Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade...Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.展开更多
Based on the characteristics of laser-induced surface ignition,energetic photosensitive films show promising potential to meet the ignition requirements of various energetic materials(EMs).In this study,DATNBI/ferric ...Based on the characteristics of laser-induced surface ignition,energetic photosensitive films show promising potential to meet the ignition requirements of various energetic materials(EMs).In this study,DATNBI/ferric alginate(DI/FeA),DI/cobalt alginate(DI/CoA),and DI/nickel alginate(DI/Ni A)films are fabricated by employing sodium alginate(SA)with a three-dimensional network structure as the film matrix,via ionic cross-linking of SA with Fe^(3+),Co^(2+),and Ni^(2+)ions.The study demonstrates that the ionic cross-linking enhances the hydrophobic performance of the films,with the water contact angle increasing from 82.1??to 123.5??.Concurrently,the films'near-infrared(NIR)light absorption improved.Furthermore,transition metal ions facilitate accelerated electron transfer,thereby catalyzing the thermal decomposition of DATNBI.Under 1064 nm laser irradiation,the DI/Fe A film exhibits exceptional combustion performance,with an ignition delay time as low as 76 ms.It successfully acts as an NIR laser ignition medium to initiate the self-sustained combustion of CL-20.This study demonstrates the synergistic realization of enhanced hydrophobicity,improved photosensitivity,and promoted catalytic decomposition through microstructural design of the material,providing new insights for the design of additive-free EMs in laser ignition applications.展开更多
Boron has attracted increasing attention in the field of high-energy explosives and propellants due to its high volume calorific value and mass calorific value.However,the complicated combustion process and low combus...Boron has attracted increasing attention in the field of high-energy explosives and propellants due to its high volume calorific value and mass calorific value.However,the complicated combustion process and low combustion efficiency hinder its wide application.To tackle this challenge,bioinspired polydopamine(PDA)interface reinforced boron-Viton composites,with high structure stability and excellent energy releasing efficiency,are designed and prepared,combining the interface regulation of PDA biomimetic materials and combustion promotion of fluoropolymers.Firstly,the stronger adsorption energy of PDA with boron compared to Viton is demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations.Next,B@PDA@Viton is prepared by the combination of in-situ dopamine polymerization and solvent/nonsolvent method,and the double-layer core-shell structure is confirmed by XPS,FTIR,and TEM characterizations.TG-DSC analysis shows that B@PDA@Viton possesses superior thermal properties,with a 55.48%increase in oxidation heat compared to raw B.Furthermore,ignition and combustion performance tests indicate that B@PDA@Viton reduces ignition delay by 57.56%and increases heat of combustion by 68.63%relative to raw B.These findings elucidate the ignition and combustion mechanisms of B@PDA@Viton.This work not only developed high-performance boron-based composite fuels but also provided insights into the development of boron-based fuels.展开更多
Pre-chamber ignition technology can address the issue of uneven in-cylinder mixture combustion in large-bore marine engines.The impact of various pre-chamber structures on the formation of the mixture and jet flames w...Pre-chamber ignition technology can address the issue of uneven in-cylinder mixture combustion in large-bore marine engines.The impact of various pre-chamber structures on the formation of the mixture and jet flames within the pre-chamber is explored.This study performed numerical simulations on a large-bore marine ammonia/hydrogen pre-chamber engine prototype,considering pre-chamber volume,throat diameter,the distance between the hydrogen injector and the spark plug,and the hydrogen injector angle.Compared with the original engine,when the pre-chamber volume is 73.4 ml,the throat diameter is 14 mm,the distance ratio is 0.92,and the hydrogen injector angle is 80°.Moreover,the peak pressure in the pre-chamber increased by 23.1%,and that in the main chamber increased by 46.3%.The results indicate that the performance of the original engine is greatly enhanced by altering its fuel and pre-chamber structure.展开更多
