In this paper,an index modulation(IM)aided uplink orthogonal time frequency space modulation(OTFS)structure for sparse code multiple access(SCMA)is proposed.To be more specific,the information bits are firstly partiti...In this paper,an index modulation(IM)aided uplink orthogonal time frequency space modulation(OTFS)structure for sparse code multiple access(SCMA)is proposed.To be more specific,the information bits are firstly partitioned for transmit antenna(TA)selection and sparse codeword mapping,respectively.Subsequently,the codewords deployed on the 2-dimensional(2D)delay-Doppler(DD)plane are transmitted by the selected TA,and the superimposed signals are jointly detected at the receiver.Furthermore,a low-complexity zero-embedded expectation propagation(ZE-EP)detector is conceived,where the codebooks are extended with zero vectors to reflect the silent indices.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IM-OTFS-SCMA system is capable of providing significant performance gain over the OTFS-SCMA counterpart.展开更多
A generalized multiple-mode prolate spherical wave functions (PSWFs) multi-carrier with index modulation approach is proposed with the purpose of improving the spectral efficiency of PSWFs multi-carrier systems. The p...A generalized multiple-mode prolate spherical wave functions (PSWFs) multi-carrier with index modulation approach is proposed with the purpose of improving the spectral efficiency of PSWFs multi-carrier systems. The proposed method,based on the optimized multi-index modulation, does not limit the number of signals in the first and second constellations and abandons the concept of limiting the number of signals in different constellations. It successfully increases the spectrum efficiency of the system while expanding the number of modulation symbol combinations and the index dimension of PSWFs signals. The proposed method outperforms the PSWFs multi-carrier index modulation method based on optimized multiple indexes in terms of spectrum efficiency, but at the expense of system computational complexity and bit error performance. For example, with n=10 subcarriers and a bit error rate of 1×10^(-5),spectral efficiency can be raised by roughly 12.4%.展开更多
Holographic optical elements(HOEs)based on polymer composites have become a research hot spot in recent years for augmented reality(AR)due to the significant improvement of optical performance,dynamic range,ease of pr...Holographic optical elements(HOEs)based on polymer composites have become a research hot spot in recent years for augmented reality(AR)due to the significant improvement of optical performance,dynamic range,ease of processing and high yield rate.Nevertheless,it remains a formidable challenge to obtain a large field of view(FOV)and brightness due to the limited refractive index modulation.Herein,we report an effective method to tackle the challenge by doping an epoxy liquid crystal termed E6M,which enables a large refractive index modulation of 0.050@633 nm and low haze of 5.0%at a doping concentration of 5 wt%.This achievement may be ascribed to the improved molecular ordering of liquid crystals within the holographic polymer composites.The high refractive index modulation can endow transmission-type holographic polymer composites with a high diffraction efficiency of 96.2%at a small thickness of 5μm,which would promise the design of thin and lightweight AR devices.展开更多
In this paper,Index Modulation(IM)aided Generalized Space-Time Block Coding(GSTBC)is proposed,which intrinsically exploits the benefits of IM concept,diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain.Specifically,the infor...In this paper,Index Modulation(IM)aided Generalized Space-Time Block Coding(GSTBC)is proposed,which intrinsically exploits the benefits of IM concept,diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain.Specifically,the information bits are partitioned into U groups,with each being modulated by IM symbols(i.e.Spatial Modulation(SM),Quadrature SM(QSM),etc).Next,the structure of GSTBC is invoked for each K IM symbol,and a total ofμ=U/K GSTBC codes are transmitted via T time slots.A Block Expectation Propagation(B-EP)detector is designed for the proposed IM-GSTBC structure.Moreover,the theoretical Average Bit Error Probability(ABEP)is derived for our IM-GSTBC system,which is confirmed by the simulation results and helpful for performance evaluation.Simulation results show that our proposed IM-GSTBC system is capable of striking an efficient trade-off between spatial multiplexing gain,spatial diversity gain as well as implementation cost imposed for both small-scale and large-scale MIMO antenna configurations.展开更多
Cascade index modulation(CIM) is a recently proposed improvement of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM) and achieves better error performance.In CIM, at least two different IM ope...Cascade index modulation(CIM) is a recently proposed improvement of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM) and achieves better error performance.In CIM, at least two different IM operations construct a super IM operation or achieve new functionality. First, we propose a OFDM with generalized CIM(OFDM-GCIM) scheme to achieve a joint IM of subcarrier selection and multiple-mode(MM)permutations by using a multilevel digital algorithm.Then, two schemes, called double CIM(D-CIM) and multiple-layer CIM(M-CIM), are proposed for secure communication, which combine new IM operation for disrupting the original order of bits and symbols with conventional OFDM-IM, to protect the legitimate users from eavesdropping in the wireless communications. A subcarrier-wise maximum likelihood(ML) detector and a low complexity log-likelihood ratio(LLR) detector are proposed for the legitimate users. A tight upper bound on the bit error rate(BER) of the proposed OFDM-GCIM, D-CIM and MCIM at the legitimate users are derived in closed form by employing the ML criteria detection. Computer simulations and numerical results show that the proposed OFDM-GCIM achieves superior error performance than OFDM-IM, and the error performance at the eavesdroppers demonstrates the security of D-CIM and M-CIM.展开更多
In this paper,efficient signal detectors are designed for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation with Index Modulation(IM)systems.Firstly,the Minimum Mean Squared Error(MMSE)based linear equalizer and its cor...In this paper,efficient signal detectors are designed for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation with Index Modulation(IM)systems.Firstly,the Minimum Mean Squared Error(MMSE)based linear equalizer and its corresponding soft-aided decision are studied for OTFS-IM.To further improve the performance,a Vectorby-Vector-aided Message Passing(VV-MP)detector and its associated soft-decision are proposed,where each IM symbol is considered an entire vector utilized for message calculation and passing.Simulation results are shown that the OTFS-IM system relying on the proposed detectors is capable of providing considerable Bit Error Rate(BER)performance gains over the OTFS and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(OFDM)with IM systems.展开更多
Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)assisted dual-function radar communications(DFRC)system is a promising integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)technology for future 6G.In this paper,we propose a scheme of RIS...Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)assisted dual-function radar communications(DFRC)system is a promising integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)technology for future 6G.In this paper,we propose a scheme of RIS-assisted DFRC system based on frequency shifted chirp spread spectrum index modulation(RDFI)for secure communications.The proposed RDFI achieves the sensing and transmission of target location information in its radar and communication modes,respectively.In both modes,the frequency-shifted chirp spread spectrum index modulation(FSCSS-IM)signal is used as the baseband signal for radar and communications,so that the signal sent by the radar also carries information.This scheme implements the RIS-assisted beamforming in the communication mode through the azimuth information of the target acquired in the radar mode,so that the signal received from the eavesdropper is distorted in amplitude and phase.In addition,this paper analyzes the radar measurement accuracy and communication security of the FSCSS-IM signal using ambiguity function and secrecy rate(SR)analysis,respectively.Simulation results show that RDFI achieves both excellent bit error rate(BER)performance and physical layer security of communications.展开更多
This paper proposes a high-throughput short reference differential chaos shift keying cooperative communication system with the aid of code index modulation,referred to as CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system.In the proposed CIM-SR-...This paper proposes a high-throughput short reference differential chaos shift keying cooperative communication system with the aid of code index modulation,referred to as CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system.In the proposed CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system,the source transmits information bits to both the relay and destination in the first time slot,while the relay not only forwards the source information bits but also sends new information bits to the destination in the second time slot.To be specific,the relay employs an N-order Walsh code to carry additional log_(2)N information bits,which are superimposed onto the SRDCSK signal carrying the decoded source information bits.Subsequently,the superimposed signal carrying both the source and relay information bits is transmitted to the destination.Moreover,the theoretical bit error rate(BER)expressions of the proposed CIMSR-DCSK-CC system are derived over additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.Compared with the conventional DCSKCC system and SR-DCSK-CC system,the proposed CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system can significantly improve the throughput without deteriorating any BER performance.As a consequence,the proposed system is very promising for the applications of the 6G-enabled lowpower and high-rate communication.展开更多
Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)signaling with index modulation(IM)is a promising transmission scheme characterized by high transmission efficiency for high mobility scenarios.In this paper,we study the receiver ...Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)signaling with index modulation(IM)is a promising transmission scheme characterized by high transmission efficiency for high mobility scenarios.In this paper,we study the receiver for coded OTFS-IM system.First,we construct the corresponding factor graph,on which the structured prior incorporating activation pattern constraint and channel coding is devised.Then we develop a iterative receiver via structured prior-based hybrid belief propagation(BP)and expectation propagation(EP)algorithm,named as StrBP-EP,for the coded OTFS-IM system.To reduce the computational complexity of discrete distribution introduced by structured prior,Gaussian approximation conducted by EP is adopted.To further reduce the complexity,we derive two variations of the proposed algorithm by using some approximations.Simulation results validate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
In view of the fact that the current adaptive steganography algorithms are difficult to resist scaling attacks and that a method resisting scaling attack is only for the nearest neighbor interpolation method,this pape...In view of the fact that the current adaptive steganography algorithms are difficult to resist scaling attacks and that a method resisting scaling attack is only for the nearest neighbor interpolation method,this paper proposes an image steganography algorithm based on quantization index modulation resisting both scaling attacks and statistical detection.For the spatial image,this paper uses the watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation to extract the embedded domain.Then construct the embedding distortion function of the new embedded domain based on S-UNIWARD steganography,and use the minimum distortion coding to realize the embedding of the secret messages.Finally,according to the embedding modification amplitude of secret messages in the new embedded domain,the quantization index modulation algorithm is applied to realize the final embedding of secret messages in the original embedded domain.The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed is robust to the three common interpolation attacks including the nearest neighbor interpolation,the bilinear interpolation and the bicubic interpolation.And the average correct extraction rate of embedded messages increases from 50%to over 93% after 0.5 times-fold scaling attack using the bicubic interpolation method,compared with the classical steganography algorithm S-UNIWARD.Also the algorithm proposed has higher detection resistance than the original watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation.展开更多
