With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving...With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving mechanism was still unclear.In this study,direct disintegration of biopolymers and indirect broken of connection point were investigated on the hydrolysis and component separation.Three typical sewer sediment treatment approaches,i.e.,alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments were proposed,which represented the hydrolysis-driving forces of chemical hydrolysis,physical hydrolysis and innovative cation bridging break-age.The results showed that the organic and inorganic separation rates of sewer sediment driven by alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments reached 21.26%,23.80%,and 19.56%-48.0%,respectively,compared to 4.43%in control.The secondary structure of proteins was disrupted,transitioning from𝛼α-helix to𝛽β-turn and random coil.Meanwhile,much biopolymers were released from solid to the liquid phase.From thermody-namic perspective,sewer sediment deposition was controlled by short-range interfacial interactions described by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.Additionally,the separation of organic and inorganic components was positively correlated with the thermodynamic parameters(Corr=0.87),highlighted the robust-ness of various driving forces.And the flocculation energy barriers were 2.40(alkaline),1.60 times(thermal),and 4.02–4.97 times(cation exchange)compared to control group.The findings revealed the contrition differ-ence of direct disintegration of gelatinous biopolymers and indirect breakage of composition connection sites in sediment composition separation,filling the critical gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms of sediment biopolymer disintegration and intermolecular connection breakage.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipmen...Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipment manufacturing,and electronic information.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC−Co cemented carbides.The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced,followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides.These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology(DAM)or indirect AM technology(IDAM),depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering.Through an analysis of microstructure features,the most suitable AM route for WC−Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology,such as binder jet printing(BJP),which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.展开更多
The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface(EEI)during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries;there is a lack of systematic under...The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface(EEI)during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries;there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions,especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI),solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and iron dissolution.In this study,aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation(IA)and analyzed for capacity fade,impedance growth,and active Li^(+)mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels.The interaction between dissolved Fe^(2+)and the EEI in LFP/graphite pouch batteries was proposed and verified.The findings indicate that during IA process,the electric field facilitates the migration of solvated ions toward the electrodes,while simultaneously inhibiting the formation of organic species such as ROCO_(2)Li.The SEI primarily consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic small molecules,forming a continuous and uniform film on the electrode surface.This study demonstrates that IA favors the formation of a uniform EEI and offers constructive insights for advancing accelerated lifetime prediction strategies in lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
A coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical cohesive phase-field model for hydraulic fracturing in deep coal seams is presented.Heat exchange between the cold fluid and the hot rock is considered,and the thermal contribution t...A coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical cohesive phase-field model for hydraulic fracturing in deep coal seams is presented.Heat exchange between the cold fluid and the hot rock is considered,and the thermal contribution terms between the cold fluid and the hot rock are derived.Heat transfer obeys Fourier's law,and porosity is used to relate the thermodynamic parameters of the fracture and matrix domains.The net pressure difference between the fracture and the matrix is neglected,and thus the fluid flow is modeled by the unified fluid-governing equations.The evolution equations of porosity and Biot's coefficient during hydraulic fracturing are derived from their definitions.The effect of coal cleats is considered and modeled by Voronoi polygons,and this approach is shown to have high accuracy.The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by two sets of fracturing experiments in multilayer coal seams.Subsequently,the differences in fracture morphology,fluid pressure response,and fluid pressure distribution between direct fracturing of coal seams and indirect fracturing of shale interlayers are explored,and the effects of the cluster number and cluster spacing on fracture morphology for multi-cluster fracturing are also examined.The numerical results show that the proposed model is expected to be a powerful tool for the fracturing design and optimization of deep coalbed methane.展开更多
In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)a...In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)and lateral lumbar interbody fusions(LLIF),their indications and complications as an increasingly popular minimally invasive technique to address several lumbar pathologies.This editorial thoroughly discusses and reviews the literature regarding factors affecting outcomes of indirect decompression utilized through OLIF and LLIF procedures.Several parameters play a critical role in patient outcomes including restoration of disc height,foraminal height,central canal squared,and foraminal area.The indirect decompression allows for unbuckling of the ligamentum flavum which can significantly decompress the neural elements as well as aid in reduction of spondylolisthesis.However,the authors further highlight the limitations of indirect decompression and factors that may predict unsuccessful outcomes including bony foraminal stenosis,severe central canal stenosis,and osteoporosis.As a result,failure of indirect decompression can lead to persistent pain,radiculopathy and unsatisfied patients.Spinal surgeons may be left to reimage patients and consider additional procedures with direct decompression.展开更多
