The development and characteristic of agricultural sustainability indicators system （Sis）, at home and abroad, was reviewed. It was pointed out that the existing domestic methods of sustainability evaluation can not...The development and characteristic of agricultural sustainability indicators system （Sis）, at home and abroad, was reviewed. It was pointed out that the existing domestic methods of sustainability evaluation can not be accepted by foreign scholars, and their scientific basis is inadequate. The experience and shortcomings of the previous studies on the indicators selection and evaluation methods were analyzed, also with the significance for practice. Finally, a new SIs for agriculture development evaluation was proposed, together with the corresponding calculation and evaluation methods. The farmer development index indicator was proposed to embody the viewpoint that the development of people is the ultimate aim; the dynamic weight calculation method was designed to reflect the various significance of the different indicators when their values were changing; and new indicators integrate methods were also explored.展开更多
Environmental protection products and equipment are important substance basis and insurance which provide supporting for to the realization of the strategic objective of reduced energy use and emissions while improvin...Environmental protection products and equipment are important substance basis and insurance which provide supporting for to the realization of the strategic objective of reduced energy use and emissions while improving the resource economy ＆ environmental kindly society building, as well as the sustainable development economy and environment in a sustainable fashion. Here, the framework of the standards system and evaluation indicators system for environmental protection products are described based on the present deficiencies in independent innovation, lower levels of standardization, and poor operating effectiveness of such equipment in China with a goal of forcing the development of standardization, seriation and currency used in the environmental protection industry. The results presented here should serve as a reference for the promotion of quality and effectiveness in environmental protection products and equipments.展开更多
There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R4...There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R46 contents to provide a reference of the integrity comparison between the accuracy system and technical parameter system. The comparison result shows that the watt-hour meter accuracy technical indicators system of OIML R46 is more integrated. First reason is that it determines all the accuracy （basic error） defining rules just by using the technical parameter I efficiently; secondly, it can solve the contradiction that no error regulation of the range from starting current to minimum current in the process of providing, handing over and checking watt-hour meter products＇ qualities efficiently. Please pay close attention to the R46 official version which will be released soon, as it is still in the Committee Draft （CD6） stage currently.展开更多
Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of ...Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the National Drug Policy(NDP)2005 on the rational use of medicines.Methods:Searches were conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that met our eligibility criteria.Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for analytical studies.We reported and compared the median values of WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators with standard thresholds.Data were presented with median,interquartile range(IQR),and percentages.MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess for statistical significance(P<0.05)across variables.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the review,comprising 50,931 patient encounters across 268 health facilities.Within prescribing indicators,average number of medicines per patient encountered[3.4(IQR:3.0to 4.0)],percentage of medicines prescribed by generic[50.4%(IQR:47.4%to 65.0%)],percentage of encounters with antibiotic prescribed[40.2%(IQR:30.5%to 52.7%)],percentage of encounters with injection prescribed[18%(IQR:3.2%to 30.0%)]and the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential medicines list[82.0%(IQR:66.4%to 89.3%)].The median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.04)and the median percentage of medicines prescribed by generics(P=0.03)increased during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Prescribing indicators were worse in primary and secondary health facilities,with significant differences in the median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.007)and injections(P=0.0002)across primary,secondary,and tertiary health facilities.There were improvements across all prescribing indicators after the implementation of NDP 2005.Conclusions:Core drug use indicators in Nigerian health facilities deviated from the WHO/INRUD thresholds,with noticeable improvement after the implementation of NDP 2005.More efforts are needed to improve rational drug use in Nigerian hospitals.展开更多
There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and stru...There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and structural anomalies.To accurately alarm different risks of long-span railway bridges by structural health monitoring systems,this paper proposes a cross-cooperative alarm method using principal and secondary indicators during high-wind periods.It provides the prior criterion for monitoring systems under special conditions,defining the principal and secondary indicators,alarm levels,and thresholds based on the relationship between dynamic equilibrium equations and multiple linear regression analysis.Analysis of one-year monitoring data from a longspan railway cable-stayed bridge shows that the 10-min average cross-bridge wind speed(excitation indicator)can be selected as the principal indicator,while lateral displacement(response indicator)can serve as the secondary indicator.The threshold levels of the secondary indicator prioritize the safety of bridge operation(mainly aiming at the safety of trains traversing bridges),with values significantly lower than structural safety thresholds.This approach enhances alarm timeliness and effectively distinguishes between load anomalies,structural anomalies,and equipment failures.Consequently,it improves alarm accuracy and provides timely decision support for bridge maintenance,train traversing,and emergency treatment.展开更多
This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao ...This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao et al,this article aims to highlight the importance of early detection and intervention.This study compre-hensively analyzes various SIIs,examining their correlation with renal compli-cations in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children.The findings reveal a sig-nificant association between immune system dysregulation and the onset of renal damage,suggesting that certain immune indicators can be early markers for predicting renal complications.This editorial emphasizes the clinical implications and applications of utilizing SIIs for early detection in pediatric diabetes care.It underscores the importance of innovative diagnostic approaches and illustrates real-world applications and outcomes.Additionally,it addresses the challenges and considerations in adopting these indicators and outlines future research directions to enhance diabetes management in children.展开更多
Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developin...Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.展开更多
In the field of weapon system of systems (WSOS) simulation, various indicators are widely used to describe the capability of WSOS, but it is always difficult to describe the comprehensive capability of WSOS quickly an...In the field of weapon system of systems (WSOS) simulation, various indicators are widely used to describe the capability of WSOS, but it is always difficult to describe the comprehensive capability of WSOS quickly and intuitively by visualization of multi-dimensional indicators. A method of machine learning and visualization is proposed, which can display and analyze the capabilities of different WSOS in a two-dimensional plane. The analysis and comparison of the comprehensive capability of different components of WSOS is realized by the method, which consists of six parts: multiple simulations, key indicators mining, three spatial distance calculation, fusion project calculation, calculation of individual capability density, and calculation of multiple capability ranges overlay. Binding a simulation experiment, the collaborative analysis of six indicators and 100 possible kinds of red WSOS are achieved. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the quality and speed of capabilities analysis, reveal a large number of potential information, and provide a visual support for the qualitative and quantitative analysis model.展开更多
Background: Poor sleep, fatigue, and pain are major health problems in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, only cross-sectional surveys on these health outcomes have been conducted, and the asso...Background: Poor sleep, fatigue, and pain are major health problems in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, only cross-sectional surveys on these health outcomes have been conducted, and the association between day-to-day fluctuations remains unknown. Objectives: We aimed to characterize daily fluctuations in sleep quality, physical activity, pain, and fatigue in patients with SLE. Method: Exploratory study with a cross-sectional design. Two rheumatology centers (a university hospital and a prefectural hospital) in Japan between September 2017 and May 2019. The sample size was set to 20. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Sleep and physical activity were measured with monitoring devices;pain and fatigue levels were recorded daily during the 4-week period. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Short Form Health Survey-12, the Japanese version of the Lupus Patient Outcome, and SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 were collected at the start and end of the study. Descriptive statistics and coefficients of variation (CV) were tabulated to examine daily fluctuations. Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained for monitored variables. Results: The mean age was 43.7 ± 8.5 years, and the mean SLE duration was 16.0 ± 7.2 years. The mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration was 7.8 ± 5.8 min/day, and the mean total sleep duration was 391.8 ± 65.3 min, with a mean sleep efficiency of 88.6% ± 6.1%. Daily fluctuations were high for leaving the bed frequency, MVPA duration, pain, and waking after sleep onset. Seventeen participants showed correlations between some of the variables, such as fatigue or longer MVPA duration and poorer sleep outcomes;longer sleep latency and increased frequency of leaving the bed;and higher physical activity and increased pain and fatigue. Conclusion: The quality of sleep and fatigue fluctuated daily, and correlations existed between these variables, as well as for pain and physical activity. The impact of MVPA duration on pain and fatigue is of concern as increased physical activity may worsen the quality of life patients with SLE. The monitoring of sleep and physical activity using the device seems feasible for SLE symptom management.展开更多
The paper examines the three stages of the evolution of national innovation systems: national technology innovation systems, national innovation systems and national knowledge innovation systems. A national knowledge ...The paper examines the three stages of the evolution of national innovation systems: national technology innovation systems, national innovation systems and national knowledge innovation systems. A national knowledge innovation system is a network of institutions and organizations which jointly or individually contributes to the knowledge innovation (including scientific and technical knowledge innovation). The author stresses that knowledge innovation will occur in all processes of the produc-tion, transmission and use of knowledge. There are four subsystems in this system: scientific knowledge innovation, technical knowledge innovation, knowledge trans-mission and knowledge use subsystem. The author also lists some indicators for the System.展开更多
Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention....Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention.Methods: A systematic literature search of 9 databases was conducted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria using a comprehensive strategy. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE) strategy was chosen as the tool for quality assessment of included studies, and data concerning the basic study characteristics and assessment indicators were extracted.Results: Eleven studies were included in this review. The assessment indicators in different reports covered heart rate, blood pressure, placental and birth canal check, hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT),coagulation function tests, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas, but no data on the assessment of postpartum uterine contraction were found. The relationship between indicators and blood loss varies.The overall quality of 9 manuscripts was comparatively high or moderate, and 2 were rated as low.Conclusions: The association between blood loss and clinical symptoms is not conclusive based on the present studies, and specific cut-off points could not be formulated to determine the approximate amount of blood loss. However, some cut-off points can be considered warning signs for the need of advanced interventions, such as heart rate, prothrombin time, and placental implantation. Further research on comprehensive assessment and cut-off points should be performed such that birth attendants can distinguish PPH as early as possible.展开更多
