This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictabi...This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictability of water quality thus plays a crucial role in managing our ecosystems to make informed decisions and,hence,proper environmental management.This study addresses these challenges by proposing an effective machine learning methodology applied to the“Water Quality”public dataset.The methodology has modeled the dataset suitable for providing prediction classification analysis with high values of the evaluating parameters such as accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity.The proposed methodology is based on two novel approaches:(a)the SMOTE method to deal with unbalanced data and(b)the skillfully involved classical machine learning models.This paper uses Random Forests,Decision Trees,XGBoost,and Support Vector Machines because they can handle large datasets,train models for handling skewed datasets,and provide high accuracy in water quality classification.A key contribution of this work is the use of custom sampling strategies within the SMOTE approach,which significantly enhanced performance metrics and improved class imbalance handling.The results demonstrate significant improvements in predictive performance,achieving the highest reported metrics:accuracy(98.92%vs.96.06%),sensitivity(98.3%vs.71.26%),and F1 score(98.37%vs.79.74%)using the XGBoost model.These improvements underscore the effectiveness of our custom SMOTE sampling strategies in addressing class imbalance.The findings contribute to environmental management by enabling ecology specialists to develop more accurate strategies for monitoring,assessing,and managing drinking water quality,ensuring better ecosystem and public health outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Electrolyte imbalance is common following traumatic brain injury(TBI)and can significantly impact patient outcomes.We aimed to explore the occurrence,patterns,and consequences of electrolyte imbalance in ad...BACKGROUND:Electrolyte imbalance is common following traumatic brain injury(TBI)and can significantly impact patient outcomes.We aimed to explore the occurrence,patterns,and consequences of electrolyte imbalance in adult patients with TBI.METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted from 2016 to 2021 at a level 1 trauma center among hospitalized TBI patients.On admission,the levels of serum electrolytes,including sodium,potassium,calcium,magnesium,and phosphate,were analyzed.Demographics,injury characteristics,and interventions were assessed.The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality in TBI patients.RESULTS:A total of 922 TBI patients were included in the analysis,of whom 902(98%)had electrolyte imbalance.The mean age of patients with electrolyte imbalance was 32.0±15.0 years.Most patients were males(94%).The most common electrolyte abnormalities were hypocalcemia,hypophosphatemia,and hypokalemia.The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 22%in the entire cohort.In multivariate logistic analysis,the predictors of mortality included age(odds ratio[OR]=1.029,95%confidence intervals[CI]:1.013-1.046,P<0.001),low GCS(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.816-0.956,P=0.002),high Injury Severity Score(ISS)scale(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.026-1.078,P<0.001),hypernatremia(OR=2.175,95%CI:1.196-3.955,P=0.011),hyperkalemia(OR=4.862,95%CI:1.222-19.347;P=0.025),low serum bicarbonate levels(OR=0.926,95%CI:0.868-0.988,P=0.020),high serum lactate levels(OR=1.128,95%CI:1.022-1.244,P=0.017),high glucose levels(OR=1.072,95%CI:1.014-1.133,P=0.015),a longer activated partial thromboplastin time(OR=1.054,95%CI:1.024-1.084,P<0.001)and higer international normalized ratio(INR)(OR=3.825,95%CI:1.592-9.188,P=0.003).CONCLUSION:Electrolyte imbalance is common in TBI patients,with the significant prevalence of hypocalcemia,hypophosphatemia,and hypokalemia.However,hypernatremia and hyperkalemia were associated with the risk of mortality,emphasizing the need for further research to comprehend electrolyte dynamics in TBI patients.展开更多
China’s financial conundrum arises from two sources: (1) its large trade (saving) surplus results in a currency mismatch because it is an immature creditor that cannot lend in its own currency. Instead foreign curren...China’s financial conundrum arises from two sources: (1) its large trade (saving) surplus results in a currency mismatch because it is an immature creditor that cannot lend in its own currency. Instead foreign currency claims (largely dollars) build up within domestic financial institutions. And (2) economists – both American and Chinese – mistakenly attribute the surpluses to an undervalued renminbi. To placate the United States, the result is a gradual appreciation of the renminbi against the dollar of 6% or more per year. This predictable appreciation since 2004, and the fall in US interest rates since mid 2007, not only attracts hot money inflows but inhibits private capital outflows from financing China’s huge trade surplus. This one-way bet in the foreign exchange markets can no longer be offset by relatively low interest rates in China compared to the United States, as had been the case in 2005-06. Thus, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) now must intervene heavily to prevent the renminbi from ratcheting upwards – and so becomes the country’s sole international financial intermediary. Despite massive efforts by the PBOC to sterilize the monetary consequences of the reserve buildup, inflation in China is increasing, with excess liquidity that spills over into the world economy. China has been transformed from a deflationary force on American and European price levels into an inflationary one. Because of the currency mismatch, floating the RMB is neither feasible nor desirable – and a higher RMB would not reduce China’s trade surplus. Instead, monetary control and normal private-sector finance for the trade surplus require a return to a credibly fixed nominal yuan/dollar rate similar to that which existed between 1995 and 2004. But for any newly reset yuan/dollar rate to be credible as a monetary anchor, foreign "China bashing" to get the RMB up must end. Currency stabilization would allow the PBOC to regain monetary control and quash inflation. Only then can the Chinese government take decisive steps to reduce the trade (saving) surplus by tax cuts, increased social expenditures, and higher dividend payouts. But as long as the economy remains overheated, the government hesitates to take these trade-surplus-reduction measures because of their near-term inflationary consequences.展开更多
