Hai-Yan He and colleagues published in Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics on 1st April 2017 [1]. The authors include, in the list of gen...Dear Editor, I would like to offer some comments on the excellent article by Hai-Yan He and colleagues published in Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics on 1st April 2017 [1]. The authors include, in the list of genetic polymorphisms that have an effect on vita- mins, the low concentrations of cellular and plasma vitamin B12 in GG carriers of SNP rs602662 （772 G 〉 A） in the gene encoding fucosyltransferase 2 （FUT2）.展开更多
Purpose-The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between dimensions of teacher efficacy and affective well-being while focusing on the roles of demographic characteristics(gender,grade level,educational b...Purpose-The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between dimensions of teacher efficacy and affective well-being while focusing on the roles of demographic characteristics(gender,grade level,educational background,and seniority).Design/Approach/Methods-1,115 primary and 541 secondary school teachers in Hong Kong participated in the questionnaire survey.A series of t-tests,ANOVA,correlation analysis,and hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted.Findings-The younger teachers reported lower scores for well-being and efficacy than their senior counterparts,and the female and primary school teachers reported significantly higher levels of teacher efficacy for student engagement than their respective counterparts.Of the dimensions of affective well-being,pleasant affect was more closely related to teacher efficacy than negative affect,and the activated pleasant dimension of enthusiasm had the strongest influence.Of the three dimensions of teacher efficacy,efficacy for student engagement was most strongly associated with affective well-being.Originality/Value-The study revealed that teachers’affective well-being is not only important in itself,but also contributes to classroom teaching.The enthusiasm and passion possessed and maintained by teachers could play important roles in enhancing their self-efficacy.Furthermore,maintaining a good affective well-being status and even a modest level of anxiety contributes to their efficacy for student engagement,a dimension on which teachers reported the least confidence.Suggestions were put forward on how to improve teacher efficacy and well-being.展开更多
In order to enable personalized natural interaction in service robots, artificial emotion is needed which helps robots to appear as individuals. In the emotion modeling theory of emotional Markov chain model （eMCM） ...In order to enable personalized natural interaction in service robots, artificial emotion is needed which helps robots to appear as individuals. In the emotion modeling theory of emotional Markov chain model （eMCM） for spontaneous transfer and emotional hidden Markov model （eHMM） for stimulated transfer, there are three problems： 1） Emotion distinguishing problem： whether adjusting parameters of the model have any effects on individual emotions; 2） How much effect the change makes; 3） The problem of different initial emotional states leading to different resultant emotions from a given stimuli. To solve these problems, a research method of individual emotional difference is proposed based on metric multidimensional scaling theory. Using a dissimilarity matrix, a scalar product matrix is calculated. Subsequently, an individual attribute reconstructing matrix can be obtained by principal component factor analysis. This can display individual emotion difference with low dimension. In addition, some mathematical proofs are carried out to explain experimental results. Synthesizing the results and proofs, corresponding conclusions are obtained. This new method provides guidance for the adjustment of parameters of emotion models in artificial emotion theory.展开更多
Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences...Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences in interests,beliefs and personalities.展开更多
Tree peony seeds are rich in α-linolenic acid(ALA), and the peony seed oil is now being produced in China. Paeonia ostii is the most widely used tree peony species for oil extraction, which is commercially called Fen...Tree peony seeds are rich in α-linolenic acid(ALA), and the peony seed oil is now being produced in China. Paeonia ostii is the most widely used tree peony species for oil extraction, which is commercially called Fengdan and treated as a single cultivar. Here, 50 P. ostii individuals from the same population in northern China were randomly selected for fatty acids(FAs) analysis. Thirteen FAs were isolated, and the most abundant five were palmitic acid(5.31–6.99%), stearic acid(1.22–2.76%), oleic acid(18.78–28.15%), linoleic acid(11.86–26.10%), and ALA(41.11–57.51%). There were significant individual differences of plants in FA quality and quantity and the linoleic acid content in Plant No. 48 even exceeded the scope of 1–99%. Further statistical analysis indicated that most of the individual FAs, saturated FAs, unsaturated FAs, and total FAs levels showed significant positive correlations to each other, whereas the seed yield per plant was independent and not correlated to the factors mentioned above. Ward’s hierarchical clustering results grouped the 50 plants into four clusters based on FA contents and seed yield, and the seven plants in Cluster IV were identified as good candidates for oil production. Our results confirmed that the individual differences did occur in P. ostii and Fengdan cannot be simply treated as one uniform cultivar. Also, these results may help simplify the selection of plants for oil peony breeding and accelerate the development of the oil peony industry.展开更多