Magnesium and its alloys offer lightweight advantage and have extensive development prospects,particularly in aerospace.However,their flammability poses a significant barrier on the development of Mg alloys.The igniti...Magnesium and its alloys offer lightweight advantage and have extensive development prospects,particularly in aerospace.However,their flammability poses a significant barrier on the development of Mg alloys.The ignition resistance of these alloys often depends on the protectiveness of the oxide film formed on the surface.This paper elucidates the formation mechanism of oxide film from thermodynamics and kinetics,classifying oxide films based on their layered structure to assess their protective properties.Furthermore,it comprehensively reviews the impact of characteristics on the protective effectiveness such as compactness,continuity,thickness,and mechanical properties.The paper also introduces various characterization methods for the microstructure and properties of oxide film.The primary objective of this paper is to enhance the comprehension of oxide film concerning the ignition resistance of Mg alloys and to furnish references for future advancements and research in Mg alloys with heightened ignition resistance.展开更多
Enhancing the ignition system performance of turbo engines is crucial,with a focus on rapidly and reliably igniting the entire combustor in low-temperature,low-pressure,high-speed inlet flow conditions.This challenge ...Enhancing the ignition system performance of turbo engines is crucial,with a focus on rapidly and reliably igniting the entire combustor in low-temperature,low-pressure,high-speed inlet flow conditions.This challenge has garnered international attention.To address the issue of reliable ignition in the combustors of advanced propulsion system,this paper proposes a Multichannel Jet Enhanced Plasma Igniter(MJEPI) and conducts comparative experimental studies with the conventional spark igniter in a component-level dual-dome swirl combustor.The ignition limit in the combustor is obtained and the ignition processes are recorded.Experimental results demonstrate that the MJEPI significantly improves the ignition performance at high altitude.Specifically,at 0 km and 6 km for ground start-up,ignition limit is extended by 36% and 29%,respectively.At 6 km and 12 km for high-altitude relight,ignition limit is extended by 32% and 21%,respectively.The maximum ignition height is increased by 2.3 km,as determined by the global equivalence ratio of 1.The primary reason for these improvements is attributed to the larger initial flame kernel with greater penetration depth generated by MJEPI,which enables it to withstand more sever conditions such as low temperature,low pressure,and poor kerosene spray quality at elevated altitudes.展开更多
In February 2024,192 lasers at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)in Livermore,CA,USA,began pouring 2.2 MJ of energy into a gold container smaller than the tip of a person’s little finger,heat-ing it to more than thr...In February 2024,192 lasers at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)in Livermore,CA,USA,began pouring 2.2 MJ of energy into a gold container smaller than the tip of a person’s little finger,heat-ing it to more than three million degrees Celsius(Fig.1)[1-4].Inside the container was a tiny fuel capsule containing tritium and deuterium that imploded at more than 400 km·s^(-1)causing atoms to combine and releasing 5.2 MJ of energy[1-4].展开更多
The reignition of aero-engine combustors at high altitudes poses significant challenges due to the low-temperature and low-pressure environment.A novel Long Pulse-Width Plasma Ignition(LPWPI)system has been developed ...The reignition of aero-engine combustors at high altitudes poses significant challenges due to the low-temperature and low-pressure environment.A novel Long Pulse-Width Plasma Ignition(LPWPI)system has been developed to enhance ignition performance.The LPWPI system can effectively prolong the discharge duration time,improve ignition efficacy,and increase the plasma penetration depth.Experimental comparisons with the traditional Spark Ignition(SI)system demonstrate that the LPWPI increased discharge duration to 2.03 ms,which is 45 times longer than that of the SI system,while also doubling the spark penetration depth to 24.1 mm.The LPWPI system achieved a discharge efficiency of 61.1%,significantly surpassing the SI system's efficiency of23.3%.These advancements facilitated an extension of the lean ignition boundary by approximately 22.7%to 39.3%.High-speed camera recordings reveal that the spark duration of the LPWPI system was extended to 2.1 ms,compared to 0.6 ms in the SI system.Ignition progress with LPWPI shows a sustained spark kernel without the flame residence stage observed in the SI system.The impressive performance of the LPWPI system suggests that it is a promising alternative for aero-engine ignition systems.展开更多