Immune modulation is crucial for male reproduction and fertility.Metals and metalloids(metals)have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory effects.Whether metal exposure affects semen quality through immun...Immune modulation is crucial for male reproduction and fertility.Metals and metalloids(metals)have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory effects.Whether metal exposure affects semen quality through immune modulation is unclear.In the present study,we explored the associations between exogenous metals within immune cells,immune cell proportions,and semen quality among 84 healthy men who repeatedly provided 266 semen samples over 90 days.We employed mass cytometry(CyTOF)technology to identify immune cells in semen and measured exogenous metals in these cells at the single-cell resolution.After adjusting for potential confounders,most detected metals in immune cells were inversely associated with the proportion of immune cells in semen samples(all p<0.05),indicating the adverse effects of exogenous metals on immune cells.The proportion of immune cells showed N-shaped,nonlinear associations with sperm concentration,total count,progressive motility,and total motility.Mediation analyses showed that the percentage of indirect effects of exogenous metals on sperm quality parameters via immune cells ranged from 15.11%to 54.29%.Overall,our findings unravel the indirect effects of exogenous metal exposure on male reproductive health via immune cells,contributing valuable insights into the complex interplay between environmental factors,immune cells,and human semen quality.展开更多
This study analyzes the potential impact of EU carbon border regulation mechanism(CBAM)on the export of China’s carbon-intensive products.First,we summarized the main content of the CBAM.Next,based on the input-outpu...This study analyzes the potential impact of EU carbon border regulation mechanism(CBAM)on the export of China’s carbon-intensive products.First,we summarized the main content of the CBAM.Next,based on the input-output theory,this study proposes a calculation model for the implicit carbon emissions and indirect carbon emissions from electricity consumption in export products and presents the corresponding calculation results.Based on the scenario analysis method,six carbon tariffscenarios were designed to evaluate the impact of the CBAM on the major export sectors under each scenario.The results showed that in 2021,the implicit carbon emissions in all products exported to Europe from China were approximately 375 million tons,of which the indirect carbon emissions from electricity were approximately 41.8 million tons,accounting for more than 10%.According to the current levy plan,China is expected to be subject to carbon tariffs of approximately USD 1.4 billion,accounting for 0.3%of its total export value to Europe in 2021.Finally,to reduce the adverse effects of CBAM,four measures were proposed from the perspective of the power industry.展开更多
Based on statistics from reality TV shows, this paper conducts binary logistic regression analyses on the relationships between social status, social distance, cost-benefit levels, and dissuasion strategies in dissuas...Based on statistics from reality TV shows, this paper conducts binary logistic regression analyses on the relationships between social status, social distance, cost-benefit levels, and dissuasion strategies in dissuasion behavior. It finds that the directness/indirectness of strategies has limited impact on politeness levels in Chinese dissuasive speech acts and is not a key factor influencing politeness. Further analysis of the linguistic forms, behavioral combinations of dissuasion, and their relationships with social status, social distance, and cost-benefit levels reveals a critical gradient distinction among factors affecting the politeness of dissuasion. Specifically, sentence structure choice is a key factor;performative verbs and cognitive stance markers are secondary factors;and direct/indirect language strategies, tag questions, and behavioral combinations are marginal factors.展开更多
High-speed railway bridges are essential components of any railway transportation system that should keep adequate levels of serviceability and safety.In this context,drive-by methodologies have emerged as a feasible ...High-speed railway bridges are essential components of any railway transportation system that should keep adequate levels of serviceability and safety.In this context,drive-by methodologies have emerged as a feasible and cost-effective monitor-ing solution for detecting damage on railway bridges while minimizing train operation interruptions.Moreover,integrating advanced sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms has significantly enhanced structural health monitoring(SHM)for bridges.Despite being increasingly used in traditional SHM applications,studies using autoencoders within drive-by methodologies are rare,especially in the railway field.This study presents a novel approach for drive-by damage detection in HSR bridges.The methodology relies on acceleration records collected from multiple bridge crossings by an operational train equipped with onboard sensors.Log-Mel spectrogram features derived from the acceleration records are used together with sparse autoencoders for computing statistical distribution-based damage indexes.Numerical simulations were performed on a 3D vehicle-track-bridge interaction system model implemented in Matlab to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach,considering several damage scenarios,vehicle speeds,and environmental and operational variations,such as multiple track irregularities and varying measurement noise.The results show that the pro-posed approach can successfully detect damages,as well as characterize their severity,especially for very early-stage dam-ages.This demonstrates the high potential of applying Mel-frequency damage-sensitive features associated with machine learning algorithms in the drive-by condition assessment of high-speed railway bridges.展开更多
Herein we report the facial detection of formaldehyde(FA)by using an interesting red acidichromic carbon dots(ACDs)which turns blue when pH gradually decreases.The color change was attributed to the conversion between...Herein we report the facial detection of formaldehyde(FA)by using an interesting red acidichromic carbon dots(ACDs)which turns blue when pH gradually decreases.The color change was attributed to the conversion between the double bonds(C=N)and single bonds(C-N)on the surface of the ACDs.Inspired by the reaction between FA and ammonium chloride that produces H^(+)and methenamine and decrease the pH value of the solution,a fast and simple visual detection method for FA was found with a minimum discriminated concentration of 0.04 mol/L.A fluorescence detection method for FA was also found with LOD of 0.029 mol/L and FA in real sample,e.g.,shredded squid was successfully analyzed.This work provides a new idea of developing fast visual detection method for daily monitor or in-site semiquantitative assessment on FA.展开更多