Natal dispersal, the movement of an organism from its birthplace to the site of first reproduction, is fundamental to many ecological and evolutionary processes. Mechanistically, individual dispersal decisions can dep...Natal dispersal, the movement of an organism from its birthplace to the site of first reproduction, is fundamental to many ecological and evolutionary processes. Mechanistically, individual dispersal decisions can depend on both individual phe- notype and environmental cues. In particular, many established evolutionary theories of dispersal highlight the importance of the social environment. More recent research in behavioral ecology has focused on the importance of individual behavioral pheno- types. We reviewed the literature on individual behavioral phenotypes and dispersal and suggest that how individual behavioral phenotypes interact with the immediate social environment experienced by individuals in influencing dispersal is still poorly un- derstood, despite growing interest. We found that very few studies had examined the interaction of individual behavioral pheno- types and social factors, and behavioral phenotypes related to social tendencies were less commonly measured than were beha- vioral phenotypes related to exploration or response to risk. Further, and unsurprisingly, studies on social behavioral phenotypes and dispersal behaviors during the transience stage of dispersal were underrepresented compared to the departure or settlement stages. Future studies in this area should aim to＂ a） make explicit links between behavioral traits and their proposed effects on dispersal decisions throughout multiple stages of dispersal, b） integrate more continuous dispersal variables, and c） consider the effects of the spatial distribution and phenotypes of conspecifics （i.e., the social landscape） encountered by individual dispersers展开更多
Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychomet...Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale-Short Form （CNSS-SF）, the widely used inventory measuring individual differences in noise perception.Methods In total, 373 Chinese participants （age = 21.41 ± 3.36） completed the online, anonymous questionnaire package. Examination of the CNSS-SF＇s reliability （internal consistency）, factorial validity through validation and cross-validation, nomological validity and measurement invariance across gender groups were undertaken.Results The Cronbach alpha coefficients and composite reliabilities indicated sufficient reliability of the CNSS-SF. Two confirmatory factor analyses （CFA）, in two randomly partitioned groups of participants, substantiated the factorial validity of the scale. The nomological validity of the scale was also corroborated by the significant positive association of its score with the trait anxiety score. Measurement invariance of the CNSS-SF was also found across genders via multi-group CFA.Conclusion Though not without limitations, findings from the present research provide promising evidence for the utility of the scale in measuring noise sensitivity among the Chinese population. The availability of the CNSS-SF can promote research related to environmental noise and health in China, as well as facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.展开更多
Schizotypy,defined as the personality organization underlying schizophrenia and other related mental disorders,is a critical construct for a broad range of scientific disciplines.Because schizotypy can be psychometric...Schizotypy,defined as the personality organization underlying schizophrenia and other related mental disorders,is a critical construct for a broad range of scientific disciplines.Because schizotypy can be psychometrically identified in the general population,investigating schizotypy may provide a unique展开更多
Nonlinearity and implicitness are common degradation features of the stochastic degradation equipment for prognostics.These features have an uncertain effect on the remaining useful life(RUL)prediction of the equipmen...Nonlinearity and implicitness are common degradation features of the stochastic degradation equipment for prognostics.These features have an uncertain effect on the remaining useful life(RUL)prediction of the equipment.The current data-driven RUL prediction method has not systematically studied the nonlinear hidden degradation modeling and the RUL distribution function.This paper uses the nonlinear Wiener process to build a dual nonlinear implicit degradation model.Based on the historical measured data of similar equipment,the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used to estimate the fixed coefficients and the prior distribution of a random coefficient.Using the on-site measured data of the target equipment,the posterior distribution of a random coefficient and actual degradation state are step-by-step updated based on Bayesian inference and the extended Kalman filtering algorithm.The analytical form of the RUL distribution function is derived based on the first hitting time distribution.Combined with the two case studies,the proposed method is verified to have certain advantages over the existing methods in the accuracy of prediction.展开更多