In this paper,a powerful model-driven deep learning framework is exploited to overcome the challenge of multi-domain signal detection in spacedomain index modulation(SDIM)based multiple input multiple output(MIMO)syst...In this paper,a powerful model-driven deep learning framework is exploited to overcome the challenge of multi-domain signal detection in spacedomain index modulation(SDIM)based multiple input multiple output(MIMO)systems.Specifically,we use orthogonal approximate message passing(OAMP)technique to develop OAMPNet,which is a novel signal recovery mechanism in the field of compressed sensing that effectively uses the sparse property from the training SDIM samples.For OAMPNet,the prior probability of the transmit signal has a significant impact on the obtainable performance.For this reason,in our design,we first derive the prior probability of transmitting signals on each antenna for SDIMMIMO systems,which is different from the conventional massive MIMO systems.Then,for massive MIMO scenarios,we propose two novel algorithms to avoid pre-storing all active antenna combinations,thus considerably improving the memory efficiency and reducing the related overhead.Our simulation results show that the proposed framework outperforms the conventional optimization-driven based detection algorithms and has strong robustness under different antenna scales.展开更多
The fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer used to measure the refractive index modulation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is introduced.From measuring the quantity of the interference fringe shift with a CCD based on t...The fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer used to measure the refractive index modulation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is introduced.From measuring the quantity of the interference fringe shift with a CCD based on the theory of isoclinal interference fringes formatting,the maximal refractive index modulation versus different external voltages,3.899×10-3 in the external voltage of 57.4 V/μm,and the dynamic refractive index modulation versus response time in the external voltage of 8 V/μm are found in our prepared 1.250 mm-thick PMMA/E49/TNF/ECZ polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.The experimental results will be helpful to understand the photoinduced reaction mechanism of the material and optimize the mixture ratio of each component.展开更多
This paper investigates the performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)enabled two-way one-relay(TWOR)system based on generalized carrier index differential chaos shift keying(GCI-DCSK...This paper investigates the performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)enabled two-way one-relay(TWOR)system based on generalized carrier index differential chaos shift keying(GCI-DCSK).We derive the expressions for the proposed scheme’s bit error rate(BER),considering both additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SWIPT-enabled GCI-DCSK TWOR system performs slightly worse than the DCSK TWOR system without SWIPT at the same distance.However,a notable advantage of the proposed system is that the relay node is self-sustainable,which is particularly significant considering the challenges associated with battery replacement in relay nodes.Furthermore,we derive the outage probability and validate the accuracy of the derived formulas using simulation results.展开更多
The simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface(STAR-RIS)is regarded as a promising paradigm for enhancing the connectivity and reliability of non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)netw...The simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface(STAR-RIS)is regarded as a promising paradigm for enhancing the connectivity and reliability of non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)networks.However,the transmission of STAR-RIS enhanced NOMA networks performance is severely limited due to the inter-user interference(IUI)on multi-user detections.To mitigate this drawback,we propose a generalized quadrature spatial modulation(GQSM)aided STAR-RIS in conjunction with the NOMA scheme,termed STARRIS-NOMA-GQSM,to improve the performance of the corresponding NGMA network.By STAR-RISNOMA-GQSM,the information bits for all users in transmission and reflection zones are transmitted via orthogonal signal domains to eliminate the IUI so as to greatly improve the system performance.The lowcomplexity detection and upper-bounded bit error rate(BER)of STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM are both studied to evaluate its feasibility and performance.Moreover,by further utilizing index modulation(IM),we propose an enhanced STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM scheme,termed E-STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM,to enhance the transmission rate by dynamically adjusting reflection patterns in both transmission and reflection zones.Simulation results show that the proposed original and enhanced scheme significantly outperform the conventional STAR-RIS-NOMA and also confirm the precision of the theoretical analysis of the upper-bounded BER.展开更多
Realizing the valley Hall effect by breaking the spatial inversion symmetry of photonic systems has become a cutting-edge field of micro-nano-optics,since the valley degree of freedom was introduced into photonic syst...Realizing the valley Hall effect by breaking the spatial inversion symmetry of photonic systems has become a cutting-edge field of micro-nano-optics,since the valley degree of freedom was introduced into photonic system.Various novel devices based on the domain walls of the valley photonic crystals have also been demonstrated.In this article,we investigate the variation of edge states by the modulation of refractive index within the domain walls,and the geometric difference between the dielectric columns of the sublattices.Straight photonic crystal waveguides with three types of domain walls(bearded,zigzag,armchair)are constructed.Simulation results show that the creation of a double-edge state in the band diagram results in two windows of stable transmission in tunable bands.Our findings might have significant implications in the field of novel optical devices.展开更多
This paper presents a method to detect the quantization index modulation(QIM)steganography in G.723.1 bit stream.We show that the distribution of each quantization index(codeword)in the quantization index sequence has...This paper presents a method to detect the quantization index modulation(QIM)steganography in G.723.1 bit stream.We show that the distribution of each quantization index(codeword)in the quantization index sequence has unbalanced and correlated characteristics.We present the designs of statistical models to extract the quantitative feature vectors of these characteristics.Combining the extracted vectors with the support vector machine,we build the classifier for detecting the QIM steganography in G.723.1 bit stream.The experiment shows that the method has far better performance than the existing blind detection method which extracts the feature vector in an uncompressed domain.The recall and precision of our method are all more than 90%even for a compressed bit stream duration as low as 3.6 s.展开更多