This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles o...This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles of tone sandhi theory.In Chinese phonology,it is generally assumed that individual characters serve as fundamental forms based on their standard pronunciations,with real-time pronunciations adapting to phonetic conditions.However,the study of address forms has not traditionally been integrated into this framework.Observations indicate that a wide range of addressing methods is employed in social interactions,reflecting the complexity of regional cultural traits and social dynamics.This research highlights the distinctive features of address forms in the Tinghu dialect,particularly in terms of tone sandhi,vocative expressions,and indirect address.By examining these unique characteristics,the study enhances our understanding of the principles governing tonal changes in Chinese.Furthermore,it offers valuable insights into the preservation and inheritance of regional dialects.展开更多
The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat sto...The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.展开更多
Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirec...Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirect corrective feedback better aligns with the needs of English majors.Multiple factors influence the choice of written feedback methods,and teachers should carefully select the most appropriate approach based on student characteristics to maximize the effectiveness of feedback.展开更多
This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+...This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+n▽Ф;▽·u=0,x∈Ω,t>0 in a bounded and smooth domainΩ⊂ℝ2 with no-flux/no-flux/no-flux/no-slip boundary conditions,whereΦ∈W2,∞(Ω).A recent literature[Dai F,Liu B.J Differential Equations,2023,369:115–155]has proved that for all reasonably regular initial data,the associated initial-boundary value problem possesses a global classical solution,but qualitative information on the behavior of solution has never been touched so far.In stark contrast to the positive effect of indirect signal consumption mechanism on the global solvability of system,the analysis of asymptotic behavior of solution to the system with indirect signal consumption is essentially complicated than that with direct signal consumption because the favorable coupled structure between cells and signal is broken down by the indirect signal consumption mechanism.The present study shows that the global classical solution exponentially stabilizes toward the corresponding spatially homogeneous equilibria under a smallness condition on the initial cell mass.In comparison to the previously known result concerning the uniform convergence of solution to the system with direct signal consumption,our result inter alia provides a more in-depth understanding on the asymptotic behavior of solution.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with tumors often develop multiple autoantibodies against tumorassociated antigens.Among these,antinuclear antibodies(ANAs)constitute a clinically important group distributed across the nucleus,cyt...BACKGROUND Patients with tumors often develop multiple autoantibodies against tumorassociated antigens.Among these,antinuclear antibodies(ANAs)constitute a clinically important group distributed across the nucleus,cytoplasm,and cytoskeleton.Emerging evidence suggests that ANAs are closely associated with the development and progression of various malignancies,including colorectal cancer(CRC).AIM To detect ANA fluorescence patterns in CRC using indirect immunofluorescence(IIF)and investigate their correlation with the disease.METHODS We collected serum samples from patients and healthy controls visiting The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between May 2023 and March 2024 for analysis.The study included 38 patients with newly diagnosed CRC,43 patients with colorectal polyps(CRP),and 29 healthy controls.Serum ANA expression was assessed by IIF,and fluorescence patterns were recorded for each group.Differences in ANA titers were compared among each group to analyze the differences in serum ANA-positive expression,which were further analyzed to explore the correlation between ANA expression and CRC screening.RESULTS ANA positivity rates were 50.00%in the CRC group,46.51%in the colorectal polyp group,and 6.90%in the healthy control group,with significantly higher rates in the two patient groups compared to the control group(P<0.05).In the CRC group,the most common fluorescence patterns were nuclear speckled(15.79%)and cytoplasmic speckled(15.79%),with titers predominantly low(1:100,28.95%).In the colorectal polyp group,nuclear speckled(18.60%)and nuclear homogeneous(11.63%)were the most frequent,with titers also predominantly low(1:100,37.21%).The distribution of intermediate titers differed significantly among groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION ANAs are associated with both CRP and CRC and may be useful in early CRC screening.Medium-to-high ANA titers,in particular,should prompt further evaluation for possible CRC correlation.Multiple ANA fluorescence patterns can be detected across all groups,with patients with CRP and CRC showing greater pattern diversity than healthy controls.展开更多
In permanently uneven-aged forests, continuous ingrowth of recruitment into higher stand layers is a critical process for the formation and maintenance of differentiated stand structures. This study analyses the abund...In permanently uneven-aged forests, continuous ingrowth of recruitment into higher stand layers is a critical process for the formation and maintenance of differentiated stand structures. This study analyses the abundance and diversity of recruitment(diameter at breast high(DBH) 0.1–4 cm) across 241 research plots in 11 structurally differentiated Norway spruce(silver fir)-dominated forest stands distributed at altitudes between 500 and 1,440 m a.s.l. The influence of light conditions and lateral competition characteristics on the height increment and crown architecture of recruitment was investigated in detail for 352 Norway spruce and 361 silver fir trees. Light-related variables were confirmed to directly affect the recruitment distribution only to a limited extent. Under relatively low light conditions in montane stands, silver fir reached higher height increments than Norway spruce. The better adaptation of silver fir to shaded conditions was reflected also in its higher apical dominance ratio compared to Norway spruce. The height increment and apical dominance ratio of Norway spruce and silver fir recruitment were positively correlated with indirect radiation, DBH, and relative crown length(RCL), but not with lateral competition. These results confirm that the regulation of light conditions in permanently unevenaged stands is crucial for the growth dynamics of recruitment, as well as for the future proportions of Norway spruce and silver fir in mixed, structurally diverse stands.展开更多
Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but ...Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but the precise consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain contentious.We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120 plant species,using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on plant reproductive success and examine the key moderators.We found that floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits,pollinator visitation,pollen deposition,and fruit set,while having a neutral effect on critical female fitness indicators,such as seed set and seed quality,as well as on male fitness.By altering pollinator behavior,floral larceny may reduce geitonogamy,potentially enhancing genetic diversity.Additionally,factors such as pollinator type,plant mating system,and pollen limitation were identified as key moderators of these effects.Our analysis reveals an ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,with potential benefits in certain contexts.These findings suggest that floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator interactions,facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of floral larcenists and host plants.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicti...BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicting the risk of developing DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 6993 hospitalized T2DM patients between 2013 and 2020.Patients were divided into two groups:The DR group and the non-DR group.Data were analyzed using univariate,correlation,multivariate,subgroup,and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.RESULTS Total bilirubin,indirect bilirubin(IBIL),and direct bilirubin were negatively correlated with the risk of developing DR(P<0.001).Moreover,these three factors were all positively correlated with clinical indicators related to DR,including the estimated glomerular filtration rate,the albumin/creatinine ratio,and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level(P<0.001).After adjusting for multiple variables,greater IBIL levels remained independently associated with a lower risk of developing DR(odds ratio=0.500;95%confidence interval:0.363-0.686;P<0.001).The optimal IBIL cutoff point for predicting the risk of DR in male patients with elevated diastolic blood pressure was 0.655μmol/dL(area under the curve=0.662).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IBIL could be a valuable biomarker for predicting DR risk,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective,and readily available clinical tool for the early identification of high-risk patients.Future multicenter and longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these findings and further explore the biological mechanisms underlying the protective role of IBIL in DR.展开更多
Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex...Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex grammar structures.Similarly,a previous body of research has shown that the degree of explicitness of feedback moderates the efficacy of WCF.However,most WCF studies have systematically manipulated only direct corrective feedback.The current study was therefore conducted to fill these gaps in the literature.To this end,five intact classes of Functional English were recruited and later randomly assigned to four treatment groups:DCF,DCF+ME,ICF,and ICF+ME,and one control group that received no feedback.All the groups took part in three WCF treatment sessions,during which they wrote two different pieces:a news report and a picture description.Later,only the treatment groups received the WCF.The WCF’s effectiveness was measured by writing tests and grammaticality judgment tasks(GJT).The results demonstrated that WCF helped L2 learners improve their grammatical accuracy of passive voice tenses.The study further showed that the group that received the most explicit type of WCF fared better than the ones that received the least explicit type of WCF.Important pedagogical implications for ESL/EFL teachers are discussed.展开更多
This study examined the repeated bout effect(RBE)on muscle damage markers following two bouts of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)in untrained individuals.Following familiarization,participants received 45 co...This study examined the repeated bout effect(RBE)on muscle damage markers following two bouts of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)in untrained individuals.Following familiarization,participants received 45 consecutive NMES to the biceps brachii at an intensity that produced low evoked force for the elbow flexors.Muscle damage markers(maximal voluntary isometric contraction[MVIC],elbow range of motion[ROM],muscle soreness via visual analogue scale[VAS]scores,pressure pain threshold[PPT],and muscle thickness)were measured before(PRE),after(POST),1 day after(24 POST),and 2 days after(48 POST)NMES.Following 1 week of rest,procedures were replicated.Separate repeated measures two-way ANOVAs examined each measure.There were no interactions or bout main effects for MVIC or ROM.Time main effects indicated PRE MVIC was greater than POST(p=0.002)and 24-POST(p=0.024),and PRE ROM was greater than POST(p=0.036).There was no interaction for muscle thickness.Respective time and bout main effects indicated muscle thickness at PRE was less than POST(p=0.017),and second-bout muscle thickness(p=0.050)was less compared to the initial-bout.For PPT,there was an interaction(p=0.019).Initial-bout PRE PPT was less than POST(p=0.033).Initial-bout 48-POST PPT was less than second-bout 48-POST(p=0.037).There was a significant interaction for VAS(p=0.009).Initial-bout PRE VAS was less than POST(p=0.033)and 24-POST(p=0.015).Initial-bout POST and 24-POST VAS were greater than second-bout POST(p=0.023)and 24-POST(p=0.006),respectively.The results support RBE on muscle damage markers related to inflammation,but not MVIC and ROM.展开更多
基金supported by Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program(No.2024SF-YBXM-546)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52470161)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF21007).