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play a fundamental role in reducing traffic congestion and increasing safety during daily transportation. These systems can also be useful in improving social welfare leading t...Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play a fundamental role in reducing traffic congestion and increasing safety during daily transportation. These systems can also be useful in improving social welfare leading to general satisfaction. Proper performance evaluation can be efficient in improving the performance of these systems, and providing a scientific assessment index system can assist decision-makers in smart communities to plan for the development of ITS. However, the evaluation of these systems requires identifying appropriate indicators of performance evaluation that are consistent with the views of the beneficiaries of these systems. In this paper, performance evaluation indicators of ITS have been identified, and three indicators entitled “environmental and safety”, “assistance in reducing traffic congestion” and “attractive public transport” are presented to evaluate the performance of these systems. Moreover, the intelligent transport systems of the Tehran-Karaj Freeway in Iran are studied, and inferential statistical methods are employed to test the research hypotheses. It is worth noticing that in this study, a one-sample T-test method is used for hypotheses assessment and the SPSS software was used to analyze the findings. Also, the results demonstrated that the performance of ITS in the Tehran-Karaj Freeway regarding the indicators, such as “Declaration of route blocking information due to maintenance or reconstruction” and “Declaration of path geometry conditions” has not been acceptable.展开更多
This study investigated a natural indicator for acid-base titration which is extracted from guinea corn leaves popularly called “waakye leaves” in Ghana. Four types of acid-base titration were studied: strong acid v...This study investigated a natural indicator for acid-base titration which is extracted from guinea corn leaves popularly called “waakye leaves” in Ghana. Four types of acid-base titration were studied: strong acid versus (v/s) strong base, strong acid versus weak base, weak acid versus strong base, and weak acid versus weak base. The indicator color change, pH range and the average titre values were determined for each type of acid-base titration. These values were comparable to those obtained from three standard indicators: methyl orange, methyl red and phenolphthalein. Total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannin (CT) from the crude leaves extract were determined which might be the major reasons for the activity of the extract as an indicator for simple acid-base titration. The authors suggest that the natural indicator is cheap, available, simple to extract, user and environmentally friendly and could be an excellent replacement for standard indicators.展开更多
The energy assessment of the PV power systems is carried out by using different types of performance indicators that benchmark the output of these systems against the PV panel maximum output at hypothetical operation ...The energy assessment of the PV power systems is carried out by using different types of performance indicators that benchmark the output of these systems against the PV panel maximum output at hypothetical operation conditions. In this paper, a comparative analysis of six types of performance indicators is conducted and a new performance indicator which considers PV panel slope and orientation is proposed. The proposed indicator is benchmarking the PV system actual output against the maximum output of the same system if it would operate in two axis tracking mode. The proposed performance indicator is used to develop a friendly user calculator of PV system output that can be used by, energy providers and PV system installers to evaluate the output of the PV grid connect network. The advantage of the developed calculator is high-lighted by a case study that estimates energy capacity of different residential rooftop PV systems installed in a residential suburb in Sydney.展开更多
The concern on climate change and on the limitations of fossil fuels is leading to the promotion of renewable-based energy options. However, the assessment of the energy profitability of a technology is still a contro...The concern on climate change and on the limitations of fossil fuels is leading to the promotion of renewable-based energy options. However, the assessment of the energy profitability of a technology is still a controversial topic, especially when renewable-based systems are compared with non-renewable ones and when the depletion of the stocks of available resources is not accounted properly. As a matter of fact, some popular energy indicators do not seem to cover all the aspects of the problem, with the risk of drawing ambiguous conclusions. A set of life cycle-based indicators is proposed in order to establish a more reliable approach to the assessment of energy products which decouples the different contributions given by renewable and non-renewable resources. The proposed set of indicators has been quantified for different groups of energy products and compared with an energy indicator frequently used (i.e. EROI). A coherent assessment of the depletion of energy resources and of the energy profitability of the products is presented. The indicators could even contribute to understand the feasibility of energy projects and plans by evaluating their impact on the stock of energy resources.展开更多
Aim:To determine the effect of foot reflexology intervention on pain and physiological indicators in postoperative patients.Data resources:The Cochrane library,PubMed,EMBASE,MEDLINE,SCOPUS,CINAHL,China National Knowle...Aim:To determine the effect of foot reflexology intervention on pain and physiological indicators in postoperative patients.Data resources:The Cochrane library,PubMed,EMBASE,MEDLINE,SCOPUS,CINAHL,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,and Wan Fang Data were searched from inception until January2020.Review methods:Studies were screened according to the PICOS principle.The methodological quality was assessed with Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:5 randomized clinical trials involving 318 participants were included in the meta-analysis.There were significant differences in pain and heart rate in postoperative patients between the two groups.Conclusion:The foot reflexology intervention decrease the postoperative pain and heart rate for the postoperative patients.It can be considered to be an effective non-pharmaceutical therapy to reduce the postoperative pain and heart rate.The evidence is not enough to prove the effectiveness of reducing postoperative blood pressure,respiratory rate,pulse rate and oxygen saturation using the foot reflexology.展开更多