We propose a robust digital watermarking algorithm for copyright protection.A stable feature is obtained by utilizing QR factorization and discrete cosine transform(DCT) techniques,and a meaningful watermark image is ...We propose a robust digital watermarking algorithm for copyright protection.A stable feature is obtained by utilizing QR factorization and discrete cosine transform(DCT) techniques,and a meaningful watermark image is embedded into an image by modifying the stable feature with a quantization index modulation(QIM) method.The combination of QR factorization,DCT,and QIM techniques guarantees the robustness of the algorithm.Furthermore,an embedding location selection method is exploited to select blocks with small modifications as the embedding locations.This can minimize the embedding distortion and greatly improve the imperceptibility of our scheme.Several standard images were tested and the experimental results were compared with those of other published schemes.The results demonstrate that our proposed scheme can achieve not only better imperceptibility,but also stronger robustness against common signal processing operations and lossy compressions,such as filtering,noise addition,scaling,sharpening,rotation,cropping,and JPEG/JPEG2000 compression.展开更多
recently the indexed modulation(IM) technique in conjunction with the multi-carrier modulation gains an increasing attention. It conveys additional information on the subcarrier indices by activating specific subcarri...recently the indexed modulation(IM) technique in conjunction with the multi-carrier modulation gains an increasing attention. It conveys additional information on the subcarrier indices by activating specific subcarriers in the frequency domain besides the conventional amplitude-phase modulation of the activated subcarriers. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) with IM(OFDM-IM) is deeply compared with the classical OFDM. It leads to an attractive trade-off between the spectral efficiency(SE) and the energy efficiency(EE). In this paper, the concept of the combinatorial modulation is introduced from a new point of view. The sparsity mapping is suggested intentionally to enable the compressive sensing(CS) concept in the data recovery process to provide further performance and EE enhancement without SE loss. Generating artificial data sparsity in the frequency domain along with naturally embedded channel sparsity in the time domain allows joint data recovery and channel estimation in a double sparsity framework. Based on simulation results, the performance of the proposed approach agrees with the predicted CS superiority even under low signal-to-noise ratio without channel coding. Moreover, the proposed sparsely indexed modulation system outperforms the conventional OFDM system and the OFDM-IM system in terms of error performance, peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR) and energy efficiency under the same spectral efficiency.展开更多
Modulation degree of refractive index is an important parameter for information storage in photorefractive materials. Using the relationship between the refractive index and the wavelengths of laser and the order of i...Modulation degree of refractive index is an important parameter for information storage in photorefractive materials. Using the relationship between the refractive index and the wavelengths of laser and the order of interference, we introduce a new method to measure the modulation degree of refractive index in photorefractive materials through detecting the shift of the interference fringe in a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with a CCD. The measurement precision is also analyzed. With this method, the modulation degree of refractive index in our prepared SCLP/E7/C 60 photorefractive polymer is measured for different external voltages and the external voltage corresponding to the maximal modulation degree of refractive index is reported. The dynamic change of refractive index in the SCLP/E7/C 60 is also studied, which will be helpful to understand the reaction mechanism of photochemistry in the material.展开更多
Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted symbiotic radio is a spectrum-and energy-efficient communication paradigm,in which an RIS performs passive beamforming to enhance active transmission,while using the el...Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted symbiotic radio is a spectrum-and energy-efficient communication paradigm,in which an RIS performs passive beamforming to enhance active transmission,while using the electromagnetic waves from the active transmission for additional information transfer(i.e.,passive transmission).In this paper,a hybrid RIS-based modulation,termed hybrid phase and code modulation(HPCM),is proposed to improve the reliability of RIS-assisted symbiotic radio.In RIS-HPCM,the RIS simultaneously performs direct sequence spread spectrum and passive beamforming on incident signals.Moreover,both the spreading code and phase offset are exploited to carry the RIS’s own information.A low-complexity detector is designed,in which the receiver first detects the spreading codes and then demodulates the constellation symbols.We analyze the bit error rate(BER)performance of RIS-HPCM over Rician fading channels.BER upper bounds and approximate BER expressions are derived in closed-form for maximum-likelihood and low-complexity detectors,respectively.Simulation results in terms of BER verify the analysis and show the superiority of RIS-HPCM over the existing RIS-based modulation.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China with Grant number 2021YFB2900502。
文摘In this paper,an index modulation(IM)aided uplink orthogonal time frequency space modulation(OTFS)structure for sparse code multiple access(SCMA)is proposed.To be more specific,the information bits are firstly partitioned for transmit antenna(TA)selection and sparse codeword mapping,respectively.Subsequently,the codewords deployed on the 2-dimensional(2D)delay-Doppler(DD)plane are transmitted by the selected TA,and the superimposed signals are jointly detected at the receiver.Furthermore,a low-complexity zero-embedded expectation propagation(ZE-EP)detector is conceived,where the codebooks are extended with zero vectors to reflect the silent indices.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IM-OTFS-SCMA system is capable of providing significant performance gain over the OTFS-SCMA counterpart.