A pilot pattern across two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols with a special structure is designed for the channel estimation of OFDM systems with inphase and quadrature IQ imbalances at the recei...A pilot pattern across two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols with a special structure is designed for the channel estimation of OFDM systems with inphase and quadrature IQ imbalances at the receiver.A high-efficiency time-domain TD least square LS channel estimator and a low-complexity frequency-domain Gaussian elimination GE equalizer are proposed to eliminate IQ distortion.The former estimator can significantly suppress channel noise by a factor N/L＋1 over the existing frequency-domain FD LS where N and L＋1 are the total number of subcarriers and the length of cyclic prefix and the proposed GE requires only 2N complex multiplications per OFDM symbol.Simulation results show that by exploiting the TD property of the channel the proposed TD-LS channel estimator obtains a significant signal-to-noise ratio gain over the existing FD-LS one whereas the proposed low-complexity GE compensation achieves the same bit error rate BER performance as the existing LS one.展开更多
A psychobiological model of the etiopathology of bipolar disorder is proposed. Based on genetic-epigenetic and chronobiological factors a hyperintentional personality structure, if faced with non-feasible intentional ...A psychobiological model of the etiopathology of bipolar disorder is proposed. Based on genetic-epigenetic and chronobiological factors a hyperintentional personality structure, if faced with non-feasible intentional programs in the environment, suffers from inner and outer stress. This stress situation leads to imbalances in information processing in glial-neuronal synaptic units, called tripartite synapses. In depression the overexpression of astrocytic receptors and of gap junctions in the astroglial network causes a prolonged information processing which affects the behavior generating systems in the brainstem reticular formation. Because the activation of the behavior generating systems is protracted, they are unable to select an appropriate mode of behavior (e.g. communicating, eating, working, sleeping, etc.) from sensory information in real time. Inversely, in mania astrocytic receptors and gap junctions are underexpressed causing a shortened synaptic information processing with rapid changes in behavior. Switching may represent a coping-attempt with depression by mania and vice versa. Towards a comprehensive model of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder the role of microglia and their devastating effects on glial-neuronal interactions are outlined. Finally, the testing of the model is discussed.展开更多
The paper aims to investigate the current account imbalances in the context of an overview of macroeconomic fundamentals after the liberalization process in Turkey. Two main questions discussed here are： （1） What i...The paper aims to investigate the current account imbalances in the context of an overview of macroeconomic fundamentals after the liberalization process in Turkey. Two main questions discussed here are： （1） What is the link between liberalization and current account imbalances; （2） What kind of mechanisms ensured this link to become a vicious circle. The period after 1989, Turkey was characterized by significant fluctuations in macroeconomic activity by the implementation of liberalization policies. Once financial liberalization is adopted, Turkey faced with a new challenge： large current account deficits. On the other hand, foreign capital inflows aggravated a lending boom. Because of excessive risk taken by banks, interest rates began to rise. As mentioned above, the paper studies Turkey＇s liberalization process with a number of indicators that point to a fragility of the external balance： unhealthy structure of financial sector, particularly banking sector, large fiscal imbalances, low savings and investment rates, unstable GDP growth. Domestic structural features combining with macroeconomic policy stance and political factors are examined as well展开更多
An efficient compensation scheme combining a timedomain Gaussian elimination（GE） channel estimator and a frequency-domain GE equalizer is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） systems with ...An efficient compensation scheme combining a timedomain Gaussian elimination（GE） channel estimator and a frequency-domain GE equalizer is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） systems with frequencydependent in-phase and quadrature-phase（IQ） imbalances at both transmitter and receiver.Compared with the traditional least square and least mean square compensation schemes,the proposed compensation scheme achieves the same bit error rate as the ideal IQ branches by using only two training OFDM symbols instead of about 20 OFDM symbols.展开更多
Rectifying the structural imbalance between the provision of and demand for rural public services can effectively boost the efficiency of public funds utilization and the level of public service provision. Based on th...Rectifying the structural imbalance between the provision of and demand for rural public services can effectively boost the efficiency of public funds utilization and the level of public service provision. Based on the findings of a field survey, this article presents a summary of the structural imbalance between the provision of and demand for rural public services. This paper holds that the structural imbalance is primarily reflected in the dislocation between provision and demand, the unsuitable mode of provision, the monolithic provision mechanism, the excessive focus on construction at the expense of governance and the overemphasis of counties and townships at the cost of villages. Such structural imbalance is principally because of the limited financial strength of government at the grass-roots level due to treasury centralization and the over-dependence of public services on special funds allocated by government at or above provincial level.展开更多