Background: Descriptive statistics have been used to document the high prevalence of sleep disorders, fatigue, and pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives: To describe day-to-day variation...Background: Descriptive statistics have been used to document the high prevalence of sleep disorders, fatigue, and pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives: To describe day-to-day variations in sleep indicators, physical activity level, pain, and fatigue measured using objective and subjective indicators in lupus patients with sleep disorders. Methods: We selected three patients with sleep disorders, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (≥9), out of 20 participants followed up for 4 weeks. We compared the self-rated quality of life (QoL) measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) with that of objectively measured sleep indicators monitored using the Nemuri scan. The detailed data collection methods have been previously published. Results: The sleep status generated by the Nemuri scan revealed that Case A with a flare and Case B without a flare required frequent daytime rest. The PSQI sleep duration and sleep latency were generally in agreement with the monitored data, although the PSQI failed to capture the complexity of sleep disorders, particularly the fluctuations in the quality of sleep indicators. Patient C approximately 4 hours on weekdays and 10 hours on Saturday nights. All three cases had high fatigue levels, and their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity duration was less than one-half of duration that recommended by the World Health Association. Conclusion: Visual display for objective monitoring of sleep quality is an excellent tool for understanding patients who require frequent resting and irregular sleep indicators. Objective monitoring of sleep quality, along with self-rated pain and fatigue, promotes an understanding of how patients with SLE cope with severe symptoms.展开更多
As part of improving services done for various clients in all Moroccan areas, Moroccan exportation group of fruits and vegetables in collaboration with their packaging units and producers, tends to cooperate in order ...As part of improving services done for various clients in all Moroccan areas, Moroccan exportation group of fruits and vegetables in collaboration with their packaging units and producers, tends to cooperate in order to face with international competitiveness. Indeed, the complexity of networks of partners has led policy-makers to implement new techniques and tools to help control different processes. For this reason, the implementation of a permanent monitoring of different operations ranging from production, packaging, and distribution of perishable products has become paramount. This article aims to propose a model of multi-agent citrus supply chain, based on indicators for monitoring and evaluation of performance of its logistics systems, in order to build a new independent, robust and responsive chain, and to optimize and control the flow of materials and information between the different actors and stakeholders of the chain.展开更多
Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effect...Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effective indicators of ecological change.While previous studies have primarily focused on local community structures and species diversity during a specific season,there is a need to extend the research timeframe and explore broader spatial variations.Additionally,expanding from simple species diversity indices to more multidimensional diversity indices would provide a more comprehensive understanding of wetland health and resilience.To address these gaps,we investigated the effects of wetland degradation on bird diversity across taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional dimensions in the Zoige Wetland,a plateau meadow wetland biodiversity hotspot.Surveys were conducted during both breeding(summer)and overwintering(winter)seasons across 20 transects in 5 sampling areas,representing 4 degradation levels(pristine,low,medium,and high).Our study recorded a total of 106 bird species from 32 families and 14 orders,revealing distinct seasonal patterns in bird community composition and diversity.Biodiversity indices were significantly higher in pristine and low-degraded wetlands,particularly benefiting waterfowl(Anseriformes,Ciconiiformes)and wading birds(Charadriiformes)in winter,when these areas provided superior food resources and habitat conditions.In contrast,medium and highly degraded wetlands supported increased numbers of terrestrial birds(Passeriformes)and raptors(Accipitriformes,Falconiformes).Seasonal differences in taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity indices highlighted the contrasting ecological roles of wetlands during breeding and overwintering periods.Furthermore,indicator species analysis revealed key species associated with specific degradation levels and seasons,providing valuable insights into wetland health.This study underscores the importance of spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding avian responses to wetland degradation.By linking seasonal patterns of bird diversity to habitat conditions,our findings contribute to conservation efforts and provide a framework for assessing wetland degradation and its ecological impacts.展开更多
Coastal zones are very dynamic and fragile environments, constituting a landscape ever more heterogeneous, fragmented and with increasing levels of complexity due to the changing relationship between man and nature. I...Coastal zones are very dynamic and fragile environments, constituting a landscape ever more heterogeneous, fragmented and with increasing levels of complexity due to the changing relationship between man and nature. Integrated coastal zone management therefore requires detailed knowledge of the system and its components, based—to a large extent—on technical and scientific information. However, the information generated must be in line with the political requirements necessary for decision-making and planning. Thus the use of indicators to give a simplified view of the many components of the territory, and at the same time to provide important information about patterns or trends, becomes a tool of the utmost importance. These indicators can be understood as measurable characteristics of the environment, which facilitate comprehension of the processes occurring at different scales and serve as a reference to inform the population and support decision-making. The aim of the present note is to demonstrate briefly the need to develop geographical-environmental and natural risk indicators to facilitate comprehension of the dynamic of spatial and temporal landscape patterns, particularly in coastal environments. This approach offers an historical summary of the natural, socio-economic and political processes which currently make up the territory, and which without doubt will continue to influence it in the future. At the same time, it is proposed that information should be integrated on the basis of this framework with a view to generating spatial decision support systems in a context of planning and integrated management of the coastal zones of Chile.展开更多
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation,for the project titled Strategy for Sustainability Modernized Agriculture of Beijing,China(6002009).