基金supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20200039)the Special Fund Project of“Mount Taishan Scholars”Construction Project in Shandong Province(ts20081130).
文摘A generalized multiple-mode prolate spherical wave functions (PSWFs) multi-carrier with index modulation approach is proposed with the purpose of improving the spectral efficiency of PSWFs multi-carrier systems. The proposed method,based on the optimized multi-index modulation, does not limit the number of signals in the first and second constellations and abandons the concept of limiting the number of signals in different constellations. It successfully increases the spectrum efficiency of the system while expanding the number of modulation symbol combinations and the index dimension of PSWFs signals. The proposed method outperforms the PSWFs multi-carrier index modulation method based on optimized multiple indexes in terms of spectrum efficiency, but at the expense of system computational complexity and bit error performance. For example, with n=10 subcarriers and a bit error rate of 1×10^(-5),spectral efficiency can be raised by roughly 12.4%.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52122316,52073108 and 52233005)the Innovation and Talent Recruitment Base of New Energy Chemistry and Device(No.B21003)。
文摘Holographic optical elements(HOEs)based on polymer composites have become a research hot spot in recent years for augmented reality(AR)due to the significant improvement of optical performance,dynamic range,ease of processing and high yield rate.Nevertheless,it remains a formidable challenge to obtain a large field of view(FOV)and brightness due to the limited refractive index modulation.Herein,we report an effective method to tackle the challenge by doping an epoxy liquid crystal termed E6M,which enables a large refractive index modulation of 0.050@633 nm and low haze of 5.0%at a doping concentration of 5 wt%.This achievement may be ascribed to the improved molecular ordering of liquid crystals within the holographic polymer composites.The high refractive index modulation can endow transmission-type holographic polymer composites with a high diffraction efficiency of 96.2%at a small thickness of 5μm,which would promise the design of thin and lightweight AR devices.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021YFB2900500in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant 62001179+1 种基金in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2020kfyXJJS111。
文摘In this paper,Index Modulation(IM)aided Generalized Space-Time Block Coding(GSTBC)is proposed,which intrinsically exploits the benefits of IM concept,diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain.Specifically,the information bits are partitioned into U groups,with each being modulated by IM symbols(i.e.Spatial Modulation(SM),Quadrature SM(QSM),etc).Next,the structure of GSTBC is invoked for each K IM symbol,and a total ofμ=U/K GSTBC codes are transmitted via T time slots.A Block Expectation Propagation(B-EP)detector is designed for the proposed IM-GSTBC structure.Moreover,the theoretical Average Bit Error Probability(ABEP)is derived for our IM-GSTBC system,which is confirmed by the simulation results and helpful for performance evaluation.Simulation results show that our proposed IM-GSTBC system is capable of striking an efficient trade-off between spatial multiplexing gain,spatial diversity gain as well as implementation cost imposed for both small-scale and large-scale MIMO antenna configurations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61971149, 62071504, 62271208)in part by the Special Projects in Key Fields for General Universities of Guangdong Province (No. 2020ZDZX3025, 2021ZDZX056)+1 种基金in part by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2021A1515011657)in part by the Featured Innovation Projects of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2021KTSCX049)。
文摘Cascade index modulation(CIM) is a recently proposed improvement of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation(OFDM-IM) and achieves better error performance.In CIM, at least two different IM operations construct a super IM operation or achieve new functionality. First, we propose a OFDM with generalized CIM(OFDM-GCIM) scheme to achieve a joint IM of subcarrier selection and multiple-mode(MM)permutations by using a multilevel digital algorithm.Then, two schemes, called double CIM(D-CIM) and multiple-layer CIM(M-CIM), are proposed for secure communication, which combine new IM operation for disrupting the original order of bits and symbols with conventional OFDM-IM, to protect the legitimate users from eavesdropping in the wireless communications. A subcarrier-wise maximum likelihood(ML) detector and a low complexity log-likelihood ratio(LLR) detector are proposed for the legitimate users. A tight upper bound on the bit error rate(BER) of the proposed OFDM-GCIM, D-CIM and MCIM at the legitimate users are derived in closed form by employing the ML criteria detection. Computer simulations and numerical results show that the proposed OFDM-GCIM achieves superior error performance than OFDM-IM, and the error performance at the eavesdroppers demonstrates the security of D-CIM and M-CIM.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2020YFB1807100in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62001179in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2020kfyXJJS111.
