Background India harbors the world’s largest cattle population,encompassing over 50 distinct Bos indicus breeds.This rich genetic diversity underscores the inadequacy of a single reference genome to fully capture the...Background India harbors the world’s largest cattle population,encompassing over 50 distinct Bos indicus breeds.This rich genetic diversity underscores the inadequacy of a single reference genome to fully capture the genomic landscape of Indian cattle.To comprehensively characterize the genomic variation within Bos indicus and,specifically,dairy breeds,we aim to identify non-reference sequences and construct a comprehensive pangenome.Results Five representative genomes of prominent dairy breeds,including Gir,Kankrej,Tharparkar,Sahiwal,and Red Sindhi,were sequenced using 10X Genomics‘linked-read’technology.Assemblies generated from these linked-reads ranged from 2.70 Gb to 2.77 Gb,comparable to the Bos indicus Brahman reference genome.A pangenome of Bos indicus cattle was constructed by comparing the newly assembled genomes with the reference using alignment and graph-based methods,revealing 8 Mb and 17.7 Mb of novel sequence respectively.A confident set of 6,844 Non-reference Unique Insertions(NUIs)spanning 7.57 Mb was identified through both methods,representing the pange-nome of Indian Bos indicus breeds.Comparative analysis with previously published pangenomes unveiled 2.8 Mb(37%)commonality with the Chinese indicine pangenome and only 1%commonality with the Bos taurus pange-nome.Among these,2,312 NUIs encompassing~2 Mb,were commonly found in 98 samples of the 5 breeds and des-ignated as Bos indicus Common Insertions(BICIs)in the population.Furthermore,926 BICIs were identified within 682 protein-coding genes,54 long non-coding RNAs(lncRNA),and 18 pseudogenes.These protein-coding genes were enriched for functions such as chemical synaptic transmission,cell junction organization,cell-cell adhesion,and cell morphogenesis.The protein-coding genes were found in various prominent quantitative trait locus(QTL)regions,suggesting potential roles of BICIs in traits related to milk production,reproduction,exterior,health,meat,and carcass.Notably,63.21%of the bases within the BICIs call set contained interspersed repeats,predominantly Long Inter-spersed Nuclear Elements(LINEs).Additionally,70.28%of BICIs are shared with other domesticated and wild species,highlighting their evolutionary significance.Conclusions This is the first report unveiling a robust set of NUIs defining the pangenome of Bos indicus breeds of India.The analyses contribute valuable insights into the genomic landscape of desi cattle breeds.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic and its fractions from roots of Hemidesmus indicus on arthritis in in vitro models of rodents.Methods:Preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin-layer...Objective:To investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic and its fractions from roots of Hemidesmus indicus on arthritis in in vitro models of rodents.Methods:Preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin-layer chromoatography were performed to analyze constituents of hydroalcoholic extract and its three fraction namely ethyl acetate fraction,chloroform fraction and residual fraction of mot of Hemidesmus indicus.Arthritis rats models were established by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant.The parameters including paw edema,body weight,arthritic index,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,serum rheumatoid factor,serum C-reactive protein,serum nitrite level,and histopathology of synovial joints were observed.Methotrexate was taken as positive control.Results:Rats treated with hydroalcoholic extract(450 mg/kg,p.o.),ethyl acetate (75 mg/kg,p.o.),chloroform(60 mg/kg,p.o) and residual fractions(270 mg/kg,p.o.),showed significant decrease in physical and biochemical parameters compared with arthritic model rats. Hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction of Hemidesmus indicus showed significantly higher anti-arthritic activity than chloroform and residual fraction.Histopathological analysis demonstrated that both of hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction had comparable anti-arthritic activity with methotrexates.Conclusions:The present study suggests that Hemidesmus indicus has protective activity against arthritis and the activity might be attributed to presence of terpenoid in hydroalcoholic extract,as well as in ethyl acetate fraction.展开更多
Background:The Bar-headed Goose(Anser indicus)breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent.Of the two ...Background:The Bar-headed Goose(Anser indicus)breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent.Of the two recognized discrete flyways of the Bar-headed Goose,the Eastern Tibetan Flyway(ETF)is the larger,comprising at least six migration routes.However,we remain ignorant about their migratory connectivity,habitat use and effectiveness of site-safeguard mechanisms set in place for the species.Methods:We tracked 30 ETF Bar-headed Geese from Chinese and Mongolian breeding areas to their wintering grounds using GPS/GSM transmitters,to determine their migration routes and stopover staging patterns within the QTP,overlaying these upon GIS layers of protected area status and habitat type,to model their habitat selection.Results:In total,14 tagged Bar-headed Geese provided information on their entire autumn migration and 4 geese on their entire spring migration.Qinghai Lake marked birds overwintered in the QTP(n=2),geese tagged in Mongolia wintered either in the QTP(n=3)or in India/Bangladesh(n=9),representing three of the migration routes within the ETF.In total,tagged birds staged at 79 different stopover sites within QTP in autumn and 23 in spring,of which 65%(autumn)and 59%(spring)of all fixes fell within the boundaries of either National Nature Reserves(NNRs)or Important Birds Areas(IBAs)in the QTP.Bar-headed Geese predominantly occurred on four land-cover