文摘The development and characteristic of agricultural sustainability indicators system （Sis）, at home and abroad, was reviewed. It was pointed out that the existing domestic methods of sustainability evaluation can not be accepted by foreign scholars, and their scientific basis is inadequate. The experience and shortcomings of the previous studies on the indicators selection and evaluation methods were analyzed, also with the significance for practice. Finally, a new SIs for agriculture development evaluation was proposed, together with the corresponding calculation and evaluation methods. The farmer development index indicator was proposed to embody the viewpoint that the development of people is the ultimate aim; the dynamic weight calculation method was designed to reflect the various significance of the different indicators when their values were changing; and new indicators integrate methods were also explored.
文摘Environmental protection products and equipment are important substance basis and insurance which provide supporting for to the realization of the strategic objective of reduced energy use and emissions while improving the resource economy ＆ environmental kindly society building, as well as the sustainable development economy and environment in a sustainable fashion. Here, the framework of the standards system and evaluation indicators system for environmental protection products are described based on the present deficiencies in independent innovation, lower levels of standardization, and poor operating effectiveness of such equipment in China with a goal of forcing the development of standardization, seriation and currency used in the environmental protection industry. The results presented here should serve as a reference for the promotion of quality and effectiveness in environmental protection products and equipments.
文摘There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R46 contents to provide a reference of the integrity comparison between the accuracy system and technical parameter system. The comparison result shows that the watt-hour meter accuracy technical indicators system of OIML R46 is more integrated. First reason is that it determines all the accuracy （basic error） defining rules just by using the technical parameter I efficiently; secondly, it can solve the contradiction that no error regulation of the range from starting current to minimum current in the process of providing, handing over and checking watt-hour meter products＇ qualities efficiently. Please pay close attention to the R46 official version which will be released soon, as it is still in the Committee Draft （CD6） stage currently.
文摘Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the National Drug Policy(NDP)2005 on the rational use of medicines.Methods:Searches were conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that met our eligibility criteria.Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for analytical studies.We reported and compared the median values of WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators with standard thresholds.Data were presented with median,interquartile range(IQR),and percentages.MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess for statistical significance(P<0.05)across variables.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the review,comprising 50,931 patient encounters across 268 health facilities.Within prescribing indicators,average number of medicines per patient encountered[3.4(IQR:3.0to 4.0)],percentage of medicines prescribed by generic[50.4%(IQR:47.4%to 65.0%)],percentage of encounters with antibiotic prescribed[40.2%(IQR:30.5%to 52.7%)],percentage of encounters with injection prescribed[18%(IQR:3.2%to 30.0%)]and the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential medicines list[82.0%(IQR:66.4%to 89.3%)].The median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.04)and the median percentage of medicines prescribed by generics(P=0.03)increased during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Prescribing indicators were worse in primary and secondary health facilities,with significant differences in the median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.007)and injections(P=0.0002)across primary,secondary,and tertiary health facilities.There were improvements across all prescribing indicators after the implementation of NDP 2005.Conclusions:Core drug use indicators in Nigerian health facilities deviated from the WHO/INRUD thresholds,with noticeable improvement after the implementation of NDP 2005.More efforts are needed to improve rational drug use in Nigerian hospitals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants U23A20660,52008099,and 52378288)the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province,China(Grant 202502AD080007)the China Railway Engineering Corporation Science and Technology Research and Development Project(Grant 2022-Key-44).
文摘There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and structural anomalies.To accurately alarm different risks of long-span railway bridges by structural health monitoring systems,this paper proposes a cross-cooperative alarm method using principal and secondary indicators during high-wind periods.It provides the prior criterion for monitoring systems under special conditions,defining the principal and secondary indicators,alarm levels,and thresholds based on the relationship between dynamic equilibrium equations and multiple linear regression analysis.Analysis of one-year monitoring data from a longspan railway cable-stayed bridge shows that the 10-min average cross-bridge wind speed(excitation indicator)can be selected as the principal indicator,while lateral displacement(response indicator)can serve as the secondary indicator.The threshold levels of the secondary indicator prioritize the safety of bridge operation(mainly aiming at the safety of trains traversing bridges),with values significantly lower than structural safety thresholds.This approach enhances alarm timeliness and effectively distinguishes between load anomalies,structural anomalies,and equipment failures.Consequently,it improves alarm accuracy and provides timely decision support for bridge maintenance,train traversing,and emergency treatment.