文摘In this paper,efficient signal detectors are designed for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation with Index Modulation(IM)systems.Firstly,the Minimum Mean Squared Error(MMSE)based linear equalizer and its corresponding soft-aided decision are studied for OTFS-IM.To further improve the performance,a Vectorby-Vector-aided Message Passing(VV-MP)detector and its associated soft-decision are proposed,where each IM symbol is considered an entire vector utilized for message calculation and passing.Simulation results are shown that the OTFS-IM system relying on the proposed detectors is capable of providing considerable Bit Error Rate(BER)performance gains over the OTFS and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(OFDM)with IM systems.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Young Scholars(Grant No.62201539)the Project of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training for National Undergraduates(Grant No.202210356005)the project of Zhejiang University Student Science and Technology Innovation Activity Plan(Grant No.2023R409055)。
文摘Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)assisted dual-function radar communications(DFRC)system is a promising integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)technology for future 6G.In this paper,we propose a scheme of RIS-assisted DFRC system based on frequency shifted chirp spread spectrum index modulation(RDFI)for secure communications.The proposed RDFI achieves the sensing and transmission of target location information in its radar and communication modes,respectively.In both modes,the frequency-shifted chirp spread spectrum index modulation(FSCSS-IM)signal is used as the baseband signal for radar and communications,so that the signal sent by the radar also carries information.This scheme implements the RIS-assisted beamforming in the communication mode through the azimuth information of the target acquired in the radar mode,so that the signal received from the eavesdropper is distorted in amplitude and phase.In addition,this paper analyzes the radar measurement accuracy and communication security of the FSCSS-IM signal using ambiguity function and secrecy rate(SR)analysis,respectively.Simulation results show that RDFI achieves both excellent bit error rate(BER)performance and physical layer security of communications.
基金supported in part by the NSF of China under Grant 62322106,62071131 and 62171135the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant 2022B1515020086+2 种基金the NSF of Guangdong Province under Grant 2019A1515011465the International Collaborative Research Program of Guangdong Science and Technology Department under Grant 2022A0505050070the Industrial R&D Project of Haoyang Electronic Co.,Ltd.under Grant 2022440002001494.
文摘This paper proposes a high-throughput short reference differential chaos shift keying cooperative communication system with the aid of code index modulation,referred to as CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system.In the proposed CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system,the source transmits information bits to both the relay and destination in the first time slot,while the relay not only forwards the source information bits but also sends new information bits to the destination in the second time slot.To be specific,the relay employs an N-order Walsh code to carry additional log_(2)N information bits,which are superimposed onto the SRDCSK signal carrying the decoded source information bits.Subsequently,the superimposed signal carrying both the source and relay information bits is transmitted to the destination.Moreover,the theoretical bit error rate(BER)expressions of the proposed CIMSR-DCSK-CC system are derived over additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.Compared with the conventional DCSKCC system and SR-DCSK-CC system,the proposed CIM-SR-DCSK-CC system can significantly improve the throughput without deteriorating any BER performance.As a consequence,the proposed system is very promising for the applications of the 6G-enabled lowpower and high-rate communication.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2900600)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61971041 and Grant 62001027。
文摘Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)signaling with index modulation(IM)is a promising transmission scheme characterized by high transmission efficiency for high mobility scenarios.In this paper,we study the receiver for coded OTFS-IM system.First,we construct the corresponding factor graph,on which the structured prior incorporating activation pattern constraint and channel coding is devised.Then we develop a iterative receiver via structured prior-based hybrid belief propagation(BP)and expectation propagation(EP)algorithm,named as StrBP-EP,for the coded OTFS-IM system.To reduce the computational complexity of discrete distribution introduced by structured prior,Gaussian approximation conducted by EP is adopted.To further reduce the complexity,we derive two variations of the proposed algorithm by using some approximations.Simulation results validate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61379151,61401512,61572052,U1636219)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0801303,2016QY01W0105)the Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Henan Provinces(No.162102210032).
文摘In view of the fact that the current adaptive steganography algorithms are difficult to resist scaling attacks and that a method resisting scaling attack is only for the nearest neighbor interpolation method,this paper proposes an image steganography algorithm based on quantization index modulation resisting both scaling attacks and statistical detection.For the spatial image,this paper uses the watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation to extract the embedded domain.Then construct the embedding distortion function of the new embedded domain based on S-UNIWARD steganography,and use the minimum distortion coding to realize the embedding of the secret messages.Finally,according to the embedding modification amplitude of secret messages in the new embedded domain,the quantization index modulation algorithm is applied to realize the final embedding of secret messages in the original embedded domain.The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed is robust to the three common interpolation attacks including the nearest neighbor interpolation,the bilinear interpolation and the bicubic interpolation.And the average correct extraction rate of embedded messages increases from 50%to over 93% after 0.5 times-fold scaling attack using the bicubic interpolation method,compared with the classical steganography algorithm S-UNIWARD.Also the algorithm proposed has higher detection resistance than the original watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U19B2014the Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant 2023NSFSC0457the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2242022k60006.