This paper examines the inherent relationship between the global imbalance and the financial crisis from historical review and a survey of the literature.This paper sets up a two-country model featured by monetary heg...This paper examines the inherent relationship between the global imbalance and the financial crisis from historical review and a survey of the literature.This paper sets up a two-country model featured by monetary hegemony showing that the financial crisis of 2008 is interrelated with the United States’ expansionary monetary policy and the hegemony of the U.S.dollar.This paper then analyses the impact of the crisis and the policy responses,focusing on the preconditions for China’s economic recovery.Through an international comparison,we argue that one of the Great Depression’s lessons is that the exorbitant government intervention in some areas was harmful and that the necessary condition for China’s recovery is economic flexibility,namely,resilient market mechanisms.展开更多
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme has been considered as the most promising physical-layer architecture for the future wireless systems to provide high-spee...Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme has been considered as the most promising physical-layer architecture for the future wireless systems to provide high-speed communications. However, the performance of the MIMO-OFDM system may be degraded by in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalances caused by component imperfections in the analog front-ends of the transceivers. I/Q imbalances result in inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems and cause inaccurate estimate of the channel state information (CSI), which is essential for diversity combining at the MIMO receiver. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to analyzing a MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system with I/Q imbalances over multi-path fading channels. A virtual channel is proposed as the combination of multi-path fading channel effects and I/Q imbalances at the transmitter and receiver. Based on this new approach, the effects of the channel and I/Q imbalances can be jointly estimated, and the influence of channel estimation error due to I/Q imbalances can be greatly reduced. An optimal minimal mean square error (MMSE) estimator and a low-complexity least square (LS) estimator are employed to estimate the joint coefficients of the virtual channel, which are then used to equalize the distorted signals. System performance is theoretically analyzed and verified by simulation experiments under different system configurations. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve system performance that is close to the ideal case in which I/Q are balanced and the channel state information is known at the receiver.展开更多
China’s ballooning current account surplus has caused a plethora of adverse effects on the healthy development of its economy.Based on an in-depth analysis of the contributory factors to the swelling current account ...China’s ballooning current account surplus has caused a plethora of adverse effects on the healthy development of its economy.Based on an in-depth analysis of the contributory factors to the swelling current account surplus,this paper purports to demonstrate theoretically and empirically that while the chronic savings-consumption imbalance is an important contributor to China’s huge trade surplus,the fundamental underlying contributor is the income structure and savings structure imbalance stemming from the disproportionate increase in retained earnings relative to stagnant wage bills.Corporate retained earnings keep growing rapidly because corporate profit margins are"overstated"and state-owned enterprises"do not pay dividends."Only when these issues are resolved at the institutional level can the savings rate be reduced to an appropriate level with domestic demand boosted to eliminate excess trade surpluses and fundamentally fix internal and external economic imbalances.展开更多
Against the backdrop of geopolitical conflicts and major power competition,the US and several Western nations have claimed that China has significant"overcapacity"in manufacturing and have imposed various ta...Against the backdrop of geopolitical conflicts and major power competition,the US and several Western nations have claimed that China has significant"overcapacity"in manufacturing and have imposed various tariff and nontariff trade measures to shield domestic industries.Using data from publicly listed companies,this study conducted an industry-level analysis of investment and capacity expansion in China's manufacturing sector:We find that the growth in manufacturing investment is currently driven mainly by the"new trio"(electric vehicles,solar cells,and lithium batteries),and most enterprises have begun market-oriented clearing.However,the new trio involved in investment and capacity expansion accounts for only a small portion of China's manufacturing sector.The US narrative regarding China's overcapacity is therefore fundamentally misleading.From the perspective of major power dynamics,the essence of the overcapacity narrative lies in China-US trade imbalances,which are,in turn,a consequence of macroeconomic imbalances between the two nations.Insufficient demand in China and excess demand in the US form the underlying impetus behind the trade imbalances.展开更多