文摘This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao et al,this article aims to highlight the importance of early detection and intervention.This study compre-hensively analyzes various SIIs,examining their correlation with renal compli-cations in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children.The findings reveal a sig-nificant association between immune system dysregulation and the onset of renal damage,suggesting that certain immune indicators can be early markers for predicting renal complications.This editorial emphasizes the clinical implications and applications of utilizing SIIs for early detection in pediatric diabetes care.It underscores the importance of innovative diagnostic approaches and illustrates real-world applications and outcomes.Additionally,it addresses the challenges and considerations in adopting these indicators and outlines future research directions to enhance diabetes management in children.
基金Project supported by the University of Wolverhampton, UK.
文摘Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U14352186140340161273189)
文摘In the field of weapon system of systems (WSOS) simulation, various indicators are widely used to describe the capability of WSOS, but it is always difficult to describe the comprehensive capability of WSOS quickly and intuitively by visualization of multi-dimensional indicators. A method of machine learning and visualization is proposed, which can display and analyze the capabilities of different WSOS in a two-dimensional plane. The analysis and comparison of the comprehensive capability of different components of WSOS is realized by the method, which consists of six parts: multiple simulations, key indicators mining, three spatial distance calculation, fusion project calculation, calculation of individual capability density, and calculation of multiple capability ranges overlay. Binding a simulation experiment, the collaborative analysis of six indicators and 100 possible kinds of red WSOS are achieved. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the quality and speed of capabilities analysis, reveal a large number of potential information, and provide a visual support for the qualitative and quantitative analysis model.
文摘Background: Poor sleep, fatigue, and pain are major health problems in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, only cross-sectional surveys on these health outcomes have been conducted, and the association between day-to-day fluctuations remains unknown. Objectives: We aimed to characterize daily fluctuations in sleep quality, physical activity, pain, and fatigue in patients with SLE. Method: Exploratory study with a cross-sectional design. Two rheumatology centers (a university hospital and a prefectural hospital) in Japan between September 2017 and May 2019. The sample size was set to 20. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Sleep and physical activity were measured with monitoring devices;pain and fatigue levels were recorded daily during the 4-week period. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Short Form Health Survey-12, the Japanese version of the Lupus Patient Outcome, and SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 were collected at the start and end of the study. Descriptive statistics and coefficients of variation (CV) were tabulated to examine daily fluctuations. Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained for monitored variables. Results: The mean age was 43.7 ± 8.5 years, and the mean SLE duration was 16.0 ± 7.2 years. The mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration was 7.8 ± 5.8 min/day, and the mean total sleep duration was 391.8 ± 65.3 min, with a mean sleep efficiency of 88.6% ± 6.1%. Daily fluctuations were high for leaving the bed frequency, MVPA duration, pain, and waking after sleep onset. Seventeen participants showed correlations between some of the variables, such as fatigue or longer MVPA duration and poorer sleep outcomes;longer sleep latency and increased frequency of leaving the bed;and higher physical activity and increased pain and fatigue. Conclusion: The quality of sleep and fatigue fluctuated daily, and correlations existed between these variables, as well as for pain and physical activity. The impact of MVPA duration on pain and fatigue is of concern as increased physical activity may worsen the quality of life patients with SLE. The monitoring of sleep and physical activity using the device seems feasible for SLE symptom management.
文摘The paper examines the three stages of the evolution of national innovation systems: national technology innovation systems, national innovation systems and national knowledge innovation systems. A national knowledge innovation system is a network of institutions and organizations which jointly or individually contributes to the knowledge innovation (including scientific and technical knowledge innovation). The author stresses that knowledge innovation will occur in all processes of the produc-tion, transmission and use of knowledge. There are four subsystems in this system: scientific knowledge innovation, technical knowledge innovation, knowledge trans-mission and knowledge use subsystem. The author also lists some indicators for the System.
基金supported by Shanghai Nursing Association(No.2016SD-B03)
文摘Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention.Methods: A systematic literature search of 9 databases was conducted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria using a comprehensive strategy. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE) strategy was chosen as the tool for quality assessment of included studies, and data concerning the basic study characteristics and assessment indicators were extracted.Results: Eleven studies were included in this review. The assessment indicators in different reports covered heart rate, blood pressure, placental and birth canal check, hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT),coagulation function tests, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas, but no data on the assessment of postpartum uterine contraction were found. The relationship between indicators and blood loss varies.The overall quality of 9 manuscripts was comparatively high or moderate, and 2 were rated as low.Conclusions: The association between blood loss and clinical symptoms is not conclusive based on the present studies, and specific cut-off points could not be formulated to determine the approximate amount of blood loss. However, some cut-off points can be considered warning signs for the need of advanced interventions, such as heart rate, prothrombin time, and placental implantation. Further research on comprehensive assessment and cut-off points should be performed such that birth attendants can distinguish PPH as early as possible.