Oxide films hinder diffusion and resist external forces,which determines the flame ignition mechanism of magnesium alloys.The effects of the continuity,compactness and mechanical properties of oxide films on the ignit...Oxide films hinder diffusion and resist external forces,which determines the flame ignition mechanism of magnesium alloys.The effects of the continuity,compactness and mechanical properties of oxide films on the ignition mechanism were analyzed,by investigating the flame ignition behaviors of AZ80(ZM5),EZ30K(ZM6)and WE43 Mg alloys.The results show that the rupture of the oxide films caused by liquid gravity was the key to causing ignition.According to thermodynamic calculations,compared with Mg,Al cannot be preferentially oxidized;while Nd can be preferentially oxidized through significant enrichment,resulting in a discontinuous Nd_(2)O_(3)inner layer in the ZM6 alloy;in contrast,Y has a strong preferential oxidation ability,which gives the WE43 alloy a continuous Y_(2)O_(3)inner layer and self-healing ability.In addition,the oxide film of the ZM5 alloy is loose and has poor mechanical properties,so it cannot effec-tively hinder diffusion and resist liquid gravity.Differently,the oxide films of the ZM6 and WE43 alloys are dense and have better mechanical properties,leading to higher ignition temperatures and longer igni-tion times.In addition,a criterion was proposed to predict the ignition time based on the law of energy conservation,and it was simplified to predict the ignition temperature.The errors between the predicted and measured values are within 11%.展开更多
Aluminum-water(Al-H_(2)O)propellants represent an innovative class of solid propellants characterized by low cost and minimal signal signature.However,conventional formulations are hindered by significant aluminum(Al)...Aluminum-water(Al-H_(2)O)propellants represent an innovative class of solid propellants characterized by low cost and minimal signal signature.However,conventional formulations are hindered by significant aluminum(Al)agglomeration,leading to reduced combustion efficiency and substantial residues.This study introduces a method for modifying Al powder with Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF)to enhance the performance of Al-H_(2)O propellants by mitigating agglomeration during combustion.Experimental methodologies,including thermogravimetric analysis under ambient-pressure nitrogen atmosphere and laser ignition tests,were employed to investigate the influence of varying PVDF content on the combustion characteristics of the propellants.Furthermore,the effect of PVDF on motor performance was systematically evaluated through laboratoryscale Solid Rocket Motor(SRM)tests.The results demonstrate that the addition of 7.5%PVDF significantly enhances the burning rate from 1.12 mm/s to 3.78 mm/s and reduces the mean particle size of condensed combustion products from 699μm to 527μm.Combustion efficiency rises from88.57%to 94.51%,while injection efficiency improves significantly from 30.45%to 70.45%.SRM tests further demonstrate an increase in combustion chamber pressure from 0.17 MPa to 0.58 MPa.A dynamic agglomeration model explains these improvements,attributing reduced agglomeration to enhanced aerodynamic forces and a thinner melting layer,while increased gas yield improves injection performance.This study highlights PVDF's potential in advancing Al-H_(2)O propellants by improving combustion and injection efficiency.展开更多
The incorporation of Y significantly improves the fire resistance of the Mg-3Nd-2Gd-0.2Zr-0.2Zn(EV32)alloy.The findings indicate a significant increase in the ignition point of the alloy upon Y addition,notably reachi...The incorporation of Y significantly improves the fire resistance of the Mg-3Nd-2Gd-0.2Zr-0.2Zn(EV32)alloy.The findings indicate a significant increase in the ignition point of the alloy upon Y addition,notably reaching 813.9℃ for the EV32–3Y(wt.%)alloy.Additionally,the calculated residual stresses of the Y_(2)O_(3) and Gd_(2)O_(3) films were 2.732 GPa and 2.569 GPa respectively,showcasing a distinct correlation between Y concentration and improved fire resistance.This enhancement can be attributed to the formation of denser oxide films,especially Y_(2)O_(3) and Gd_(2)O_(3),effectively reducing the susceptibility of the oxide film to thermal stress-induced tearing.The study elucidates the vital role of Y addition in enhancing fire resistance,thoroughly investigating the mechanisms that impact both the formation of oxide films and ignition within the alloy structure.These findings not only contribute to a deeper comprehension of magnesium alloy performance under high-temperature conditions but also offer valuable theoretical guidance for enhancing its fire resistance through alloy design and application.展开更多