The nutritional status of rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)is inseparable from the production of natural rubber.Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)levels in rubber leaves are 2 crucial criteria that reflect the nutritional sta...The nutritional status of rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)is inseparable from the production of natural rubber.Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)levels in rubber leaves are 2 crucial criteria that reflect the nutritional status of the rubber tree.Advanced hyperspectral technology can evaluate N and K statuses in leaves rapidly.However,high bias and uncertain results will be generated when using a small size and imbalance dataset to train a spectral estimaion model.A typical solution of laborious long-term nutrient stress and high-intensive data collection deviates from rapid and flexible advantages of hyperspectral tech.Therefore,a less intensive and streamlined method,remining information from hyperspectral image data,was assessed.展开更多
We analyze global and euro area imbalances by focusing on China and Germany as large surplus and creditor countries. In the 2000s, domestic reforms expanded the effective labor force, restrained wages, shifted income ...We analyze global and euro area imbalances by focusing on China and Germany as large surplus and creditor countries. In the 2000s, domestic reforms expanded the effective labor force, restrained wages, shifted income toward profits and increased corporate saving. As a result, the Chinese and German current account surpluses widened, and that of Germany has proven more persistent, with subdued domestic investment. China is an early-stage creditor, holding a short equity position and a longposition in safe debt. Germany＇s balanced net debt and equity claims mark it as a mature creditor thatprovides insurance to the rest of the world. China pays to lay off equity risk, while Germany, by contrast, harvests a moderate yield on its net claims. In both economies, the shortfall of the net international investment position from cumulated current account surpluses arises from exchange rate changes, asymmetric valuation gains, and, in Germany＇s case, credit losses.展开更多
This paper attempts to explain the fundamental cause of China＇s growing imbalanee problems. Economic data confirm that the key structural imbalance problems, such as overinvestment, large current account surpluses, l...This paper attempts to explain the fundamental cause of China＇s growing imbalanee problems. Economic data confirm that the key structural imbalance problems, such as overinvestment, large current account surpluses, low consumption share of GDP and income inequality, have all deteriorated over the past few years, despite continuous policy efforts to correct these problems. We argue that the key determining factor is repressed factor cost, which is associated with heavily distorted markets for labor, capital, land, resources and the environment. These are like implicit subsidies for producers, investors and exporters. They boost growth and, at the same time, lift investment and exports. Previous policy efforts have focused more on administrative measures, which have not been sustainable. Therefore, a more fundamental solution to the imbalance problem lies in completing market-oriented re forms for production factors and allowing free markets to determine prices of labor, capital, land and resources.展开更多
This paper presents the view that it is not constructive to start the analysis of international payments imbalances from the US current account deficit. It is more informative to start from excess of savings over inve...This paper presents the view that it is not constructive to start the analysis of international payments imbalances from the US current account deficit. It is more informative to start from excess of savings over investment in Asia. This imbalance principally arises because of a fall in the investment ratio rather than a rise in the saving ratio, and traces its origin to the after-effects of the Asian Crisis of 1997/98. In the final section the case of China is addressed, and the view is put forward that the combination of rapid economic growth, a fixed exchange rate and persistent current account surpluses is not sustainable into the medium term, and it is in China＇s domestic interests to adjust its exchange rate. Whether or not this has an appreciable influence on other countries＇ balance of payments positions is of secondary importance.展开更多
A striking feature of the structural change literature is that, even though the U.S. economy is often used as a benchmark for calibration, the traditional mo- dels cannot account for the steep decline in manufacturing...A striking feature of the structural change literature is that, even though the U.S. economy is often used as a benchmark for calibration, the traditional mo- dels cannot account for the steep decline in manufacturing and rise in services in the U.S. since the late 1970s （Buera and Kaboski, 2009）. In order to solve this puzzle, this paper develops a three-sector model to evaluate various factors that could have contributed to the structural transformation process from 1950 to 2005. The results show that, in addition to traditional explanations, such as non-homothetic preference and sector-biased productivity progress, international trade is another major source of structural change and is able to explain about 35.5% of the overall employment share decrease in American manufacturing. The quantitative calibration estimates that the inter-sector trade makes a moderate contribution, while trade imbalances dominate the recent contraction of manufacturing employment share. Our results suggest that calibrated models based on U.S. data have to be adjusted by trade factors.展开更多