This paper is to describe and investigate Chunks (Lexical Phrases ) Input Approach in vocabulary learning strategies by means of achievement tests,questionnaire surveys and interviews. The study is to reveal how diffe...This paper is to describe and investigate Chunks (Lexical Phrases ) Input Approach in vocabulary learning strategies by means of achievement tests,questionnaire surveys and interviews. The study is to reveal how different learners combine different vocabulary learning strategies in their learning process. With the data collected, the author of this paper discusses and summarizes learners' individual differences in selecting vocabulary learning strategies with the hope of giving new insights into English teaching and learning.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32270219,31970216)。
文摘The marine green algae genus Chaetomorpha is a common source of“green tide”and is widespread on coasts around the world.In this study,based on invasive Chaetomorpha valida collected from the Shandong Peninsula,the morphogenesis and reproductive characteristics of two strains that are morphologically different from each other,were observed using experimental biology methods.The main results are as follows:(1)significant difference in the size of reproductive cells produced by Strains 1 and 2;(2)gametes produced by Strain 2 are isogamous and same gametangial during the binding process of gametes,whereas those of Strain 1 are isogamous but hetero-cystic;(3)progeny from Strain 1 has rhizoidal holdfast,whereas that of Strain 2 has discoid holdfast;(4)gametophytic“branching”was found in Strain 1.These results could validate the high phenotypic plasticity of macroalgae and offered an interpretation of habitat adaptation.Furthermore,this study innovatively provided fundamental research on the selection of macroalgal traits and explored competitive strategies for the dominant survival of macroalgae from a new perspective.
文摘Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational institutions and great achievements have been made. As it is, there are many individual differences which affect the learning of foreign languages, such as intelligence, aptitude, motivation, personality, attitude,
文摘This paper mainly focuses on the influence of age and motivation in second language learning.Based on the theories of individual differences and an interview analysis,results obtained in this research include three aspects.Firstly,it is better to start a second language at an earlier age.Secondly,integrative motivation weighs more in the long-term success when learning a second language.Thirdly,creating better English environments is essential in EFL schools.
文摘From the perspective of individual learner differences,this paper aims to show the readers an outline of the influence of individual learner differences on written corrective feedback.Based on 200 eighth and ninth grade junior high school students’thinking patterns and tests,60 students were selected as subjects in this study.Based on the comparative analysis and error analysis in second language acquisition as the main theoretical basis,this study analyzed the common types of errors in the use of nonpredicate verbs in junior high school students and their causes.There are three main questions in this study:how about the error frequency of the five forms(present participle,past participle,infinitive,gerund and independent nominative structure)in the nonpredicate verb learning of junior high school students?What kind of mistakes do junior high school students make in the process of learning non-predicate verbs?According to the conclusion of the investigation and research,the author puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of teachers and students in the last part of the article.
文摘Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is characterized by various symptoms including impaired social interactions,unusually repetitive behaviors,and highly restricted interests etc.People with ASD differ significantly on their clinical profiles and the causes of such individual difierences are not yet folly understood.The present paper provides an overview of the causes of individual differences in ASD from three different perspectives:genetic,environmental,and neurobiological perspectives.The present paper also describes one study design in detail within each perspective(i.e.,classical twin design,epidemiological case-control design,and magnetic resonance imaging),and explains how each study design is informative about the causes of ASD.
基金supported by the National Sciences Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (32225049)the Fujian Ocean Synergy Alliance (FOCAL2023-0205)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M732954)the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project of Ning de (2022C002)the Fieldwork Funds for graduate students of Xiamen University (2023FG019)XMU Training Program of Innovation and Enterpreneurship for Undergraduates (2022X1209, 2023X1257).