types:grassland(mostly by day),water bodies(at night),wetlands and bare substrates(salt flats,dry lake/river substrates and plough)with little change in proportion.Generalized linear mixed models comparing presence with pseudo-absence data suggested geese strongly selected for wetlands as staging habitat,avoiding bare substrates in spring.Conclusions:Based on our limited observations of these tagged geese,this study is the first to show that the current designated National Nature Reserves in place in the staging areas within the QTP appear adequate to protect this increasing population.In addition,Hala Lake in Qinghai Province and adjacent areas used as initial QTP staging during autumn migration(currently outside of designated as NNRs/IBAs)are recommended for protection,based on their use by tagged birds from this study.Habitat modelling confirmed the importance of natural wetlands as feeding areas and safe areas of open water as roosting places.展开更多
Development of diabetic cataract is mainly associated with the accumulation of sorbitol via the polyol pathway through the action of Aldose reductase(AR).Hence,AR inhibitors are considered as potential agents in the m...Development of diabetic cataract is mainly associated with the accumulation of sorbitol via the polyol pathway through the action of Aldose reductase(AR).Hence,AR inhibitors are considered as potential agents in the management of diabetic cataract.This study explored the AR inhibition potential of Hemidesmus indicus var.pubescens root extract by in silico and ex vivo methods.Molecular docking studies(Auto Dock tool)betweenβ-sitosterol,hemidesminine,hemidesmin-1,hemidesmin-2,and AR showed thatβ-sitosterol(−10.2 kcal/mol)and hemidesmin-2(−8.07 kcal/mol)had the strongest affinity to AR enzyme.Ex vivo studies were performed by incubating isolated goat lenses in artificial aqueous humor using galactose(55 mM)as cataract inducing agent at room temperature(pH 7.8)for 72 h.After treatment with Vitamin E acetate−100μg/mL(standard)and test extract(500 and 1000μg/mL)separately,the estimation of biochemical markers showed inhibition of lens AR activity and decreased sorbitol levels.Additionally,extract also normalized the levels of antioxidant markers like SOD,CAT,GSH.Our results showed evidence that H.indicus var.pubescens root was able to prevent cataract by prevention of opacification and formation of polyols that underlines its potential as a possible therapeutic agent against diabetic complications.展开更多
An investigation was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of Sphaeranthus indicus from leaf, stem and root extracts by the sequential cold maceration method against selected laboratory bacterial pathogens s...An investigation was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of Sphaeranthus indicus from leaf, stem and root extracts by the sequential cold maceration method against selected laboratory bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida by the agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition measured (mm) was compared with standard antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Ampicillin. The organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform as well as distilled water extracts were employed. Among all the extracts, tested ethanolic leaf extracts have showed more antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening methods were also done to identify the major secondary metabolites in the present species such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and tannins. This study concluded that Sphaeranthus indicus had the sufficient antibacterial activity due to the presence of various secondary metabolites.展开更多
Adults and nymphs of Psilothrips indicus Bhatti are harmful to Chinese wolfberry. The insect bodies are densely covered on leaf back under severe condi- tion to suck sap. The damaged leaves are longitudinally reflexed...Adults and nymphs of Psilothrips indicus Bhatti are harmful to Chinese wolfberry. The insect bodies are densely covered on leaf back under severe condi- tion to suck sap. The damaged leaves are longitudinally reflexed, resulting in early defoliation, atrophy of fruit shape or even fruit dropping. P. ind/cus can be con- trolled by agricultural, physical, chemical control methods.展开更多
With the aim of evaluating how changes in the metabolic status in the last month of pregnancy affects reproductive efficiency, forty six Bos indicus multiparous cows (5.5 ± 2.4 parturitions), were used. Measureme...With the aim of evaluating how changes in the metabolic status in the last month of pregnancy affects reproductive efficiency, forty six Bos indicus multiparous cows (5.5 ± 2.4 parturitions), were used. Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and dorsal back fat (BF) were taken in the last month of pregnancy, postpartum period previous to synchronization (average 50 d) and at breeding by natural mating following synchronization with a progestin (average 70 d). Average postpartum days to resumption to ovarian activity were 79.96 ± 16.5 d, and average postpartum days to conception was 88.5 ± 14 d. Days postpartum to resumption of the ovarian activity was positively correlated (0.51, P 0.01) with days postpartum to conception, also, days postpartum to conception was positively correlated with prepartum back fat (14 d before parturition) (0.44, P 0.05). It was observed that BF at calving which is an objective measurement had a low correlation with other productive variables such as BCS and BW (always less than 0.39). Body fat might be a more reliable indicator of the current metabolic status of the animal particularly in the last month of pregnancy when the indicators of BCS are somehow more difficult to interpret and subjective.展开更多