The internal and external flow fields during vented explosions of methane were characterized through numerical simulation,and the capability of numerical simulation thereof was validated by previous experimental data ...The internal and external flow fields during vented explosions of methane were characterized through numerical simulation,and the capability of numerical simulation thereof was validated by previous experimental data at three ignition positions.The venting mechanism was revealed by the simulated concentration distribution,temperature profile,and airflow velocity.The results show rear ignition results in the external methane mass distribution taking the form of"mushroom"and columnar flames in the external space,which can be expressed as a third-order polynomial relationship with distance;central ignition forms a relationship of the form y=AxB.Front ignition causes the temperature to show a tendency to repeated oscillations(rising,falling,and rising).Central ignition generates the maximum vented airflow velocity(V_(max)=320 m/s)upon vent opening.The results indicate that it is acceptable to apply numerical simulation of methane explosions in practice.展开更多
A numerical and experimental study was conducted to investigate the Laser Ablation(LA)ignition mode in an ethylene-fueled supersonic combustor with a cavity flameholder.Theexperiments were operated under a Mach number...A numerical and experimental study was conducted to investigate the Laser Ablation(LA)ignition mode in an ethylene-fueled supersonic combustor with a cavity flameholder.Theexperiments were operated under a Mach number 2.92 supersonic inflow,with stagnation pressureof 2.4 MPa and stagnation temperature of 1600 K.Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulationswere conducted to characterize the mixing process and flow field structure.This study identifiedfour distinct LA ignition modes.Under the specified condition,laser ablation in zero and negativedefocusing states manifested two distinct ignition modes termed Laser Ablation Direct Ignition(LADI)mode and Laser Ablation Re-Ignition(LARI)mode,correspondingly.LA ignition in alocal small cavity,created by depressing the flow field regulator,could facilitate the ignition modetransforming from LARI mode to Laser Ablation Transition Ignition(LATI)mode.On the otherhand,the elevation of the flow field regulator effectively inhibited the forward propagation of theinitial flame kernel and reduced the dissipation of LA plasma,further enhancing the LADI mode.Based on these characteristics,the LADI mode was subdivided into strong(LADI-S)and weak(LADI-W)modes.Facilitating the transition of ignition modes through alterations in the local flowfield could contribute to attaining a more effective and stable LA ignition.展开更多
Gas explosions in coal mine goafs are associated with the roof rock fracturing.An experimental system was established to investigate the potential for electrical ignition induced by sandstone fracturing.The electrical...Gas explosions in coal mine goafs are associated with the roof rock fracturing.An experimental system was established to investigate the potential for electrical ignition induced by sandstone fracturing.The electrical responses,luminescent emissions,and ignition characteristics during tensile and compressive failure of sandstones were analyzed in methane/air premixed gas environments.Results indicate that the application of mechanical loading induces the emergence of electrical signals on rock surfaces and in the surrounding atmosphere.This phenomenon is attributed to the generation,accumulation,and subsequent release of free charges during the deformation and fracture within the sandstone.Compressive failure proved to be more conducive to free charge generation than tensile failure,owing to more crack connections.Furthermore,a precipitous increase in surface and external voltages was observed during complete fracturing,a consequence of electron emission from crack tips within the rock structure.Moreover,the ionization induces luminous emissions owing to the collision of energetic electrons released from gas molecules in methane/air mixtures.A strong positive correlation(R2=0.9429)was identified between luminescence intensity and the magnitude of electrical discharge resulting from rock fracture.Notably,such discharge by rock fracturing can be capable of igniting the premixed gas,particularly when the quartz content exceeds 61%.Piezoelectric effects and crack propagation are crucial mechanisms in the causal chain of the charge generation,discharge,and ionization triggered by rock fractures.Based on the above laboratory results,electric ignition of the transient roof fracturing caused by stress mutations can serve as a new potential ignition source for gas explosions in the goaf.These results offer new insights into the prevention and control of gas explosions.展开更多