文摘Estimating the individual feed intake(FI)for multiple consecutive meals of fish reared at commercial densities has long been a challenge and this difficulty has prevented the genetic improvement of feed efficiency(FE)in fish.We propose an automatic and real-time measurement system for individual FI of fish reared in a group based on computer vision and radio frequency identification fusion technology in large yellow croaker(Larimichthys cro-cea).To achieve this,we designed a feeding station where only one fish at a time can enter and have their passive integrated transponder(PIT)tag recorded.We then trained a feed pellet detection model based on You Only Look Once v5 using an annotated dataset,which achieved a final precision of nearly 100%.Finally,we utilized the trained feed detection model combined with PIT scanning to accurately and automatically track individual FI of fish with access to the feeding station.In 10 experiments lasting a total of 792 min conducted in the laboratory,the automatic real-time feed counting achieved an average accuracy of 94.5%.In addition,during a 14-day FI measurement period conducted in an indoor farm with 894 fish that received two meals per day,large yellow croaker feed efficiency ratio(FER)was 0.9±0.4 with a coefficient of variation of 47%.FER showed a weak positive correlation with initial body weight and a weak negative correlative with F1.There was also a moderate correlation between FER and body weight gain(BWG),with subgroups that had high BWG exhibiting greater FER values.The approach described here demonstrates a method to automatically and accurately investigate FER in fish that can be used to assess the potential for their genetic improvement.
基金This study was jointly sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0105202).
文摘Fatigue is an important cause of traffic crashes,and effective fatigue detection models can reduce these crashes.Research has found large differences in fatigued driving performance from driver to driver,as well as a significant cumulative effect of fatigue on a given driver over time.Both sources of variation can decrease the accuracy of detection systems,but previous studies have not done enough to evaluate these differences.The purpose of this study is therefore to develop a fatigue detection model that considers individual differ ences and the time cumulative effect of fatigue.Data on the lateral position of the car in its lane,steering wheel movement,speed,and eye movement were collected from 22 dri vers using a driving simulator with an eye-tracking system.Drivers’subjective fatigue scores were collected using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale.State space models(SSMs)were built to detect fatigue in each driver,considering his or her individual features.As a time series model,the SSM can also address the time cumulative effect of fatigue,and it does not require a large dataset to achieve high levels of accuracy.The differences in SSM results confirm that diversity does exist among drivers’fatigued driving performance,so the ability of the SSM to take into account driver-specific information from each individ ual driver suggests that it is more suitable for fatigue detection than models that use aggre gated driver data.Results show that the fatigue detection accuracy of the SSM(77.73%)is higher than that of artificial neural network models(61.37%).The advantages of accuracy,high interpretability,and flexibility make the SSM a comprehensive and valuable individ ualized fatigue detection model for commercial use.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2016YFC0905000)National High-tech R&D Program of China (863 Program+2 种基金 Grant No. 2012AA02A518)National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81522048, 81573511, and 81273595)the Innovationdriven Project of Central South University, China (Grant No. 2016CX024)
文摘Vitamins are vital to sustain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth for all living organisms. Being an integral component of coenzyme, vitamins can affect the catalytic activities of many enzymes and the expression of drug transporters. Genetic variations in metabolism and/or transporter genes of drugs can influence the exposure of the human body to drugs and/or their active metabolites, thus contributing to the variations in drug responses and toxicities.Nonetheless, pharmacogenomics studies on nutrients have been rarely summarized. In this article,we reviewed recent progress on vitamin pharmacogenomics, for a better understanding on the influence of vitamin-related gene polymorphisms on inter-individual differences in diseases and drug efficacy and safety.
文摘Dear Editor, I would like to offer some comments on the excellent article by Hai-Yan He and colleagues published in Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics on 1st April 2017 [1]. The authors include, in the list of genetic polymorphisms that have an effect on vita- mins, the low concentrations of cellular and plasma vitamin B12 in GG carriers of SNP rs602662 （772 G 〉 A） in the gene encoding fucosyltransferase 2 （FUT2）.