In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate on direct shoot regeneration in Sphaeranthus indicus, an important antijaundice medicinal plant, by us...In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate on direct shoot regeneration in Sphaeranthus indicus, an important antijaundice medicinal plant, by using in vitro raised shoot tip explants. The effect of various concentrations of kinetin, BAP (0.5 - 3.0 mg/l), and NAA (0.1 - 0.5 mg/l) along with AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l) was studied. Among the combinations tested MS medium augmented with kinetin (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l) was found to be optimum for production of multiple shoots (34.3 ± 0.36). Addition of AgNO<sub>3</sub> to the media not only increases shoot number in all the concentrations tested but also shoot length. AgNO<sub>3</sub> at the concentration of 0.4 mg/l produced 35% more number of multiple shoots when compared to multiple shoots (10.8 ± 0.12) produced in control. In the present study by the addition of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate and growth regulators, more number of multiple shoots (three folds) and shoot length was observed compared to control. These in vitro raised shoots were transferred to the rooting medium containing different concentrations of auxins such as NAA and IAA along with AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 0.6 mg/l). Better rooting response (21.6) was observed on NAA (2.0 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l) containing media. The healthy rooted plantlets were transferred to polybags containing soil and vermiculate in 1:1 ratio for hardening. Finally the hardened plants were transferred to field environment for utmost survivability.展开更多
Objective:To find out the difference in the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of both the species of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)and Fenneropenaeus indicus(F.indicus)infected with different stage...Objective:To find out the difference in the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of both the species of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)and Fenneropenaeus indicus(F.indicus)infected with different stages of white spot syndrome virus(WSSV).Methods:Standard methods were followed by estimating the proximate composition and fatty acid analysis.Each fish specimens were beheaded,eviscerated and filleted manually.The tissue samples were oven dried at 67°C for 24 h.Then the samples were grounded finely with pestle and mortar.The saponified samples were cooled at room temperature for 25 min.They were acidified and methylated by adding 2 mL 54%6 mol/L HCL in 46%aqueous methanol and incubated at 80°C for 10 min in water bath.Following the base wash step,the fatty acid methyl esters were cleaned in anhydrous sodium sulphate and then transferred into gas chromatograph sample vial for analysis.Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas chromatograph.Results:The proximate composition was higher in the both control tissue than the three(low,moderate,severe)infected ones.For L.vannamei and F.indicus,the carbohydrates are 5.07%and 6.18%,and the proteins are 25.01%and 22.17%,respectively.Lipid level recorded was little higher in the shrimps maintained and showed severe sign of WSSV infection than the control and the fatty acid profile result revealed that saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acid was in higher[48.72%(Severe)&16.87%(low)]L.vannamei.In the polyunsaturated fatty acid,F.indicus was 40.47%(low).Conclusions:Our study showed that the healthy shrimps are nutritionally rich than the WSSV affected shrimps.展开更多
Objective:To assess the multitudinal antimicrobial effects of recombinant lysozyme fromFenneropenaeus indicus(rFi-Lyz)in comparison with commercially available recombinant hen egg white lysozyme(rHEWL).Methods:Antimic...Objective:To assess the multitudinal antimicrobial effects of recombinant lysozyme fromFenneropenaeus indicus(rFi-Lyz)in comparison with commercially available recombinant hen egg white lysozyme(rHEWL).Methods:Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant rFi-Lyz using several Gram positive,Gram negative bacteria and fungi in comparison with rHEWL has been evaluated.rFi-Lyz was expressed and purified using Ni2+affinity chromatography.The effect of rFi-Lyz in the growth of yeast Candida krusei,plant molds Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani was assessed by well diffusion assay in petri plates with potato dextrose agar.Results:rFi-Lyz exhibited high inhibitory activity on Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.Among various Gram negative bacteria testedKlebsiella pneumoniae exhibited the highest inhibition followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae.rFi-Lyz also exhibited significant inhibition on two marine pathogens Aeromonas veronii and Vibrio alginolyticus.Among the various fungal strains tested,rFi-Lyz inhibited the growth of budding yeast Candida krusei significantly.Further the growth of two other plants fungus Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum were retarded by rFi-Lyz in the plate inhibition assay.Conclusions:rFi-Lyz exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity like a natural antibiotic on various pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains.展开更多