文摘Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play a fundamental role in reducing traffic congestion and increasing safety during daily transportation. These systems can also be useful in improving social welfare leading to general satisfaction. Proper performance evaluation can be efficient in improving the performance of these systems, and providing a scientific assessment index system can assist decision-makers in smart communities to plan for the development of ITS. However, the evaluation of these systems requires identifying appropriate indicators of performance evaluation that are consistent with the views of the beneficiaries of these systems. In this paper, performance evaluation indicators of ITS have been identified, and three indicators entitled “environmental and safety”, “assistance in reducing traffic congestion” and “attractive public transport” are presented to evaluate the performance of these systems. Moreover, the intelligent transport systems of the Tehran-Karaj Freeway in Iran are studied, and inferential statistical methods are employed to test the research hypotheses. It is worth noticing that in this study, a one-sample T-test method is used for hypotheses assessment and the SPSS software was used to analyze the findings. Also, the results demonstrated that the performance of ITS in the Tehran-Karaj Freeway regarding the indicators, such as “Declaration of route blocking information due to maintenance or reconstruction” and “Declaration of path geometry conditions” has not been acceptable.
文摘This study investigated a natural indicator for acid-base titration which is extracted from guinea corn leaves popularly called “waakye leaves” in Ghana. Four types of acid-base titration were studied: strong acid versus (v/s) strong base, strong acid versus weak base, weak acid versus strong base, and weak acid versus weak base. The indicator color change, pH range and the average titre values were determined for each type of acid-base titration. These values were comparable to those obtained from three standard indicators: methyl orange, methyl red and phenolphthalein. Total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannin (CT) from the crude leaves extract were determined which might be the major reasons for the activity of the extract as an indicator for simple acid-base titration. The authors suggest that the natural indicator is cheap, available, simple to extract, user and environmentally friendly and could be an excellent replacement for standard indicators.
文摘The energy assessment of the PV power systems is carried out by using different types of performance indicators that benchmark the output of these systems against the PV panel maximum output at hypothetical operation conditions. In this paper, a comparative analysis of six types of performance indicators is conducted and a new performance indicator which considers PV panel slope and orientation is proposed. The proposed indicator is benchmarking the PV system actual output against the maximum output of the same system if it would operate in two axis tracking mode. The proposed performance indicator is used to develop a friendly user calculator of PV system output that can be used by, energy providers and PV system installers to evaluate the output of the PV grid connect network. The advantage of the developed calculator is high-lighted by a case study that estimates energy capacity of different residential rooftop PV systems installed in a residential suburb in Sydney.
文摘The concern on climate change and on the limitations of fossil fuels is leading to the promotion of renewable-based energy options. However, the assessment of the energy profitability of a technology is still a controversial topic, especially when renewable-based systems are compared with non-renewable ones and when the depletion of the stocks of available resources is not accounted properly. As a matter of fact, some popular energy indicators do not seem to cover all the aspects of the problem, with the risk of drawing ambiguous conclusions. A set of life cycle-based indicators is proposed in order to establish a more reliable approach to the assessment of energy products which decouples the different contributions given by renewable and non-renewable resources. The proposed set of indicators has been quantified for different groups of energy products and compared with an energy indicator frequently used (i.e. EROI). A coherent assessment of the depletion of energy resources and of the energy profitability of the products is presented. The indicators could even contribute to understand the feasibility of energy projects and plans by evaluating their impact on the stock of energy resources.
文摘Aim:To determine the effect of foot reflexology intervention on pain and physiological indicators in postoperative patients.Data resources:The Cochrane library,PubMed,EMBASE,MEDLINE,SCOPUS,CINAHL,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,and Wan Fang Data were searched from inception until January2020.Review methods:Studies were screened according to the PICOS principle.The methodological quality was assessed with Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:5 randomized clinical trials involving 318 participants were included in the meta-analysis.There were significant differences in pain and heart rate in postoperative patients between the two groups.Conclusion:The foot reflexology intervention decrease the postoperative pain and heart rate for the postoperative patients.It can be considered to be an effective non-pharmaceutical therapy to reduce the postoperative pain and heart rate.The evidence is not enough to prove the effectiveness of reducing postoperative blood pressure,respiratory rate,pulse rate and oxygen saturation using the foot reflexology.