文摘With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving mechanism was still unclear.In this study,direct disintegration of biopolymers and indirect broken of connection point were investigated on the hydrolysis and component separation.Three typical sewer sediment treatment approaches,i.e.,alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments were proposed,which represented the hydrolysis-driving forces of chemical hydrolysis,physical hydrolysis and innovative cation bridging break-age.The results showed that the organic and inorganic separation rates of sewer sediment driven by alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments reached 21.26%,23.80%,and 19.56%-48.0%,respectively,compared to 4.43%in control.The secondary structure of proteins was disrupted,transitioning from𝛼α-helix to𝛽β-turn and random coil.Meanwhile,much biopolymers were released from solid to the liquid phase.From thermody-namic perspective,sewer sediment deposition was controlled by short-range interfacial interactions described by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.Additionally,the separation of organic and inorganic components was positively correlated with the thermodynamic parameters(Corr=0.87),highlighted the robust-ness of various driving forces.And the flocculation energy barriers were 2.40(alkaline),1.60 times(thermal),and 4.02–4.97 times(cation exchange)compared to control group.The findings revealed the contrition differ-ence of direct disintegration of gelatinous biopolymers and indirect breakage of composition connection sites in sediment composition separation,filling the critical gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms of sediment biopolymer disintegration and intermolecular connection breakage.
基金supported by Major Science and Technology Projects in Fujian Province,China(No.2023HZ021005)State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,ChinaFujian Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Functional Materials,China。
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipment manufacturing,and electronic information.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC−Co cemented carbides.The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced,followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides.These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology(DAM)or indirect AM technology(IDAM),depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering.Through an analysis of microstructure features,the most suitable AM route for WC−Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology,such as binder jet printing(BJP),which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2401800)the support from Beijing Nova Program(20230484241)+2 种基金the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M754084)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZB20230931)the support from Initial Energy Science&Technology Co.,Ltd(IEST)。
文摘The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface(EEI)during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries;there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions,especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI),solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and iron dissolution.In this study,aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation(IA)and analyzed for capacity fade,impedance growth,and active Li^(+)mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels.The interaction between dissolved Fe^(2+)and the EEI in LFP/graphite pouch batteries was proposed and verified.The findings indicate that during IA process,the electric field facilitates the migration of solvated ions toward the electrodes,while simultaneously inhibiting the formation of organic species such as ROCO_(2)Li.The SEI primarily consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic small molecules,forming a continuous and uniform film on the electrode surface.This study demonstrates that IA favors the formation of a uniform EEI and offers constructive insights for advancing accelerated lifetime prediction strategies in lithium-ion batteries.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42202314)。
文摘A coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical cohesive phase-field model for hydraulic fracturing in deep coal seams is presented.Heat exchange between the cold fluid and the hot rock is considered,and the thermal contribution terms between the cold fluid and the hot rock are derived.Heat transfer obeys Fourier's law,and porosity is used to relate the thermodynamic parameters of the fracture and matrix domains.The net pressure difference between the fracture and the matrix is neglected,and thus the fluid flow is modeled by the unified fluid-governing equations.The evolution equations of porosity and Biot's coefficient during hydraulic fracturing are derived from their definitions.The effect of coal cleats is considered and modeled by Voronoi polygons,and this approach is shown to have high accuracy.The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by two sets of fracturing experiments in multilayer coal seams.Subsequently,the differences in fracture morphology,fluid pressure response,and fluid pressure distribution between direct fracturing of coal seams and indirect fracturing of shale interlayers are explored,and the effects of the cluster number and cluster spacing on fracture morphology for multi-cluster fracturing are also examined.The numerical results show that the proposed model is expected to be a powerful tool for the fracturing design and optimization of deep coalbed methane.
文摘In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)and lateral lumbar interbody fusions(LLIF),their indications and complications as an increasingly popular minimally invasive technique to address several lumbar pathologies.This editorial thoroughly discusses and reviews the literature regarding factors affecting outcomes of indirect decompression utilized through OLIF and LLIF procedures.Several parameters play a critical role in patient outcomes including restoration of disc height,foraminal height,central canal squared,and foraminal area.The indirect decompression allows for unbuckling of the ligamentum flavum which can significantly decompress the neural elements as well as aid in reduction of spondylolisthesis.However,the authors further highlight the limitations of indirect decompression and factors that may predict unsuccessful outcomes including bony foraminal stenosis,severe central canal stenosis,and osteoporosis.As a result,failure of indirect decompression can lead to persistent pain,radiculopathy and unsatisfied patients.Spinal surgeons may be left to reimage patients and consider additional procedures with direct decompression.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42025704,22206033,82473581,22193052).
文摘Immune modulation is crucial for male reproduction and fertility.Metals and metalloids(metals)have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory effects.Whether metal exposure affects semen quality through immune modulation is unclear.In the present study,we explored the associations between exogenous metals within immune cells,immune cell proportions,and semen quality among 84 healthy men who repeatedly provided 266 semen samples over 90 days.We employed mass cytometry(CyTOF)technology to identify immune cells in semen and measured exogenous metals in these cells at the single-cell resolution.After adjusting for potential confounders,most detected metals in immune cells were inversely associated with the proportion of immune cells in semen samples(all p<0.05),indicating the adverse effects of exogenous metals on immune cells.The proportion of immune cells showed N-shaped,nonlinear associations with sperm concentration,total count,progressive motility,and total motility.Mediation analyses showed that the percentage of indirect effects of exogenous metals on sperm quality parameters via immune cells ranged from 15.11%to 54.29%.Overall,our findings unravel the indirect effects of exogenous metal exposure on male reproductive health via immune cells,contributing valuable insights into the complex interplay between environmental factors,immune cells,and human semen quality.