Background:The success of different species of ruminants in the colonization of a diverse range of environments is due to their ability to digest and absorb nutrients from cellulose,a complex polysaccharide found in l...Background:The success of different species of ruminants in the colonization of a diverse range of environments is due to their ability to digest and absorb nutrients from cellulose,a complex polysaccharide found in leaves and grass.Ruminants rely on a complex and diverse microbial community,or microbiota,in a unique compartment known as the rumen to break down this polysaccharide.Changes in microbial populations of the rumen can affect the host’s development,health,and productivity.However,accessing the rumen is stressful for the animal.Therefore,the development and use of alternative sampling methods are needed if this technique is to be routinely used in cattle breeding.To this end,we tested if the fecal microbiome could be used as a proxy for the rumen microbiome due to its accessibility.We investigated the taxonomic composition,diversity and inter-relations of two different GIT compartments,rumen and feces,of 26 Nelore(Bos indicus)bulls,using Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)metabarcoding of bacteria,archaea and ciliate protozoa.Results:We identified 4265 Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)from bacteria,571 from archaea,and 107 from protozoa,of which 143(96 bacteria and 47 archaea)were found common between both microbiomes.The most prominent bacterial phyla identified were Bacteroidetes(41.48%)and Firmicutes(56.86%)in the ruminal and fecal microbiomes,respectively,with Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 the most relatively abundant genera identified in each microbiome.The most abundant archaeal phylum identified was Euryarchaeota,of which Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii,a methanogen,was the prevalent archaeal species identified in both microbiomes.Protozoa were found exclusively identified in the rumen with Bozasella/Triplumaria being the most frequent genus identified.Co-occurrence among ruminal and fecal ASVs reinforces the relationship of microorganisms within a biological niche.Furthermore,the co-occurrence of shared archaeal ASVs between microbiomes indicates a dependency of the predominant fecal methanogen population on the rumen population.Conclusions:Co-occurring microorganisms were identified within the rumen and fecal microbiomes,which revealed a strong association and inter-dependency between bacterial,archaeal and protozoan populations of the same microbiome.The archaeal ASVs identified as co-occurring between GIT compartments corresponded to the methanogenic genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera and represented 26.34%of the overall archaeal sequencesdiversity in the rumen and 42.73%in feces.Considering that these archaeal ASVs corresponded to a significant part of the overall diversity of both microbiomes,which is much higher if one includes the interactions of these co-occurring with other rumen archaea ASVs,we suggest that fecal methanogens could be used as a proxy of ruminal methanogens.展开更多
We investigated collisions with power lines by Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and Barheaded Geese (Anser indicus) along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in the Tibet Autonomous Region during two winters.Three segment...We investigated collisions with power lines by Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and Barheaded Geese (Anser indicus) along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in the Tibet Autonomous Region during two winters.Three segments of a 35 kV transmission line were surveyed each winter for injured and dead birds.Injured birds disappeared within five days of their initial detection; most dead birds encountered had been scavenged.We recorded two dead geese on transects and two injured geese and two dead cranes adjacent to transects.We found a higher incidence of bird strikes along power line segments close to roosting and foraging areas.We recommend that power lines,new or old,located in the flight path from nocturnal roosts,near important foraging areas or crossing the mouths of important agricultural valleys should be marked with colored and/or reflecting devices that have been proven to reduce crane and goose collisions.展开更多
The Phytochemical investigation on MeOH extract on the bark of Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart.&Zucc(Aristolochi-aceae)led to the isolation of major compound(1)as light brown grainy crystals.The compound was identi...The Phytochemical investigation on MeOH extract on the bark of Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart.&Zucc(Aristolochi-aceae)led to the isolation of major compound(1)as light brown grainy crystals.The compound was identified as 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol(higenamine)on the basis of spectroscopic analysis,including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.The compound was evaluated for its antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium indicus pranii(MIP),using Galleria mellonella larva as an in vivo infection model.The survival of MIP infected larvae after a single dose treatment of 100 mg/kg body weight of higenamine was 80%after 24 h.Quantitatively the compound exhibited a dose dependent activity,as evidenced by the reduction of colony density from 10^(5) to 10^(3) CFU for test concentrations of 50,100,150 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively.The IC50 value for higenamine was 161.6 mg/kg body weight as calculated from a calibration curve.Further analysis showed that,a complete inhibition of MIP in the G.mellonella could be achieved at 334 mg/kg body weight.Despite the fact that MIP has been found to be highly resistant against isoniazid(INH)in an in vitro assay model,in this study the microbe was highly susceptible to this standard anti-TB drug.The isolation of higenamine from the genus Aristolochia and the method used to evaluate its in vivo antimycobacterial activity in G.mellonella are herein reported for the first time.展开更多