ISPO stands as the premier global sports industry event-serving as a catalyst for inspiration,a hub for professional connections,and a strategic compass for the upcoming season's trends.It is driven by the mission...ISPO stands as the premier global sports industry event-serving as a catalyst for inspiration,a hub for professional connections,and a strategic compass for the upcoming season's trends.It is driven by the mission to ignite the power of sport within every individual,creating impact so profound and far-reaching that its benefits are shared by all.On November 30,2025,the ISPO Award Gathering at ISPO Munich celebrated the innovation stars of the year.Under the direction of Christina Rabel,the Gold Winners were chosen-the products that stand out in terms of innovation,design and market relevance.展开更多
In this study,the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,complemented by synchronized high-speed holography and direct shooting imaging techniques,was employed to investigate the impact-induced mechanical,i...In this study,the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,complemented by synchronized high-speed holography and direct shooting imaging techniques,was employed to investigate the impact-induced mechanical,ignition and reaction growth behavior of high-ductility composite energetic materials(CEMs).The experiments were performed over a large range of strain rate conditions of 3,000–6,000 s^(-1)for samples containing different components of solid explosive granules.The strainstress relationships,onset of ignition and reaction growth in impact-induced debris clouds were quantitatively studied.The results show that ignition was a result of compression and deformation,triggered significantly by the effects of shear extrusion friction.The critical strain rate of ignition was approximately 4,000–5,000 s^(-1).The average particle size inside the debris before and after ignition ranges from 41.3 to 49.5μm.The particle quantity and size produced by the impact of the CEM increase as the strain rate increases.The sustainability of the ignition,or its rapid quenching,was tightly correlated with the size and density of the impact-induced debris cloud.For high-strain rate impacts,denser debris clouds were produced,which effectively favors the sustaining and propagation of the initial ignition core.The results provide valuable insights for establishing the criteria of the impact induced reaction growth and enhancing the safety and reliability of high-ductility energetic materials used in aerospace and national defense applications.展开更多
The utilization of graded Al powders offers the possibility to adjust the combustion performance of Al powders,while simultaneously safeguarding their energy properties.In this paper,a series of graded Al powder have ...The utilization of graded Al powders offers the possibility to adjust the combustion performance of Al powders,while simultaneously safeguarding their energy properties.In this paper,a series of graded Al powder have been incorporated into the typical Al@AP composites through the spray drying technique.The thermal behavior,ignition and combustion characteristics were comprehensively evaluated and compared.The experimental results showed that with the varying inclusion of the graded Al,the heat of reaction exhibited a significant change,ranging from 9090 J·g^(-1) to 11036 J·g^(-1),which was strongly dependent on the particle size of Al.The combination of Al with diverse range of particle sizes in graded configuration serves to significantly enhance the decomposition of AP,resulting in the disappearance of the LTD stage and a conspicuous decrease of at least 11.7℃ in the peak temperature of the HTD.Furthermore,the maximum burning rate achieved by the Al-3@AP composite was 33.6 mm·s^(-1),which was exactly twice as high as that of the graded Al-1@AP composite with the lowest burning rate.Diffraction peaks corresponding to unburned Al were detected in the condensed combustion products of Al-1@AP,and the combustion images clearly indicated an incomplete combustion tendency for this sample.In contrast,a well-designed gradation of Al powders,such as a combination of fine Al powders with a particle size below 5μm,has proven to be the most conducive to enhancing the combustion efficiency of the composites.展开更多
Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the oper...Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the operational behavior of RP-5 aviation kerosene/diesel blended fuels in marine diesel engines.A spray visualization platform based on Mie scattering technology was developed to comparatively analyze the spray characteristics,ignition behavior,and soot emissions of RP-5 aviation kerosene,conventional-35#diesel,and their blends at varying mixing ratios(D100H0,D90H10,D70H30,D50H50,D30H70,D0H100).The findings demonstrate that,under constant injection pressure,aviation kerosene combustion results in a more uniform temperature field,characterized by lower core flame temperatures,broader high-temperature regions,and reduced soot concentrations with spatially homogeneous distribution and no pronounced peaks.In terms of spray dynamics,increasing the proportion of aviation kerosene leads to a marked widening of the spray cone angle.Meanwhile,spray penetration length exhibits a non-monotonic trend—initially decreasing and subsequently increasing—as the kerosene blending ratio rises.展开更多
During the highly transient process of the direct-start in a four-cylinder GDI engine,each cylinder exhibits specific characteristics in terms of in-cylinder conditions and energy demands,necessitating different contr...During the highly transient process of the direct-start in a four-cylinder GDI engine,each cylinder exhibits specific characteristics in terms of in-cylinder conditions and energy demands,necessitating different control for each cylinder.However,recent studies have paid insufficient attention to cylinders other than the first starting cylinder.This paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy based on experimental data from the direct-start process of the second,third,and fourth cylinders,aiming to enhance the characteristics of combustion and emission performance through the optimization of injection timing,equivalence ratio,and ignition timing.The research findings indicate that the second cylinder should inject fuel approximately 10 ms after the first cylinder ignites to mix thoroughly the fuel with air.The ignition timing of the second cylinder should be close to the highest point of the piston movement to minimize hindrance to the piston compression process.The third and fourth cylinders should adopt a delayed injection timing strategy to prevent the escape of injected fuel caused by low engine speed.The optimal ignition timing for the third cylinder is 20℃A BTDC,while the fourth cylinder should be ignited earlier due to its stronger airflow and faster formation of a mixture that can be ignited.As the fuel injection quantity increases,the power output of the three cylinders enhances,but at the same time,emissions also increase.Therefore,their optimal equivalence ratios are determined as 1.2,1.4,and 1.2,respectively,striking a balance between combustion and emission performances.展开更多
Ammonia,as a zero-carbon fuel,has great potential for meeting decarbonization targets in the internal combustion engine sector.This paper summarizes recent studies in which ammonia is used as a fuel for compressionign...Ammonia,as a zero-carbon fuel,has great potential for meeting decarbonization targets in the internal combustion engine sector.This paper summarizes recent studies in which ammonia is used as a fuel for compressionignition engines.Due to its low combustion reactivity,ammonia must be used in conjunction with a high reactivity fuel,such as diesel,to ensure stable engine operation.Currently,two main approaches are used to supply ammonia to the engine combustion chamber:ammonia port injection and in-cylinder direct injection.In the two routes,ammonia-diesel engines commonly face challenges such as low ammonia energy rate(AER),limited thermal efficiency,and high emissions of nitrogen-containing pollutants,especially under high ammonia substitution conditions.To address these challenges,this study reviews combustion technologies capable of achieving relatively high AER,such as premixed charge compression ignition(PCCI)and reaction-controlled compression ignition(RCCI),and analyzes their impact on combustion and emissions characteristics.This paper also examines combustion technologies under ultra-high AER conditions and finds that technologies such as diesel pilot injection and ammonia-diesel stratified injection can support stable engine operation.This review provides insights into current progress,remaining challenges,and future directions in ammonia-diesel engine combustion technologies.展开更多
文摘Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.