文摘This study analyzes the potential impact of EU carbon border regulation mechanism(CBAM)on the export of China’s carbon-intensive products.First,we summarized the main content of the CBAM.Next,based on the input-output theory,this study proposes a calculation model for the implicit carbon emissions and indirect carbon emissions from electricity consumption in export products and presents the corresponding calculation results.Based on the scenario analysis method,six carbon tariffscenarios were designed to evaluate the impact of the CBAM on the major export sectors under each scenario.The results showed that in 2021,the implicit carbon emissions in all products exported to Europe from China were approximately 375 million tons,of which the indirect carbon emissions from electricity were approximately 41.8 million tons,accounting for more than 10%.According to the current levy plan,China is expected to be subject to carbon tariffs of approximately USD 1.4 billion,accounting for 0.3%of its total export value to Europe in 2021.Finally,to reduce the adverse effects of CBAM,four measures were proposed from the perspective of the power industry.
文摘Based on statistics from reality TV shows, this paper conducts binary logistic regression analyses on the relationships between social status, social distance, cost-benefit levels, and dissuasion strategies in dissuasion behavior. It finds that the directness/indirectness of strategies has limited impact on politeness levels in Chinese dissuasive speech acts and is not a key factor influencing politeness. Further analysis of the linguistic forms, behavioral combinations of dissuasion, and their relationships with social status, social distance, and cost-benefit levels reveals a critical gradient distinction among factors affecting the politeness of dissuasion. Specifically, sentence structure choice is a key factor;performative verbs and cognitive stance markers are secondary factors;and direct/indirect language strategies, tag questions, and behavioral combinations are marginal factors.
基金support of CNPq(Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology Agency),of CAPES(Higher Education Improvement Agency),of FAPESP(São Paulo Research Foundation)under grant#2022/13045-1,of VALE Catedra Under Rail and of Base Funding-UIDB/04708/2020Programmatic Funding-UIDP/04708/2020 of the CONSTRUCT-“Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construções”.
文摘High-speed railway bridges are essential components of any railway transportation system that should keep adequate levels of serviceability and safety.In this context,drive-by methodologies have emerged as a feasible and cost-effective monitor-ing solution for detecting damage on railway bridges while minimizing train operation interruptions.Moreover,integrating advanced sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms has significantly enhanced structural health monitoring(SHM)for bridges.Despite being increasingly used in traditional SHM applications,studies using autoencoders within drive-by methodologies are rare,especially in the railway field.This study presents a novel approach for drive-by damage detection in HSR bridges.The methodology relies on acceleration records collected from multiple bridge crossings by an operational train equipped with onboard sensors.Log-Mel spectrogram features derived from the acceleration records are used together with sparse autoencoders for computing statistical distribution-based damage indexes.Numerical simulations were performed on a 3D vehicle-track-bridge interaction system model implemented in Matlab to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach,considering several damage scenarios,vehicle speeds,and environmental and operational variations,such as multiple track irregularities and varying measurement noise.The results show that the pro-posed approach can successfully detect damages,as well as characterize their severity,especially for very early-stage dam-ages.This demonstrates the high potential of applying Mel-frequency damage-sensitive features associated with machine learning algorithms in the drive-by condition assessment of high-speed railway bridges.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21804062,52071171,and 52202248)Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program(No.LNBQW2018B0048)+8 种基金Shenyang Science and Technology Project(No.21-108-9-04)Key Research Project of Department of Education of Liaoning Province(No.LJKZZ20220015)Australian Research Council(ARC)through Future Fellowship(No.FT210100298)Discovery Project(No.DP220100603)Linkage Project(Nos.LP210200504,LP220100088,and LP230200897)Industrial Transformation Research Hub(No.IH240100009)schemesthe Australian Government through the Cooperative Research Centres Projects(No.CRCPXIII000077)the Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA)as part of ARENA’s Transformative Research Accelerating Commercialisation Program(No.TM021)European Commission’s Australia-Spain Network for Innovation and Research Excellence(AuSpire).
文摘Herein we report the facial detection of formaldehyde(FA)by using an interesting red acidichromic carbon dots(ACDs)which turns blue when pH gradually decreases.The color change was attributed to the conversion between the double bonds(C=N)and single bonds(C-N)on the surface of the ACDs.Inspired by the reaction between FA and ammonium chloride that produces H^(+)and methenamine and decrease the pH value of the solution,a fast and simple visual detection method for FA was found with a minimum discriminated concentration of 0.04 mol/L.A fluorescence detection method for FA was also found with LOD of 0.029 mol/L and FA in real sample,e.g.,shredded squid was successfully analyzed.This work provides a new idea of developing fast visual detection method for daily monitor or in-site semiquantitative assessment on FA.