基金This work was supported by the General Research Fund of Hong Kong SAR[grant number CUHK14413314].
文摘Purpose-The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between dimensions of teacher efficacy and affective well-being while focusing on the roles of demographic characteristics(gender,grade level,educational background,and seniority).Design/Approach/Methods-1,115 primary and 541 secondary school teachers in Hong Kong participated in the questionnaire survey.A series of t-tests,ANOVA,correlation analysis,and hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted.Findings-The younger teachers reported lower scores for well-being and efficacy than their senior counterparts,and the female and primary school teachers reported significantly higher levels of teacher efficacy for student engagement than their respective counterparts.Of the dimensions of affective well-being,pleasant affect was more closely related to teacher efficacy than negative affect,and the activated pleasant dimension of enthusiasm had the strongest influence.Of the three dimensions of teacher efficacy,efficacy for student engagement was most strongly associated with affective well-being.Originality/Value-The study revealed that teachers’affective well-being is not only important in itself,but also contributes to classroom teaching.The enthusiasm and passion possessed and maintained by teachers could play important roles in enhancing their self-efficacy.Furthermore,maintaining a good affective well-being status and even a modest level of anxiety contributes to their efficacy for student engagement,a dimension on which teachers reported the least confidence.Suggestions were put forward on how to improve teacher efficacy and well-being.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China （2007AA04Z218）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 60903067）, and the Beijing Key Discipline Development Program （XK100080537）.
文摘In order to enable personalized natural interaction in service robots, artificial emotion is needed which helps robots to appear as individuals. In the emotion modeling theory of emotional Markov chain model （eMCM） for spontaneous transfer and emotional hidden Markov model （eHMM） for stimulated transfer, there are three problems： 1） Emotion distinguishing problem： whether adjusting parameters of the model have any effects on individual emotions; 2） How much effect the change makes; 3） The problem of different initial emotional states leading to different resultant emotions from a given stimuli. To solve these problems, a research method of individual emotional difference is proposed based on metric multidimensional scaling theory. Using a dissimilarity matrix, a scalar product matrix is calculated. Subsequently, an individual attribute reconstructing matrix can be obtained by principal component factor analysis. This can display individual emotion difference with low dimension. In addition, some mathematical proofs are carried out to explain experimental results. Synthesizing the results and proofs, corresponding conclusions are obtained. This new method provides guidance for the adjustment of parameters of emotion models in artificial emotion theory.
文摘Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences in interests,beliefs and personalities.
基金funded by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)the Natural Science Foundation of China (31572156, 31501800)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203071)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project, China (D161100001916004)
文摘Tree peony seeds are rich in α-linolenic acid(ALA), and the peony seed oil is now being produced in China. Paeonia ostii is the most widely used tree peony species for oil extraction, which is commercially called Fengdan and treated as a single cultivar. Here, 50 P. ostii individuals from the same population in northern China were randomly selected for fatty acids(FAs) analysis. Thirteen FAs were isolated, and the most abundant five were palmitic acid(5.31–6.99%), stearic acid(1.22–2.76%), oleic acid(18.78–28.15%), linoleic acid(11.86–26.10%), and ALA(41.11–57.51%). There were significant individual differences of plants in FA quality and quantity and the linoleic acid content in Plant No. 48 even exceeded the scope of 1–99%. Further statistical analysis indicated that most of the individual FAs, saturated FAs, unsaturated FAs, and total FAs levels showed significant positive correlations to each other, whereas the seed yield per plant was independent and not correlated to the factors mentioned above. Ward’s hierarchical clustering results grouped the 50 plants into four clusters based on FA contents and seed yield, and the seven plants in Cluster IV were identified as good candidates for oil production. Our results confirmed that the individual differences did occur in P. ostii and Fengdan cannot be simply treated as one uniform cultivar. Also, these results may help simplify the selection of plants for oil peony breeding and accelerate the development of the oil peony industry.