文摘Background: Descriptive statistics have been used to document the high prevalence of sleep disorders, fatigue, and pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives: To describe day-to-day variations in sleep indicators, physical activity level, pain, and fatigue measured using objective and subjective indicators in lupus patients with sleep disorders. Methods: We selected three patients with sleep disorders, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (≥9), out of 20 participants followed up for 4 weeks. We compared the self-rated quality of life (QoL) measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) with that of objectively measured sleep indicators monitored using the Nemuri scan. The detailed data collection methods have been previously published. Results: The sleep status generated by the Nemuri scan revealed that Case A with a flare and Case B without a flare required frequent daytime rest. The PSQI sleep duration and sleep latency were generally in agreement with the monitored data, although the PSQI failed to capture the complexity of sleep disorders, particularly the fluctuations in the quality of sleep indicators. Patient C approximately 4 hours on weekdays and 10 hours on Saturday nights. All three cases had high fatigue levels, and their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity duration was less than one-half of duration that recommended by the World Health Association. Conclusion: Visual display for objective monitoring of sleep quality is an excellent tool for understanding patients who require frequent resting and irregular sleep indicators. Objective monitoring of sleep quality, along with self-rated pain and fatigue, promotes an understanding of how patients with SLE cope with severe symptoms.
文摘As part of improving services done for various clients in all Moroccan areas, Moroccan exportation group of fruits and vegetables in collaboration with their packaging units and producers, tends to cooperate in order to face with international competitiveness. Indeed, the complexity of networks of partners has led policy-makers to implement new techniques and tools to help control different processes. For this reason, the implementation of a permanent monitoring of different operations ranging from production, packaging, and distribution of perishable products has become paramount. This article aims to propose a model of multi-agent citrus supply chain, based on indicators for monitoring and evaluation of performance of its logistics systems, in order to build a new independent, robust and responsive chain, and to optimize and control the flow of materials and information between the different actors and stakeholders of the chain.
基金supported by the Southwest Minzu University Research Startup Funds (No.16011221038,RQD2022021)Double World-Class Project (No.CX2023010)。
文摘Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effective indicators of ecological change.While previous studies have primarily focused on local community structures and species diversity during a specific season,there is a need to extend the research timeframe and explore broader spatial variations.Additionally,expanding from simple species diversity indices to more multidimensional diversity indices would provide a more comprehensive understanding of wetland health and resilience.To address these gaps,we investigated the effects of wetland degradation on bird diversity across taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional dimensions in the Zoige Wetland,a plateau meadow wetland biodiversity hotspot.Surveys were conducted during both breeding(summer)and overwintering(winter)seasons across 20 transects in 5 sampling areas,representing 4 degradation levels(pristine,low,medium,and high).Our study recorded a total of 106 bird species from 32 families and 14 orders,revealing distinct seasonal patterns in bird community composition and diversity.Biodiversity indices were significantly higher in pristine and low-degraded wetlands,particularly benefiting waterfowl(Anseriformes,Ciconiiformes)and wading birds(Charadriiformes)in winter,when these areas provided superior food resources and habitat conditions.In contrast,medium and highly degraded wetlands supported increased numbers of terrestrial birds(Passeriformes)and raptors(Accipitriformes,Falconiformes).Seasonal differences in taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity indices highlighted the contrasting ecological roles of wetlands during breeding and overwintering periods.Furthermore,indicator species analysis revealed key species associated with specific degradation levels and seasons,providing valuable insights into wetland health.This study underscores the importance of spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding avian responses to wetland degradation.By linking seasonal patterns of bird diversity to habitat conditions,our findings contribute to conservation efforts and provide a framework for assessing wetland degradation and its ecological impacts.
基金support provided by Co-mision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica(CONICYT),through FONDECYT project 1110 798:“Determinacion de indicadores geograficoambien-tales y de riesgo natural en el paisaje de La Araucania y Los Rios:Herramientas de soporte decisional para la planificacion y gestion territorial en sistemas costeros”.
文摘Coastal zones are very dynamic and fragile environments, constituting a landscape ever more heterogeneous, fragmented and with increasing levels of complexity due to the changing relationship between man and nature. Integrated coastal zone management therefore requires detailed knowledge of the system and its components, based—to a large extent—on technical and scientific information. However, the information generated must be in line with the political requirements necessary for decision-making and planning. Thus the use of indicators to give a simplified view of the many components of the territory, and at the same time to provide important information about patterns or trends, becomes a tool of the utmost importance. These indicators can be understood as measurable characteristics of the environment, which facilitate comprehension of the processes occurring at different scales and serve as a reference to inform the population and support decision-making. The aim of the present note is to demonstrate briefly the need to develop geographical-environmental and natural risk indicators to facilitate comprehension of the dynamic of spatial and temporal landscape patterns, particularly in coastal environments. This approach offers an historical summary of the natural, socio-economic and political processes which currently make up the territory, and which without doubt will continue to influence it in the future. At the same time, it is proposed that information should be integrated on the basis of this framework with a view to generating spatial decision support systems in a context of planning and integrated management of the coastal zones of Chile.