文摘This study explores the variations in address forms within the Tinghu dialect of Yancheng city.The findings reveal that the ways individuals address one another in this region deviate from the established principles of tone sandhi theory.In Chinese phonology,it is generally assumed that individual characters serve as fundamental forms based on their standard pronunciations,with real-time pronunciations adapting to phonetic conditions.However,the study of address forms has not traditionally been integrated into this framework.Observations indicate that a wide range of addressing methods is employed in social interactions,reflecting the complexity of regional cultural traits and social dynamics.This research highlights the distinctive features of address forms in the Tinghu dialect,particularly in terms of tone sandhi,vocative expressions,and indirect address.By examining these unique characteristics,the study enhances our understanding of the principles governing tonal changes in Chinese.Furthermore,it offers valuable insights into the preservation and inheritance of regional dialects.
文摘The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.
文摘Written feedback in English writing classes serves as the primary mode of feedback.By comparing direct corrective feedback and indirect corrective feedback in addressing content and form,this paper argues that indirect corrective feedback better aligns with the needs of English majors.Multiple factors influence the choice of written feedback methods,and teachers should carefully select the most appropriate approach based on student characteristics to maximize the effectiveness of feedback.
文摘This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+n▽Ф;▽·u=0,x∈Ω,t>0 in a bounded and smooth domainΩ⊂ℝ2 with no-flux/no-flux/no-flux/no-slip boundary conditions,whereΦ∈W2,∞(Ω).A recent literature[Dai F,Liu B.J Differential Equations,2023,369:115–155]has proved that for all reasonably regular initial data,the associated initial-boundary value problem possesses a global classical solution,but qualitative information on the behavior of solution has never been touched so far.In stark contrast to the positive effect of indirect signal consumption mechanism on the global solvability of system,the analysis of asymptotic behavior of solution to the system with indirect signal consumption is essentially complicated than that with direct signal consumption because the favorable coupled structure between cells and signal is broken down by the indirect signal consumption mechanism.The present study shows that the global classical solution exponentially stabilizes toward the corresponding spatially homogeneous equilibria under a smallness condition on the initial cell mass.In comparison to the previously known result concerning the uniform convergence of solution to the system with direct signal consumption,our result inter alia provides a more in-depth understanding on the asymptotic behavior of solution.
基金Supported by Panyu District Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2024-Z04-012.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with tumors often develop multiple autoantibodies against tumorassociated antigens.Among these,antinuclear antibodies(ANAs)constitute a clinically important group distributed across the nucleus,cytoplasm,and cytoskeleton.Emerging evidence suggests that ANAs are closely associated with the development and progression of various malignancies,including colorectal cancer(CRC).AIM To detect ANA fluorescence patterns in CRC using indirect immunofluorescence(IIF)and investigate their correlation with the disease.METHODS We collected serum samples from patients and healthy controls visiting The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between May 2023 and March 2024 for analysis.The study included 38 patients with newly diagnosed CRC,43 patients with colorectal polyps(CRP),and 29 healthy controls.Serum ANA expression was assessed by IIF,and fluorescence patterns were recorded for each group.Differences in ANA titers were compared among each group to analyze the differences in serum ANA-positive expression,which were further analyzed to explore the correlation between ANA expression and CRC screening.RESULTS ANA positivity rates were 50.00%in the CRC group,46.51%in the colorectal polyp group,and 6.90%in the healthy control group,with significantly higher rates in the two patient groups compared to the control group(P<0.05).In the CRC group,the most common fluorescence patterns were nuclear speckled(15.79%)and cytoplasmic speckled(15.79%),with titers predominantly low(1:100,28.95%).In the colorectal polyp group,nuclear speckled(18.60%)and nuclear homogeneous(11.63%)were the most frequent,with titers also predominantly low(1:100,37.21%).The distribution of intermediate titers differed significantly among groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION ANAs are associated with both CRP and CRC and may be useful in early CRC screening.Medium-to-high ANA titers,in particular,should prompt further evaluation for possible CRC correlation.Multiple ANA fluorescence patterns can be detected across all groups,with patients with CRP and CRC showing greater pattern diversity than healthy controls.
基金supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic (project VEGA 1/0183/25)by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract No. APVV-21-0199 and APVV-19-0183
文摘In permanently uneven-aged forests, continuous ingrowth of recruitment into higher stand layers is a critical process for the formation and maintenance of differentiated stand structures. This study analyses the abundance and diversity of recruitment(diameter at breast high(DBH) 0.1–4 cm) across 241 research plots in 11 structurally differentiated Norway spruce(silver fir)-dominated forest stands distributed at altitudes between 500 and 1,440 m a.s.l. The influence of light conditions and lateral competition characteristics on the height increment and crown architecture of recruitment was investigated in detail for 352 Norway spruce and 361 silver fir trees. Light-related variables were confirmed to directly affect the recruitment distribution only to a limited extent. Under relatively low light conditions in montane stands, silver fir reached higher height increments than Norway spruce. The better adaptation of silver fir to shaded conditions was reflected also in its higher apical dominance ratio compared to Norway spruce. The height increment and apical dominance ratio of Norway spruce and silver fir recruitment were positively correlated with indirect radiation, DBH, and relative crown length(RCL), but not with lateral competition. These results confirm that the regulation of light conditions in permanently unevenaged stands is crucial for the growth dynamics of recruitment, as well as for the future proportions of Norway spruce and silver fir in mixed, structurally diverse stands.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170241,32160054,and 32470241)supported by the Chinese Academy of Science's PIFI Fellowship Initiative(2024PVC0046).