基金supported by Research Fund of SWUST for PhD(Grant No.22zx7175)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2024NSFSC1097)。
文摘Based on the characteristics of laser-induced surface ignition,energetic photosensitive films show promising potential to meet the ignition requirements of various energetic materials(EMs).In this study,DATNBI/ferric alginate(DI/FeA),DI/cobalt alginate(DI/CoA),and DI/nickel alginate(DI/Ni A)films are fabricated by employing sodium alginate(SA)with a three-dimensional network structure as the film matrix,via ionic cross-linking of SA with Fe^(3+),Co^(2+),and Ni^(2+)ions.The study demonstrates that the ionic cross-linking enhances the hydrophobic performance of the films,with the water contact angle increasing from 82.1??to 123.5??.Concurrently,the films'near-infrared(NIR)light absorption improved.Furthermore,transition metal ions facilitate accelerated electron transfer,thereby catalyzing the thermal decomposition of DATNBI.Under 1064 nm laser irradiation,the DI/Fe A film exhibits exceptional combustion performance,with an ignition delay time as low as 76 ms.It successfully acts as an NIR laser ignition medium to initiate the self-sustained combustion of CL-20.This study demonstrates the synergistic realization of enhanced hydrophobicity,improved photosensitivity,and promoted catalytic decomposition through microstructural design of the material,providing new insights for the design of additive-free EMs in laser ignition applications.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant No.22405208。
文摘Boron has attracted increasing attention in the field of high-energy explosives and propellants due to its high volume calorific value and mass calorific value.However,the complicated combustion process and low combustion efficiency hinder its wide application.To tackle this challenge,bioinspired polydopamine(PDA)interface reinforced boron-Viton composites,with high structure stability and excellent energy releasing efficiency,are designed and prepared,combining the interface regulation of PDA biomimetic materials and combustion promotion of fluoropolymers.Firstly,the stronger adsorption energy of PDA with boron compared to Viton is demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations.Next,B@PDA@Viton is prepared by the combination of in-situ dopamine polymerization and solvent/nonsolvent method,and the double-layer core-shell structure is confirmed by XPS,FTIR,and TEM characterizations.TG-DSC analysis shows that B@PDA@Viton possesses superior thermal properties,with a 55.48%increase in oxidation heat compared to raw B.Furthermore,ignition and combustion performance tests indicate that B@PDA@Viton reduces ignition delay by 57.56%and increases heat of combustion by 68.63%relative to raw B.These findings elucidate the ignition and combustion mechanisms of B@PDA@Viton.This work not only developed high-performance boron-based composite fuels but also provided insights into the development of boron-based fuels.
基金Supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions under Grant No.014000319/2018-00391.
文摘Pre-chamber ignition technology can address the issue of uneven in-cylinder mixture combustion in large-bore marine engines.The impact of various pre-chamber structures on the formation of the mixture and jet flames within the pre-chamber is explored.This study performed numerical simulations on a large-bore marine ammonia/hydrogen pre-chamber engine prototype,considering pre-chamber volume,throat diameter,the distance between the hydrogen injector and the spark plug,and the hydrogen injector angle.Compared with the original engine,when the pre-chamber volume is 73.4 ml,the throat diameter is 14 mm,the distance ratio is 0.92,and the hydrogen injector angle is 80°.Moreover,the peak pressure in the pre-chamber increased by 23.1%,and that in the main chamber increased by 46.3%.The results indicate that the performance of the original engine is greatly enhanced by altering its fuel and pre-chamber structure.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3501002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52301059,No.52271009)the Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program(Grant No.2023372).
文摘Magnesium and its alloys offer lightweight advantage and have extensive development prospects,particularly in aerospace.However,their flammability poses a significant barrier on the development of Mg alloys.The ignition resistance of these alloys often depends on the protectiveness of the oxide film formed on the surface.This paper elucidates the formation mechanism of oxide film from thermodynamics and kinetics,classifying oxide films based on their layered structure to assess their protective properties.Furthermore,it comprehensively reviews the impact of characteristics on the protective effectiveness such as compactness,continuity,thickness,and mechanical properties.The paper also introduces various characterization methods for the microstructure and properties of oxide film.The primary objective of this paper is to enhance the comprehension of oxide film concerning the ignition resistance of Mg alloys and to furnish references for future advancements and research in Mg alloys with heightened ignition resistance.