The International Commission on Stratigraphy and the IUGS Executive Committee have recently ratified a Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point(GSSP)defining the conterminous base of the third series and the fifth...The International Commission on Stratigraphy and the IUGS Executive Committee have recently ratified a Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point(GSSP)defining the conterminous base of the third series and the fifth stage of the Cambrian System.The series and the stage are respectively named the Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan Stage,after the Maioling Mountains in southeastern Guizhou and the Wuliu sidehill,Jianhe County,in eastern Guizhou Province,South China,where the GSSP is located.The GSSP is exposed in a natural outcrop near the Balang Village at a position of 26o44.843'N latitude and 108o24.830'E longitude.It is defined at the base of a silty mudstone layer 52.8 m above the base of the Kaili Formation in the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section,coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan oryctocephalid trilobite Oryctocephalus indicus(base of the O.indicus Zone).Secondary global markers at or near the base of the series and stage include the peak of a rather large negative carbon isotopic excursion(ROECE excursion),the simultaneous appearance of many acanthomorphic acritarch forms,a transgressive phase of a major eustatic event,and the last appearance of intercontinental polymerid trilobites,either Bathynotus or Ovatoryctocara.Faunal turnovers close to the base of the Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan Stage have been recognized as being at the base of the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone of Amgan Stage in Siberia,the Delamaran Stage in Laurentia,the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone in the Indian Himalaya and North Greenland,near the base of the Delamaran Stage in Australia,and within the Eccaparadocides sdzuyi Zone in Iberia and the Ornamentaspis frequens Zone in Morocco.展开更多
基金the project “Genomics for Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breeds and for Enhancing Milk Yield, Phase-I” [BT/ PR26466/AAQ/1/704/2017], funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT ), Indiathe project “Identification of key molecular factors involved in resistance/susceptibility to paratuberculosis infection in indigenous breeds of cows” [BT/PR32758/AAQ/1/760/2019], which was also funded by Department of Biotechnology (DBT ), India。
文摘Background India harbors the world’s largest cattle population,encompassing over 50 distinct Bos indicus breeds.This rich genetic diversity underscores the inadequacy of a single reference genome to fully capture the genomic landscape of Indian cattle.To comprehensively characterize the genomic variation within Bos indicus and,specifically,dairy breeds,we aim to identify non-reference sequences and construct a comprehensive pangenome.Results Five representative genomes of prominent dairy breeds,including Gir,Kankrej,Tharparkar,Sahiwal,and Red Sindhi,were sequenced using 10X Genomics‘linked-read’technology.Assemblies generated from these linked-reads ranged from 2.70 Gb to 2.77 Gb,comparable to the Bos indicus Brahman reference genome.A pangenome of Bos indicus cattle was constructed by comparing the newly assembled genomes with the reference using alignment and graph-based methods,revealing 8 Mb and 17.7 Mb of novel sequence respectively.A confident set of 6,844 Non-reference Unique Insertions(NUIs)spanning 7.57 Mb was identified through both methods,representing the pange-nome of Indian Bos indicus breeds.Comparative analysis with previously published pangenomes unveiled 2.8 Mb(37%)commonality with the Chinese indicine pangenome and only 1%commonality with the Bos taurus pange-nome.Among these,2,312 NUIs encompassing~2 Mb,were commonly found in 98 samples of the 5 breeds and des-ignated as Bos indicus Common Insertions(BICIs)in the population.Furthermore,926 BICIs were identified within 682 protein-coding genes,54 long non-coding RNAs(lncRNA),and 18 pseudogenes.These protein-coding genes were enriched for functions such as chemical synaptic transmission,cell junction organization,cell-cell adhesion,and cell morphogenesis.The protein-coding genes were found in various prominent quantitative trait locus(QTL)regions,suggesting potential roles of BICIs in traits related to milk production,reproduction,exterior,health,meat,and carcass.Notably,63.21%of the bases within the BICIs call set contained interspersed repeats,predominantly Long Inter-spersed Nuclear Elements(LINEs).Additionally,70.28%of BICIs are shared with other domesticated and wild species,highlighting their evolutionary significance.Conclusions This is the first report unveiling a robust set of NUIs defining the pangenome of Bos indicus breeds of India.The analyses contribute valuable insights into the genomic landscape of desi cattle breeds.
基金Department of Pharmacology,KBIPER,Gandhinagar,Gujarat,India for providing the funds the University Grants,The MS University of Baroda for providing research fellowship
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic and its fractions from roots of Hemidesmus indicus on arthritis in in vitro models of rodents.Methods:Preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin-layer chromoatography were performed to analyze constituents of hydroalcoholic extract and its three fraction namely ethyl acetate fraction,chloroform fraction and residual fraction of mot of Hemidesmus indicus.Arthritis rats models were established by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant.The parameters including paw edema,body weight,arthritic index,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,serum rheumatoid factor,serum C-reactive protein,serum nitrite level,and histopathology of synovial joints were observed.Methotrexate was taken as positive control.Results:Rats treated with hydroalcoholic extract(450 mg/kg,p.o.),ethyl acetate (75 mg/kg,p.o.),chloroform(60 mg/kg,p.o) and residual fractions(270 mg/kg,p.o.),showed significant decrease in physical and biochemical parameters compared with arthritic model rats. Hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction of Hemidesmus indicus showed significantly higher anti-arthritic activity than chloroform and residual fraction.Histopathological analysis demonstrated that both of hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction had comparable anti-arthritic activity with methotrexates.Conclusions:The present study suggests that Hemidesmus indicus has protective activity against arthritis and the activity might be attributed to presence of terpenoid in hydroalcoholic extract,as well as in ethyl acetate fraction.