文摘Natal dispersal, the movement of an organism from its birthplace to the site of first reproduction, is fundamental to many ecological and evolutionary processes. Mechanistically, individual dispersal decisions can depend on both individual phe- notype and environmental cues. In particular, many established evolutionary theories of dispersal highlight the importance of the social environment. More recent research in behavioral ecology has focused on the importance of individual behavioral pheno- types. We reviewed the literature on individual behavioral phenotypes and dispersal and suggest that how individual behavioral phenotypes interact with the immediate social environment experienced by individuals in influencing dispersal is still poorly un- derstood, despite growing interest. We found that very few studies had examined the interaction of individual behavioral pheno- types and social factors, and behavioral phenotypes related to social tendencies were less commonly measured than were beha- vioral phenotypes related to exploration or response to risk. Further, and unsurprisingly, studies on social behavioral phenotypes and dispersal behaviors during the transience stage of dispersal were underrepresented compared to the departure or settlement stages. Future studies in this area should aim to＂ a） make explicit links between behavioral traits and their proposed effects on dispersal decisions throughout multiple stages of dispersal, b） integrate more continuous dispersal variables, and c） consider the effects of the spatial distribution and phenotypes of conspecifics （i.e., the social landscape） encountered by individual dispersers
文摘Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale-Short Form （CNSS-SF）, the widely used inventory measuring individual differences in noise perception.Methods In total, 373 Chinese participants （age = 21.41 ± 3.36） completed the online, anonymous questionnaire package. Examination of the CNSS-SF＇s reliability （internal consistency）, factorial validity through validation and cross-validation, nomological validity and measurement invariance across gender groups were undertaken.Results The Cronbach alpha coefficients and composite reliabilities indicated sufficient reliability of the CNSS-SF. Two confirmatory factor analyses （CFA）, in two randomly partitioned groups of participants, substantiated the factorial validity of the scale. The nomological validity of the scale was also corroborated by the significant positive association of its score with the trait anxiety score. Measurement invariance of the CNSS-SF was also found across genders via multi-group CFA.Conclusion Though not without limitations, findings from the present research provide promising evidence for the utility of the scale in measuring noise sensitivity among the Chinese population. The availability of the CNSS-SF can promote research related to environmental noise and health in China, as well as facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission+2 种基金the Beijing Training Project for Leading Talents in Science and Technologythe CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Healththe CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams
文摘Schizotypy,defined as the personality organization underlying schizophrenia and other related mental disorders,is a critical construct for a broad range of scientific disciplines.Because schizotypy can be psychometrically identified in the general population,investigating schizotypy may provide a unique
基金supported by the National Defense Foundation of China(7160118371901216)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M623415)
文摘Nonlinearity and implicitness are common degradation features of the stochastic degradation equipment for prognostics.These features have an uncertain effect on the remaining useful life(RUL)prediction of the equipment.The current data-driven RUL prediction method has not systematically studied the nonlinear hidden degradation modeling and the RUL distribution function.This paper uses the nonlinear Wiener process to build a dual nonlinear implicit degradation model.Based on the historical measured data of similar equipment,the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used to estimate the fixed coefficients and the prior distribution of a random coefficient.Using the on-site measured data of the target equipment,the posterior distribution of a random coefficient and actual degradation state are step-by-step updated based on Bayesian inference and the extended Kalman filtering algorithm.The analytical form of the RUL distribution function is derived based on the first hitting time distribution.Combined with the two case studies,the proposed method is verified to have certain advantages over the existing methods in the accuracy of prediction.
文摘This paper is to describe and investigate Chunks (Lexical Phrases ) Input Approach in vocabulary learning strategies by means of achievement tests,questionnaire surveys and interviews. The study is to reveal how different learners combine different vocabulary learning strategies in their learning process. With the data collected, the author of this paper discusses and summarizes learners' individual differences in selecting vocabulary learning strategies with the hope of giving new insights into English teaching and learning.