An oriented tripartite graph is the result of assigning a direction to each edge of a simple tripartite graph. For any vertex x in an oriented tripartite graph D（U, V, W）, let dx^＋ and dx^- denote the outdegree and...An oriented tripartite graph is the result of assigning a direction to each edge of a simple tripartite graph. For any vertex x in an oriented tripartite graph D（U, V, W）, let dx^＋ and dx^- denote the outdegree and indegree respectively of x. Define aui： dui^＋ - dus^-, bvj = dvj^＋ - dvj^- and cwk = dwk^＋ - dwk^- as the imbalances of the vertices ui in U, vj in V and wk in W respectively. In this paper, we obtain criteria for sequences of integers to be the imbalances of some oriented tripartite graph. Keywords Digraph, imbalance, outdegree, indegree, oriented graph, oriented tripartite graph, arc展开更多
To the Editor:Kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining electrolyte balance,which is essential for the normal functioning of many metabolic and physiological processes.Electrolyte imbalances(EIs)are common manifestat...To the Editor:Kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining electrolyte balance,which is essential for the normal functioning of many metabolic and physiological processes.Electrolyte imbalances(EIs)are common manifestations of renal dysfunction and can have potentially life-threatening consequences.Mixed EIs,defined as the coexistence of two or more EIs in a single patient,are frequently observed in nephrology practice.Previous studies have typically treated different EIs as separate entities and explored their independent associations with prognosis.However,the combined prognostic impact of coexisting EIs remains unclear.This knowledge gap highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of mixed EIs,particularly in patients with renal disease(RD),in which electrolyte dysregulation is both a characteristic feature and an essential therapeutic target.展开更多
Since the start of the 21st century,health issues caused by exposure to geological materials,such as heavy metal pollution and/or imbalances in essential elements,have consistently affected about one billion people wo...Since the start of the 21st century,health issues caused by exposure to geological materials,such as heavy metal pollution and/or imbalances in essential elements,have consistently affected about one billion people worldwide.In response to this critical problem,the field of Medical Geology has developed through collaborative efforts from experts in various disciplines,including geologists,environmental scientists,biologists,biochemists,toxicologists,epidemiologists,and public health professionals.展开更多
文摘This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictability of water quality thus plays a crucial role in managing our ecosystems to make informed decisions and,hence,proper environmental management.This study addresses these challenges by proposing an effective machine learning methodology applied to the“Water Quality”public dataset.The methodology has modeled the dataset suitable for providing prediction classification analysis with high values of the evaluating parameters such as accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity.The proposed methodology is based on two novel approaches:(a)the SMOTE method to deal with unbalanced data and(b)the skillfully involved classical machine learning models.This paper uses Random Forests,Decision Trees,XGBoost,and Support Vector Machines because they can handle large datasets,train models for handling skewed datasets,and provide high accuracy in water quality classification.A key contribution of this work is the use of custom sampling strategies within the SMOTE approach,which significantly enhanced performance metrics and improved class imbalance handling.The results demonstrate significant improvements in predictive performance,achieving the highest reported metrics:accuracy(98.92%vs.96.06%),sensitivity(98.3%vs.71.26%),and F1 score(98.37%vs.79.74%)using the XGBoost model.These improvements underscore the effectiveness of our custom SMOTE sampling strategies in addressing class imbalance.The findings contribute to environmental management by enabling ecology specialists to develop more accurate strategies for monitoring,assessing,and managing drinking water quality,ensuring better ecosystem and public health outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND:Electrolyte imbalance is common following traumatic brain injury(TBI)and can significantly impact patient outcomes.We aimed to explore the occurrence,patterns,and consequences of electrolyte imbalance in adult patients with TBI.METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted from 2016 to 2021 at a level 1 trauma center among hospitalized TBI patients.On admission,the levels of serum electrolytes,including sodium,potassium,calcium,magnesium,and phosphate,were analyzed.Demographics,injury characteristics,and interventions were assessed.The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality in TBI patients.RESULTS:A total of 922 TBI patients were included in the analysis,of whom 902(98%)had electrolyte imbalance.The mean age of patients with electrolyte imbalance was 32.0±15.0 years.Most patients were males(94%).The most common electrolyte abnormalities were hypocalcemia,hypophosphatemia,and hypokalemia.The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 22%in the entire cohort.In multivariate logistic analysis,the predictors of mortality included age(odds ratio[OR]=1.029,95%confidence intervals[CI]:1.013-1.046,P<0.001),low GCS(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.816-0.956,P=0.002),high Injury Severity Score(ISS)scale(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.026-1.078,P<0.001),hypernatremia(OR=2.175,95%CI:1.196-3.955,P=0.011),hyperkalemia(OR=4.862,95%CI:1.222-19.347;P=0.025),low serum bicarbonate levels(OR=0.926,95%CI:0.868-0.988,P=0.020),high serum lactate levels(OR=1.128,95%CI:1.022-1.244,P=0.017),high glucose levels(OR=1.072,95%CI:1.014-1.133,P=0.015),a longer activated partial thromboplastin time(OR=1.054,95%CI:1.024-1.084,P<0.001)and higer international normalized ratio(INR)(OR=3.825,95%CI:1.592-9.188,P=0.003).CONCLUSION:Electrolyte imbalance is common in TBI patients,with the significant prevalence of hypocalcemia,hypophosphatemia,and hypokalemia.However,hypernatremia and hyperkalemia were associated with the risk of mortality,emphasizing the need for further research to comprehend electrolyte dynamics in TBI patients.