基金Our study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31870369&No.31970433&No.31670424)China Biodiversity Observation Networks(Sino BON)The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Background:The Bar-headed Goose(Anser indicus)breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent.Of the two recognized discrete flyways of the Bar-headed Goose,the Eastern Tibetan Flyway(ETF)is the larger,comprising at least six migration routes.However,we remain ignorant about their migratory connectivity,habitat use and effectiveness of site-safeguard mechanisms set in place for the species.Methods:We tracked 30 ETF Bar-headed Geese from Chinese and Mongolian breeding areas to their wintering grounds using GPS/GSM transmitters,to determine their migration routes and stopover staging patterns within the QTP,overlaying these upon GIS layers of protected area status and habitat type,to model their habitat selection.Results:In total,14 tagged Bar-headed Geese provided information on their entire autumn migration and 4 geese on their entire spring migration.Qinghai Lake marked birds overwintered in the QTP(n=2),geese tagged in Mongolia wintered either in the QTP(n=3)or in India/Bangladesh(n=9),representing three of the migration routes within the ETF.In total,tagged birds staged at 79 different stopover sites within QTP in autumn and 23 in spring,of which 65%(autumn)and 59%(spring)of all fixes fell within the boundaries of either National Nature Reserves(NNRs)or Important Birds Areas(IBAs)in the QTP.Bar-headed Geese predominantly occurred on four land-cover types:grassland(mostly by day),water bodies(at night),wetlands and bare substrates(salt flats,dry lake/river substrates and plough)with little change in proportion.Generalized linear mixed models comparing presence with pseudo-absence data suggested geese strongly selected for wetlands as staging habitat,avoiding bare substrates in spring.Conclusions:Based on our limited observations of these tagged geese,this study is the first to show that the current designated National Nature Reserves in place in the staging areas within the QTP appear adequate to protect this increasing population.In addition,Hala Lake in Qinghai Province and adjacent areas used as initial QTP staging during autumn migration(currently outside of designated as NNRs/IBAs)are recommended for protection,based on their use by tagged birds from this study.Habitat modelling confirmed the importance of natural wetlands as feeding areas and safe areas of open water as roosting places.
文摘Development of diabetic cataract is mainly associated with the accumulation of sorbitol via the polyol pathway through the action of Aldose reductase(AR).Hence,AR inhibitors are considered as potential agents in the management of diabetic cataract.This study explored the AR inhibition potential of Hemidesmus indicus var.pubescens root extract by in silico and ex vivo methods.Molecular docking studies(Auto Dock tool)betweenβ-sitosterol,hemidesminine,hemidesmin-1,hemidesmin-2,and AR showed thatβ-sitosterol(−10.2 kcal/mol)and hemidesmin-2(−8.07 kcal/mol)had the strongest affinity to AR enzyme.Ex vivo studies were performed by incubating isolated goat lenses in artificial aqueous humor using galactose(55 mM)as cataract inducing agent at room temperature(pH 7.8)for 72 h.After treatment with Vitamin E acetate−100μg/mL(standard)and test extract(500 and 1000μg/mL)separately,the estimation of biochemical markers showed inhibition of lens AR activity and decreased sorbitol levels.Additionally,extract also normalized the levels of antioxidant markers like SOD,CAT,GSH.Our results showed evidence that H.indicus var.pubescens root was able to prevent cataract by prevention of opacification and formation of polyols that underlines its potential as a possible therapeutic agent against diabetic complications.
文摘An investigation was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of Sphaeranthus indicus from leaf, stem and root extracts by the sequential cold maceration method against selected laboratory bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida by the agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition measured (mm) was compared with standard antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Ampicillin. The organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform as well as distilled water extracts were employed. Among all the extracts, tested ethanolic leaf extracts have showed more antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening methods were also done to identify the major secondary metabolites in the present species such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and tannins. This study concluded that Sphaeranthus indicus had the sufficient antibacterial activity due to the presence of various secondary metabolites.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program ( 2009BAI72B00)
文摘Adults and nymphs of Psilothrips indicus Bhatti are harmful to Chinese wolfberry. The insect bodies are densely covered on leaf back under severe condi- tion to suck sap. The damaged leaves are longitudinally reflexed, resulting in early defoliation, atrophy of fruit shape or even fruit dropping. P. ind/cus can be con- trolled by agricultural, physical, chemical control methods.
文摘With the aim of evaluating how changes in the metabolic status in the last month of pregnancy affects reproductive efficiency, forty six Bos indicus multiparous cows (5.5 ± 2.4 parturitions), were used. Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and dorsal back fat (BF) were taken in the last month of pregnancy, postpartum period previous to synchronization (average 50 d) and at breeding by natural mating following synchronization with a progestin (average 70 d). Average postpartum days to resumption to ovarian activity were 79.96 ± 16.5 d, and average postpartum days to conception was 88.5 ± 14 d. Days postpartum to resumption of the ovarian activity was positively correlated (0.51, P 0.01) with days postpartum to conception, also, days postpartum to conception was positively correlated with prepartum back fat (14 d before parturition) (0.44, P 0.05). It was observed that BF at calving which is an objective measurement had a low correlation with other productive variables such as BCS and BW (always less than 0.39). Body fat might be a more reliable indicator of the current metabolic status of the animal particularly in the last month of pregnancy when the indicators of BCS are somehow more difficult to interpret and subjective.