文摘Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but the precise consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain contentious.We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120 plant species,using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on plant reproductive success and examine the key moderators.We found that floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits,pollinator visitation,pollen deposition,and fruit set,while having a neutral effect on critical female fitness indicators,such as seed set and seed quality,as well as on male fitness.By altering pollinator behavior,floral larceny may reduce geitonogamy,potentially enhancing genetic diversity.Additionally,factors such as pollinator type,plant mating system,and pollen limitation were identified as key moderators of these effects.Our analysis reveals an ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,with potential benefits in certain contexts.These findings suggest that floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator interactions,facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of floral larcenists and host plants.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,No.2024JC-YBQN-0828 and No.2024JC-YBMS-765Clinical Research Award of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,No.XJTU1AF-CRF-2022-036National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices,No.NMED2023AGP-013.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicting the risk of developing DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 6993 hospitalized T2DM patients between 2013 and 2020.Patients were divided into two groups:The DR group and the non-DR group.Data were analyzed using univariate,correlation,multivariate,subgroup,and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.RESULTS Total bilirubin,indirect bilirubin(IBIL),and direct bilirubin were negatively correlated with the risk of developing DR(P<0.001).Moreover,these three factors were all positively correlated with clinical indicators related to DR,including the estimated glomerular filtration rate,the albumin/creatinine ratio,and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level(P<0.001).After adjusting for multiple variables,greater IBIL levels remained independently associated with a lower risk of developing DR(odds ratio=0.500;95%confidence interval:0.363-0.686;P<0.001).The optimal IBIL cutoff point for predicting the risk of DR in male patients with elevated diastolic blood pressure was 0.655μmol/dL(area under the curve=0.662).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IBIL could be a valuable biomarker for predicting DR risk,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective,and readily available clinical tool for the early identification of high-risk patients.Future multicenter and longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these findings and further explore the biological mechanisms underlying the protective role of IBIL in DR.
文摘Although substantial research shows the effectiveness of written corrective feedback(WCF)in treating simple grammar structures,more research is still needed to refute Truscott’s claim that WCF may not work on complex grammar structures.Similarly,a previous body of research has shown that the degree of explicitness of feedback moderates the efficacy of WCF.However,most WCF studies have systematically manipulated only direct corrective feedback.The current study was therefore conducted to fill these gaps in the literature.To this end,five intact classes of Functional English were recruited and later randomly assigned to four treatment groups:DCF,DCF+ME,ICF,and ICF+ME,and one control group that received no feedback.All the groups took part in three WCF treatment sessions,during which they wrote two different pieces:a news report and a picture description.Later,only the treatment groups received the WCF.The WCF’s effectiveness was measured by writing tests and grammaticality judgment tasks(GJT).The results demonstrated that WCF helped L2 learners improve their grammatical accuracy of passive voice tenses.The study further showed that the group that received the most explicit type of WCF fared better than the ones that received the least explicit type of WCF.Important pedagogical implications for ESL/EFL teachers are discussed.
文摘This study examined the repeated bout effect(RBE)on muscle damage markers following two bouts of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)in untrained individuals.Following familiarization,participants received 45 consecutive NMES to the biceps brachii at an intensity that produced low evoked force for the elbow flexors.Muscle damage markers(maximal voluntary isometric contraction[MVIC],elbow range of motion[ROM],muscle soreness via visual analogue scale[VAS]scores,pressure pain threshold[PPT],and muscle thickness)were measured before(PRE),after(POST),1 day after(24 POST),and 2 days after(48 POST)NMES.Following 1 week of rest,procedures were replicated.Separate repeated measures two-way ANOVAs examined each measure.There were no interactions or bout main effects for MVIC or ROM.Time main effects indicated PRE MVIC was greater than POST(p=0.002)and 24-POST(p=0.024),and PRE ROM was greater than POST(p=0.036).There was no interaction for muscle thickness.Respective time and bout main effects indicated muscle thickness at PRE was less than POST(p=0.017),and second-bout muscle thickness(p=0.050)was less compared to the initial-bout.For PPT,there was an interaction(p=0.019).Initial-bout PRE PPT was less than POST(p=0.033).Initial-bout 48-POST PPT was less than second-bout 48-POST(p=0.037).There was a significant interaction for VAS(p=0.009).Initial-bout PRE VAS was less than POST(p=0.033)and 24-POST(p=0.015).Initial-bout POST and 24-POST VAS were greater than second-bout POST(p=0.023)and 24-POST(p=0.006),respectively.The results support RBE on muscle damage markers related to inflammation,but not MVIC and ROM.