文摘In this paper,a powerful model-driven deep learning framework is exploited to overcome the challenge of multi-domain signal detection in spacedomain index modulation(SDIM)based multiple input multiple output(MIMO)systems.Specifically,we use orthogonal approximate message passing(OAMP)technique to develop OAMPNet,which is a novel signal recovery mechanism in the field of compressed sensing that effectively uses the sparse property from the training SDIM samples.For OAMPNet,the prior probability of the transmit signal has a significant impact on the obtainable performance.For this reason,in our design,we first derive the prior probability of transmitting signals on each antenna for SDIMMIMO systems,which is different from the conventional massive MIMO systems.Then,for massive MIMO scenarios,we propose two novel algorithms to avoid pre-storing all active antenna combinations,thus considerably improving the memory efficiency and reducing the related overhead.Our simulation results show that the proposed framework outperforms the conventional optimization-driven based detection algorithms and has strong robustness under different antenna scales.
文摘The fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer used to measure the refractive index modulation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is introduced.From measuring the quantity of the interference fringe shift with a CCD based on the theory of isoclinal interference fringes formatting,the maximal refractive index modulation versus different external voltages,3.899×10-3 in the external voltage of 57.4 V/μm,and the dynamic refractive index modulation versus response time in the external voltage of 8 V/μm are found in our prepared 1.250 mm-thick PMMA/E49/TNF/ECZ polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.The experimental results will be helpful to understand the photoinduced reaction mechanism of the material and optimize the mixture ratio of each component.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No:62361012)the Guizhou Science and Technology Department Foundation(ZK[2021]302)the invaluable backing from the Intelligent Evaluation and Early Warning Innovation Team for the Quality of Electric Power Equipment Manufacturing in Higher Education Institutions in Guizhou Province(QJJ[2023]064).
文摘This paper investigates the performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)enabled two-way one-relay(TWOR)system based on generalized carrier index differential chaos shift keying(GCI-DCSK).We derive the expressions for the proposed scheme’s bit error rate(BER),considering both additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SWIPT-enabled GCI-DCSK TWOR system performs slightly worse than the DCSK TWOR system without SWIPT at the same distance.However,a notable advantage of the proposed system is that the relay node is self-sustainable,which is particularly significant considering the challenges associated with battery replacement in relay nodes.Furthermore,we derive the outage probability and validate the accuracy of the derived formulas using simulation results.
基金supported in part by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grants 2023A1515030118 and 2024A1515010012in part by the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project under Grant 2023A03J0110+3 种基金in part by Guangzhou Basic Research Program Municipal School(College)Joint Funding Project under Grant 2025A03J3119in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62173101in part by the Key Discipline Project of Guangzhou Education Bureau under Grant 202255467in part by the Key Laboratory of on-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes under Grant 2023KSYS002。
文摘The simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface(STAR-RIS)is regarded as a promising paradigm for enhancing the connectivity and reliability of non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)networks.However,the transmission of STAR-RIS enhanced NOMA networks performance is severely limited due to the inter-user interference(IUI)on multi-user detections.To mitigate this drawback,we propose a generalized quadrature spatial modulation(GQSM)aided STAR-RIS in conjunction with the NOMA scheme,termed STARRIS-NOMA-GQSM,to improve the performance of the corresponding NGMA network.By STAR-RISNOMA-GQSM,the information bits for all users in transmission and reflection zones are transmitted via orthogonal signal domains to eliminate the IUI so as to greatly improve the system performance.The lowcomplexity detection and upper-bounded bit error rate(BER)of STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM are both studied to evaluate its feasibility and performance.Moreover,by further utilizing index modulation(IM),we propose an enhanced STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM scheme,termed E-STAR-RIS-NOMA-GQSM,to enhance the transmission rate by dynamically adjusting reflection patterns in both transmission and reflection zones.Simulation results show that the proposed original and enhanced scheme significantly outperform the conventional STAR-RIS-NOMA and also confirm the precision of the theoretical analysis of the upper-bounded BER.