文摘In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate on direct shoot regeneration in Sphaeranthus indicus, an important antijaundice medicinal plant, by using in vitro raised shoot tip explants. The effect of various concentrations of kinetin, BAP (0.5 - 3.0 mg/l), and NAA (0.1 - 0.5 mg/l) along with AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l) was studied. Among the combinations tested MS medium augmented with kinetin (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l) was found to be optimum for production of multiple shoots (34.3 ± 0.36). Addition of AgNO<sub>3</sub> to the media not only increases shoot number in all the concentrations tested but also shoot length. AgNO<sub>3</sub> at the concentration of 0.4 mg/l produced 35% more number of multiple shoots when compared to multiple shoots (10.8 ± 0.12) produced in control. In the present study by the addition of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate and growth regulators, more number of multiple shoots (three folds) and shoot length was observed compared to control. These in vitro raised shoots were transferred to the rooting medium containing different concentrations of auxins such as NAA and IAA along with AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 0.6 mg/l). Better rooting response (21.6) was observed on NAA (2.0 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l) containing media. The healthy rooted plantlets were transferred to polybags containing soil and vermiculate in 1:1 ratio for hardening. Finally the hardened plants were transferred to field environment for utmost survivability.
基金Supported by the UGC-CPEPA,Government of India with grant number G4(1)/1011/12.
文摘Objective:To find out the difference in the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of both the species of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)and Fenneropenaeus indicus(F.indicus)infected with different stages of white spot syndrome virus(WSSV).Methods:Standard methods were followed by estimating the proximate composition and fatty acid analysis.Each fish specimens were beheaded,eviscerated and filleted manually.The tissue samples were oven dried at 67°C for 24 h.Then the samples were grounded finely with pestle and mortar.The saponified samples were cooled at room temperature for 25 min.They were acidified and methylated by adding 2 mL 54%6 mol/L HCL in 46%aqueous methanol and incubated at 80°C for 10 min in water bath.Following the base wash step,the fatty acid methyl esters were cleaned in anhydrous sodium sulphate and then transferred into gas chromatograph sample vial for analysis.Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas chromatograph.Results:The proximate composition was higher in the both control tissue than the three(low,moderate,severe)infected ones.For L.vannamei and F.indicus,the carbohydrates are 5.07%and 6.18%,and the proteins are 25.01%and 22.17%,respectively.Lipid level recorded was little higher in the shrimps maintained and showed severe sign of WSSV infection than the control and the fatty acid profile result revealed that saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acid was in higher[48.72%(Severe)&16.87%(low)]L.vannamei.In the polyunsaturated fatty acid,F.indicus was 40.47%(low).Conclusions:Our study showed that the healthy shrimps are nutritionally rich than the WSSV affected shrimps.
基金Supported by a grant from the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,New Delhi,India as a part of Indo Norwegian program for fish and shellfish vaccine development with Grant No:BT/AAQ/Indo-Norway/183204/2007.
文摘Objective:To assess the multitudinal antimicrobial effects of recombinant lysozyme fromFenneropenaeus indicus(rFi-Lyz)in comparison with commercially available recombinant hen egg white lysozyme(rHEWL).Methods:Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant rFi-Lyz using several Gram positive,Gram negative bacteria and fungi in comparison with rHEWL has been evaluated.rFi-Lyz was expressed and purified using Ni2+affinity chromatography.The effect of rFi-Lyz in the growth of yeast Candida krusei,plant molds Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani was assessed by well diffusion assay in petri plates with potato dextrose agar.Results:rFi-Lyz exhibited high inhibitory activity on Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.Among various Gram negative bacteria testedKlebsiella pneumoniae exhibited the highest inhibition followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae.rFi-Lyz also exhibited significant inhibition on two marine pathogens Aeromonas veronii and Vibrio alginolyticus.Among the various fungal strains tested,rFi-Lyz inhibited the growth of budding yeast Candida krusei significantly.Further the growth of two other plants fungus Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum were retarded by rFi-Lyz in the plate inhibition assay.Conclusions:rFi-Lyz exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity like a natural antibiotic on various pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains.
基金This study was conducted with funding from EMBRAPA,São Paulo Research Foundation scholarship to BGNA(grant number:2017/12642–8)the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq,grant number:428153/2018)and fellowships to LCAR and LLC.