文摘China’s financial conundrum arises from two sources: (1) its large trade (saving) surplus results in a currency mismatch because it is an immature creditor that cannot lend in its own currency. Instead foreign currency claims (largely dollars) build up within domestic financial institutions. And (2) economists – both American and Chinese – mistakenly attribute the surpluses to an undervalued renminbi. To placate the United States, the result is a gradual appreciation of the renminbi against the dollar of 6% or more per year. This predictable appreciation since 2004, and the fall in US interest rates since mid 2007, not only attracts hot money inflows but inhibits private capital outflows from financing China’s huge trade surplus. This one-way bet in the foreign exchange markets can no longer be offset by relatively low interest rates in China compared to the United States, as had been the case in 2005-06. Thus, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) now must intervene heavily to prevent the renminbi from ratcheting upwards – and so becomes the country’s sole international financial intermediary. Despite massive efforts by the PBOC to sterilize the monetary consequences of the reserve buildup, inflation in China is increasing, with excess liquidity that spills over into the world economy. China has been transformed from a deflationary force on American and European price levels into an inflationary one. Because of the currency mismatch, floating the RMB is neither feasible nor desirable – and a higher RMB would not reduce China’s trade surplus. Instead, monetary control and normal private-sector finance for the trade surplus require a return to a credibly fixed nominal yuan/dollar rate similar to that which existed between 1995 and 2004. But for any newly reset yuan/dollar rate to be credible as a monetary anchor, foreign "China bashing" to get the RMB up must end. Currency stabilization would allow the PBOC to regain monetary control and quash inflation. Only then can the Chinese government take decisive steps to reduce the trade (saving) surplus by tax cuts, increased social expenditures, and higher dividend payouts. But as long as the economy remains overheated, the government hesitates to take these trade-surplus-reduction measures because of their near-term inflationary consequences.
基金The Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory of Southeast University(No.2013D02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30920130122004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61271230,61472190)
文摘A pilot pattern across two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM symbols with a special structure is designed for the channel estimation of OFDM systems with inphase and quadrature IQ imbalances at the receiver.A high-efficiency time-domain TD least square LS channel estimator and a low-complexity frequency-domain Gaussian elimination GE equalizer are proposed to eliminate IQ distortion.The former estimator can significantly suppress channel noise by a factor N/L＋1 over the existing frequency-domain FD LS where N and L＋1 are the total number of subcarriers and the length of cyclic prefix and the proposed GE requires only 2N complex multiplications per OFDM symbol.Simulation results show that by exploiting the TD property of the channel the proposed TD-LS channel estimator obtains a significant signal-to-noise ratio gain over the existing FD-LS one whereas the proposed low-complexity GE compensation achieves the same bit error rate BER performance as the existing LS one.
文摘A psychobiological model of the etiopathology of bipolar disorder is proposed. Based on genetic-epigenetic and chronobiological factors a hyperintentional personality structure, if faced with non-feasible intentional programs in the environment, suffers from inner and outer stress. This stress situation leads to imbalances in information processing in glial-neuronal synaptic units, called tripartite synapses. In depression the overexpression of astrocytic receptors and of gap junctions in the astroglial network causes a prolonged information processing which affects the behavior generating systems in the brainstem reticular formation. Because the activation of the behavior generating systems is protracted, they are unable to select an appropriate mode of behavior (e.g. communicating, eating, working, sleeping, etc.) from sensory information in real time. Inversely, in mania astrocytic receptors and gap junctions are underexpressed causing a shortened synaptic information processing with rapid changes in behavior. Switching may represent a coping-attempt with depression by mania and vice versa. Towards a comprehensive model of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder the role of microglia and their devastating effects on glial-neuronal interactions are outlined. Finally, the testing of the model is discussed.
文摘The paper aims to investigate the current account imbalances in the context of an overview of macroeconomic fundamentals after the liberalization process in Turkey. Two main questions discussed here are： （1） What is the link between liberalization and current account imbalances; （2） What kind of mechanisms ensured this link to become a vicious circle. The period after 1989, Turkey was characterized by significant fluctuations in macroeconomic activity by the implementation of liberalization policies. Once financial liberalization is adopted, Turkey faced with a new challenge： large current account deficits. On the other hand, foreign capital inflows aggravated a lending boom. Because of excessive risk taken by banks, interest rates began to rise. As mentioned above, the paper studies Turkey＇s liberalization process with a number of indicators that point to a fragility of the external balance： unhealthy structure of financial sector, particularly banking sector, large fiscal imbalances, low savings and investment rates, unstable GDP growth. Domestic structural features combining with macroeconomic policy stance and political factors are examined as well
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(6127123061172073)the Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Lab(2010D13)
文摘An efficient compensation scheme combining a timedomain Gaussian elimination（GE） channel estimator and a frequency-domain GE equalizer is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） systems with frequencydependent in-phase and quadrature-phase（IQ） imbalances at both transmitter and receiver.Compared with the traditional least square and least mean square compensation schemes,the proposed compensation scheme achieves the same bit error rate as the ideal IQ branches by using only two training OFDM symbols instead of about 20 OFDM symbols.