基金supported by the Self-Deployment Project Research Program of the Haixi Institutes,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CXZX-2022-GH09)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11774103)the Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(No.2021ZR114)。
文摘Realizing the valley Hall effect by breaking the spatial inversion symmetry of photonic systems has become a cutting-edge field of micro-nano-optics,since the valley degree of freedom was introduced into photonic system.Various novel devices based on the domain walls of the valley photonic crystals have also been demonstrated.In this article,we investigate the variation of edge states by the modulation of refractive index within the domain walls,and the geometric difference between the dielectric columns of the sublattices.Straight photonic crystal waveguides with three types of domain walls(bearded,zigzag,armchair)are constructed.Simulation results show that the creation of a double-edge state in the band diagram results in two windows of stable transmission in tunable bands.Our findings might have significant implications in the field of novel optical devices.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60970148)the National High-Tech R&D(863)Program of China(No.2011AA010704)
文摘This paper presents a method to detect the quantization index modulation(QIM)steganography in G.723.1 bit stream.We show that the distribution of each quantization index(codeword)in the quantization index sequence has unbalanced and correlated characteristics.We present the designs of statistical models to extract the quantitative feature vectors of these characteristics.Combining the extracted vectors with the support vector machine,we build the classifier for detecting the QIM steganography in G.723.1 bit stream.The experiment shows that the method has far better performance than the existing blind detection method which extracts the feature vector in an uncompressed domain.The recall and precision of our method are all more than 90%even for a compressed bit stream duration as low as 3.6 s.
基金Project supported by the "Shuang Bai Plan" and "Shenzhen-Hong Kong Innovation Circle" Research Program of Shenzhen,China
文摘We propose a robust digital watermarking algorithm for copyright protection.A stable feature is obtained by utilizing QR factorization and discrete cosine transform(DCT) techniques,and a meaningful watermark image is embedded into an image by modifying the stable feature with a quantization index modulation(QIM) method.The combination of QR factorization,DCT,and QIM techniques guarantees the robustness of the algorithm.Furthermore,an embedding location selection method is exploited to select blocks with small modifications as the embedding locations.This can minimize the embedding distortion and greatly improve the imperceptibility of our scheme.Several standard images were tested and the experimental results were compared with those of other published schemes.The results demonstrate that our proposed scheme can achieve not only better imperceptibility,but also stronger robustness against common signal processing operations and lossy compressions,such as filtering,noise addition,scaling,sharpening,rotation,cropping,and JPEG/JPEG2000 compression.
文摘recently the indexed modulation(IM) technique in conjunction with the multi-carrier modulation gains an increasing attention. It conveys additional information on the subcarrier indices by activating specific subcarriers in the frequency domain besides the conventional amplitude-phase modulation of the activated subcarriers. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) with IM(OFDM-IM) is deeply compared with the classical OFDM. It leads to an attractive trade-off between the spectral efficiency(SE) and the energy efficiency(EE). In this paper, the concept of the combinatorial modulation is introduced from a new point of view. The sparsity mapping is suggested intentionally to enable the compressive sensing(CS) concept in the data recovery process to provide further performance and EE enhancement without SE loss. Generating artificial data sparsity in the frequency domain along with naturally embedded channel sparsity in the time domain allows joint data recovery and channel estimation in a double sparsity framework. Based on simulation results, the performance of the proposed approach agrees with the predicted CS superiority even under low signal-to-noise ratio without channel coding. Moreover, the proposed sparsely indexed modulation system outperforms the conventional OFDM system and the OFDM-IM system in terms of error performance, peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR) and energy efficiency under the same spectral efficiency.
文摘Modulation degree of refractive index is an important parameter for information storage in photorefractive materials. Using the relationship between the refractive index and the wavelengths of laser and the order of interference, we introduce a new method to measure the modulation degree of refractive index in photorefractive materials through detecting the shift of the interference fringe in a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with a CCD. The measurement precision is also analyzed. With this method, the modulation degree of refractive index in our prepared SCLP/E7/C 60 photorefractive polymer is measured for different external voltages and the external voltage corresponding to the maximal modulation degree of refractive index is reported. The dynamic change of refractive index in the SCLP/E7/C 60 is also studied, which will be helpful to understand the reaction mechanism of photochemistry in the material.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62201228 and Grant 62001190in part by the Science and Technology Major Project of Tibetan Autonomous Region of China under Grant No.XZ202201ZD0006G02.
文摘Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted symbiotic radio is a spectrum-and energy-efficient communication paradigm,in which an RIS performs passive beamforming to enhance active transmission,while using the electromagnetic waves from the active transmission for additional information transfer(i.e.,passive transmission).In this paper,a hybrid RIS-based modulation,termed hybrid phase and code modulation(HPCM),is proposed to improve the reliability of RIS-assisted symbiotic radio.In RIS-HPCM,the RIS simultaneously performs direct sequence spread spectrum and passive beamforming on incident signals.Moreover,both the spreading code and phase offset are exploited to carry the RIS’s own information.A low-complexity detector is designed,in which the receiver first detects the spreading codes and then demodulates the constellation symbols.We analyze the bit error rate(BER)performance of RIS-HPCM over Rician fading channels.BER upper bounds and approximate BER expressions are derived in closed-form for maximum-likelihood and low-complexity detectors,respectively.Simulation results in terms of BER verify the analysis and show the superiority of RIS-HPCM over the existing RIS-based modulation.