文摘Background:The success of different species of ruminants in the colonization of a diverse range of environments is due to their ability to digest and absorb nutrients from cellulose,a complex polysaccharide found in leaves and grass.Ruminants rely on a complex and diverse microbial community,or microbiota,in a unique compartment known as the rumen to break down this polysaccharide.Changes in microbial populations of the rumen can affect the host’s development,health,and productivity.However,accessing the rumen is stressful for the animal.Therefore,the development and use of alternative sampling methods are needed if this technique is to be routinely used in cattle breeding.To this end,we tested if the fecal microbiome could be used as a proxy for the rumen microbiome due to its accessibility.We investigated the taxonomic composition,diversity and inter-relations of two different GIT compartments,rumen and feces,of 26 Nelore(Bos indicus)bulls,using Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)metabarcoding of bacteria,archaea and ciliate protozoa.Results:We identified 4265 Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)from bacteria,571 from archaea,and 107 from protozoa,of which 143(96 bacteria and 47 archaea)were found common between both microbiomes.The most prominent bacterial phyla identified were Bacteroidetes(41.48%)and Firmicutes(56.86%)in the ruminal and fecal microbiomes,respectively,with Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 the most relatively abundant genera identified in each microbiome.The most abundant archaeal phylum identified was Euryarchaeota,of which Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii,a methanogen,was the prevalent archaeal species identified in both microbiomes.Protozoa were found exclusively identified in the rumen with Bozasella/Triplumaria being the most frequent genus identified.Co-occurrence among ruminal and fecal ASVs reinforces the relationship of microorganisms within a biological niche.Furthermore,the co-occurrence of shared archaeal ASVs between microbiomes indicates a dependency of the predominant fecal methanogen population on the rumen population.Conclusions:Co-occurring microorganisms were identified within the rumen and fecal microbiomes,which revealed a strong association and inter-dependency between bacterial,archaeal and protozoan populations of the same microbiome.The archaeal ASVs identified as co-occurring between GIT compartments corresponded to the methanogenic genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera and represented 26.34%of the overall archaeal sequencesdiversity in the rumen and 42.73%in feces.Considering that these archaeal ASVs corresponded to a significant part of the overall diversity of both microbiomes,which is much higher if one includes the interactions of these co-occurring with other rumen archaea ASVs,we suggest that fecal methanogens could be used as a proxy of ruminal methanogens.
基金support was provided by the Continental Minerals Corporation
文摘We investigated collisions with power lines by Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and Barheaded Geese (Anser indicus) along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in the Tibet Autonomous Region during two winters.Three segments of a 35 kV transmission line were surveyed each winter for injured and dead birds.Injured birds disappeared within five days of their initial detection; most dead birds encountered had been scavenged.We recorded two dead geese on transects and two injured geese and two dead cranes adjacent to transects.We found a higher incidence of bird strikes along power line segments close to roosting and foraging areas.We recommend that power lines,new or old,located in the flight path from nocturnal roosts,near important foraging areas or crossing the mouths of important agricultural valleys should be marked with colored and/or reflecting devices that have been proven to reduce crane and goose collisions.
基金supported by the International Foundation for Science(IFS)Grant Number J/4894-2.
文摘The Phytochemical investigation on MeOH extract on the bark of Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart.&Zucc(Aristolochi-aceae)led to the isolation of major compound(1)as light brown grainy crystals.The compound was identified as 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol(higenamine)on the basis of spectroscopic analysis,including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.The compound was evaluated for its antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium indicus pranii(MIP),using Galleria mellonella larva as an in vivo infection model.The survival of MIP infected larvae after a single dose treatment of 100 mg/kg body weight of higenamine was 80%after 24 h.Quantitatively the compound exhibited a dose dependent activity,as evidenced by the reduction of colony density from 10^(5) to 10^(3) CFU for test concentrations of 50,100,150 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively.The IC50 value for higenamine was 161.6 mg/kg body weight as calculated from a calibration curve.Further analysis showed that,a complete inhibition of MIP in the G.mellonella could be achieved at 334 mg/kg body weight.Despite the fact that MIP has been found to be highly resistant against isoniazid(INH)in an in vitro assay model,in this study the microbe was highly susceptible to this standard anti-TB drug.The isolation of higenamine from the genus Aristolochia and the method used to evaluate its in vivo antimycobacterial activity in G.mellonella are herein reported for the first time.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49060010,40372023,41330101)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006CB806401,2013CB835002,2015FY310100,12002CC2600)+3 种基金the National Commission on Stratigraphy of China(95-Special Project-01-1-6,DD20160120-04)the State Key Laboratory on Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy(20191101)the Guizhou Bureau of Science and Technology(CGSCFG-2010-7001Gui.Sci.Tal.[2017]5788)。
文摘The International Commission on Stratigraphy and the IUGS Executive Committee have recently ratified a Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point(GSSP)defining the conterminous base of the third series and the fifth stage of the Cambrian System.The series and the stage are respectively named the Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan Stage,after the Maioling Mountains in southeastern Guizhou and the Wuliu sidehill,Jianhe County,in eastern Guizhou Province,South China,where the GSSP is located.The GSSP is exposed in a natural outcrop near the Balang Village at a position of 26o44.843'N latitude and 108o24.830'E longitude.It is defined at the base of a silty mudstone layer 52.8 m above the base of the Kaili Formation in the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section,coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan oryctocephalid trilobite Oryctocephalus indicus(base of the O.indicus Zone).Secondary global markers at or near the base of the series and stage include the peak of a rather large negative carbon isotopic excursion(ROECE excursion),the simultaneous appearance of many acanthomorphic acritarch forms,a transgressive phase of a major eustatic event,and the last appearance of intercontinental polymerid trilobites,either Bathynotus or Ovatoryctocara.Faunal turnovers close to the base of the Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan Stage have been recognized as being at the base of the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone of Amgan Stage in Siberia,the Delamaran Stage in Laurentia,the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone in the Indian Himalaya and North Greenland,near the base of the Delamaran Stage in Australia,and within the Eccaparadocides sdzuyi Zone in Iberia and the Ornamentaspis frequens Zone in Morocco.