文摘Rectifying the structural imbalance between the provision of and demand for rural public services can effectively boost the efficiency of public funds utilization and the level of public service provision. Based on the findings of a field survey, this article presents a summary of the structural imbalance between the provision of and demand for rural public services. This paper holds that the structural imbalance is primarily reflected in the dislocation between provision and demand, the unsuitable mode of provision, the monolithic provision mechanism, the excessive focus on construction at the expense of governance and the overemphasis of counties and townships at the cost of villages. Such structural imbalance is principally because of the limited financial strength of government at the grass-roots level due to treasury centralization and the over-dependence of public services on special funds allocated by government at or above provincial level.
文摘This paper examines the inherent relationship between the global imbalance and the financial crisis from historical review and a survey of the literature.This paper sets up a two-country model featured by monetary hegemony showing that the financial crisis of 2008 is interrelated with the United States’ expansionary monetary policy and the hegemony of the U.S.dollar.This paper then analyses the impact of the crisis and the policy responses,focusing on the preconditions for China’s economic recovery.Through an international comparison,we argue that one of the Great Depression’s lessons is that the exorbitant government intervention in some areas was harmful and that the necessary condition for China’s recovery is economic flexibility,namely,resilient market mechanisms.
文摘Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme has been considered as the most promising physical-layer architecture for the future wireless systems to provide high-speed communications. However, the performance of the MIMO-OFDM system may be degraded by in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalances caused by component imperfections in the analog front-ends of the transceivers. I/Q imbalances result in inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems and cause inaccurate estimate of the channel state information (CSI), which is essential for diversity combining at the MIMO receiver. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to analyzing a MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system with I/Q imbalances over multi-path fading channels. A virtual channel is proposed as the combination of multi-path fading channel effects and I/Q imbalances at the transmitter and receiver. Based on this new approach, the effects of the channel and I/Q imbalances can be jointly estimated, and the influence of channel estimation error due to I/Q imbalances can be greatly reduced. An optimal minimal mean square error (MMSE) estimator and a low-complexity least square (LS) estimator are employed to estimate the joint coefficients of the virtual channel, which are then used to equalize the distorted signals. System performance is theoretically analyzed and verified by simulation experiments under different system configurations. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve system performance that is close to the ideal case in which I/Q are balanced and the channel state information is known at the receiver.
基金funded and supported by the China Reform Foundation and the Ministry of Commerce
文摘China’s ballooning current account surplus has caused a plethora of adverse effects on the healthy development of its economy.Based on an in-depth analysis of the contributory factors to the swelling current account surplus,this paper purports to demonstrate theoretically and empirically that while the chronic savings-consumption imbalance is an important contributor to China’s huge trade surplus,the fundamental underlying contributor is the income structure and savings structure imbalance stemming from the disproportionate increase in retained earnings relative to stagnant wage bills.Corporate retained earnings keep growing rapidly because corporate profit margins are"overstated"and state-owned enterprises"do not pay dividends."Only when these issues are resolved at the institutional level can the savings rate be reduced to an appropriate level with domestic demand boosted to eliminate excess trade surpluses and fundamentally fix internal and external economic imbalances.
文摘Against the backdrop of geopolitical conflicts and major power competition,the US and several Western nations have claimed that China has significant"overcapacity"in manufacturing and have imposed various tariff and nontariff trade measures to shield domestic industries.Using data from publicly listed companies,this study conducted an industry-level analysis of investment and capacity expansion in China's manufacturing sector:We find that the growth in manufacturing investment is currently driven mainly by the"new trio"(electric vehicles,solar cells,and lithium batteries),and most enterprises have begun market-oriented clearing.However,the new trio involved in investment and capacity expansion accounts for only a small portion of China's manufacturing sector.The US narrative regarding China's overcapacity is therefore fundamentally misleading.From the perspective of major power dynamics,the essence of the overcapacity narrative lies in China-US trade imbalances,which are,in turn,a consequence of macroeconomic imbalances between the two nations.Insufficient demand in China and excess demand in the US form the underlying impetus behind the trade imbalances.
基金supported by the High-level Talent Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.321RC468)the Key R&D project of Hainan Province(ZDYF2022GXJS008)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32060413)the Innovation Research Team Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.320CXTD431).
文摘The nutritional status of rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)is inseparable from the production of natural rubber.Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)levels in rubber leaves are 2 crucial criteria that reflect the nutritional status of the rubber tree.Advanced hyperspectral technology can evaluate N and K statuses in leaves rapidly.However,high bias and uncertain results will be generated when using a small size and imbalance dataset to train a spectral estimaion model.A typical solution of laborious long-term nutrient stress and high-intensive data collection deviates from rapid and flexible advantages of hyperspectral tech.Therefore,a less intensive and streamlined method,remining information from hyperspectral image data,was assessed.
文摘We analyze global and euro area imbalances by focusing on China and Germany as large surplus and creditor countries. In the 2000s, domestic reforms expanded the effective labor force, restrained wages, shifted income toward profits and increased corporate saving. As a result, the Chinese and German current account surpluses widened, and that of Germany has proven more persistent, with subdued domestic investment. China is an early-stage creditor, holding a short equity position and a longposition in safe debt. Germany＇s balanced net debt and equity claims mark it as a mature creditor thatprovides insurance to the rest of the world. China pays to lay off equity risk, while Germany, by contrast, harvests a moderate yield on its net claims. In both economies, the shortfall of the net international investment position from cumulated current account surpluses arises from exchange rate changes, asymmetric valuation gains, and, in Germany＇s case, credit losses.
文摘This paper attempts to explain the fundamental cause of China＇s growing imbalanee problems. Economic data confirm that the key structural imbalance problems, such as overinvestment, large current account surpluses, low consumption share of GDP and income inequality, have all deteriorated over the past few years, despite continuous policy efforts to correct these problems. We argue that the key determining factor is repressed factor cost, which is associated with heavily distorted markets for labor, capital, land, resources and the environment. These are like implicit subsidies for producers, investors and exporters. They boost growth and, at the same time, lift investment and exports. Previous policy efforts have focused more on administrative measures, which have not been sustainable. Therefore, a more fundamental solution to the imbalance problem lies in completing market-oriented re forms for production factors and allowing free markets to determine prices of labor, capital, land and resources.
文摘This paper presents the view that it is not constructive to start the analysis of international payments imbalances from the US current account deficit. It is more informative to start from excess of savings over investment in Asia. This imbalance principally arises because of a fall in the investment ratio rather than a rise in the saving ratio, and traces its origin to the after-effects of the Asian Crisis of 1997/98. In the final section the case of China is addressed, and the view is put forward that the combination of rapid economic growth, a fixed exchange rate and persistent current account surpluses is not sustainable into the medium term, and it is in China＇s domestic interests to adjust its exchange rate. Whether or not this has an appreciable influence on other countries＇ balance of payments positions is of secondary importance.
文摘A striking feature of the structural change literature is that, even though the U.S. economy is often used as a benchmark for calibration, the traditional mo- dels cannot account for the steep decline in manufacturing and rise in services in the U.S. since the late 1970s （Buera and Kaboski, 2009）. In order to solve this puzzle, this paper develops a three-sector model to evaluate various factors that could have contributed to the structural transformation process from 1950 to 2005. The results show that, in addition to traditional explanations, such as non-homothetic preference and sector-biased productivity progress, international trade is another major source of structural change and is able to explain about 35.5% of the overall employment share decrease in American manufacturing. The quantitative calibration estimates that the inter-sector trade makes a moderate contribution, while trade imbalances dominate the recent contraction of manufacturing employment share. Our results suggest that calibrated models based on U.S. data have to be adjusted by trade factors.
文摘An oriented tripartite graph is the result of assigning a direction to each edge of a simple tripartite graph. For any vertex x in an oriented tripartite graph D（U, V, W）, let dx^＋ and dx^- denote the outdegree and indegree respectively of x. Define aui： dui^＋ - dus^-, bvj = dvj^＋ - dvj^- and cwk = dwk^＋ - dwk^- as the imbalances of the vertices ui in U, vj in V and wk in W respectively. In this paper, we obtain criteria for sequences of integers to be the imbalances of some oriented tripartite graph. Keywords Digraph, imbalance, outdegree, indegree, oriented graph, oriented tripartite graph, arc
基金supported by the grants from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2024-I2M-C&T-B-011)National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.2023zglc06001).
文摘To the Editor:Kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining electrolyte balance,which is essential for the normal functioning of many metabolic and physiological processes.Electrolyte imbalances(EIs)are common manifestations of renal dysfunction and can have potentially life-threatening consequences.Mixed EIs,defined as the coexistence of two or more EIs in a single patient,are frequently observed in nephrology practice.Previous studies have typically treated different EIs as separate entities and explored their independent associations with prognosis.However,the combined prognostic impact of coexisting EIs remains unclear.This knowledge gap highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of mixed EIs,particularly in patients with renal disease(RD),in which electrolyte dysregulation is both a characteristic feature and an essential therapeutic target.
文摘Since the start of the 21st century,health issues caused by exposure to geological materials,such as heavy metal pollution and/or imbalances in essential elements,have consistently affected about one billion people worldwide.In response to this critical problem,the field of Medical Geology has developed through collaborative efforts from experts in various disciplines,including geologists,environmental scientists,biologists,biochemists,toxicologists,epidemiologists,and public health professionals.