基金supported by the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project, China (No. P2022-B-Ⅱ-018-001)。
文摘Enhancing the ignition system performance of turbo engines is crucial,with a focus on rapidly and reliably igniting the entire combustor in low-temperature,low-pressure,high-speed inlet flow conditions.This challenge has garnered international attention.To address the issue of reliable ignition in the combustors of advanced propulsion system,this paper proposes a Multichannel Jet Enhanced Plasma Igniter(MJEPI) and conducts comparative experimental studies with the conventional spark igniter in a component-level dual-dome swirl combustor.The ignition limit in the combustor is obtained and the ignition processes are recorded.Experimental results demonstrate that the MJEPI significantly improves the ignition performance at high altitude.Specifically,at 0 km and 6 km for ground start-up,ignition limit is extended by 36% and 29%,respectively.At 6 km and 12 km for high-altitude relight,ignition limit is extended by 32% and 21%,respectively.The maximum ignition height is increased by 2.3 km,as determined by the global equivalence ratio of 1.The primary reason for these improvements is attributed to the larger initial flame kernel with greater penetration depth generated by MJEPI,which enables it to withstand more sever conditions such as low temperature,low pressure,and poor kerosene spray quality at elevated altitudes.
文摘In February 2024,192 lasers at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)in Livermore,CA,USA,began pouring 2.2 MJ of energy into a gold container smaller than the tip of a person’s little finger,heat-ing it to more than three million degrees Celsius(Fig.1)[1-4].Inside the container was a tiny fuel capsule containing tritium and deuterium that imploded at more than 400 km·s^(-1)causing atoms to combine and releasing 5.2 MJ of energy[1-4].
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52376138 and 52025064)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project,China(No.P2022B-Ⅱ-018-001)the Foundation Research Project,China(No.1002TJA22010)。
文摘The reignition of aero-engine combustors at high altitudes poses significant challenges due to the low-temperature and low-pressure environment.A novel Long Pulse-Width Plasma Ignition(LPWPI)system has been developed to enhance ignition performance.The LPWPI system can effectively prolong the discharge duration time,improve ignition efficacy,and increase the plasma penetration depth.Experimental comparisons with the traditional Spark Ignition(SI)system demonstrate that the LPWPI increased discharge duration to 2.03 ms,which is 45 times longer than that of the SI system,while also doubling the spark penetration depth to 24.1 mm.The LPWPI system achieved a discharge efficiency of 61.1%,significantly surpassing the SI system's efficiency of23.3%.These advancements facilitated an extension of the lean ignition boundary by approximately 22.7%to 39.3%.High-speed camera recordings reveal that the spark duration of the LPWPI system was extended to 2.1 ms,compared to 0.6 ms in the SI system.Ignition progress with LPWPI shows a sustained spark kernel without the flame residence stage observed in the SI system.The impressive performance of the LPWPI system suggests that it is a promising alternative for aero-engine ignition systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3501002)the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.J2019-Ⅷ-0003-0165)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52301059).
文摘Oxide films hinder diffusion and resist external forces,which determines the flame ignition mechanism of magnesium alloys.The effects of the continuity,compactness and mechanical properties of oxide films on the ignition mechanism were analyzed,by investigating the flame ignition behaviors of AZ80(ZM5),EZ30K(ZM6)and WE43 Mg alloys.The results show that the rupture of the oxide films caused by liquid gravity was the key to causing ignition.According to thermodynamic calculations,compared with Mg,Al cannot be preferentially oxidized;while Nd can be preferentially oxidized through significant enrichment,resulting in a discontinuous Nd_(2)O_(3)inner layer in the ZM6 alloy;in contrast,Y has a strong preferential oxidation ability,which gives the WE43 alloy a continuous Y_(2)O_(3)inner layer and self-healing ability.In addition,the oxide film of the ZM5 alloy is loose and has poor mechanical properties,so it cannot effec-tively hinder diffusion and resist liquid gravity.Differently,the oxide films of the ZM6 and WE43 alloys are dense and have better mechanical properties,leading to higher ignition temperatures and longer igni-tion times.In addition,a criterion was proposed to predict the ignition time based on the law of energy conservation,and it was simplified to predict the ignition temperature.The errors between the predicted and measured values are within 11%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2441284 and 22375164)the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(No.CX2024042)。
文摘Aluminum-water(Al-H_(2)O)propellants represent an innovative class of solid propellants characterized by low cost and minimal signal signature.However,conventional formulations are hindered by significant aluminum(Al)agglomeration,leading to reduced combustion efficiency and substantial residues.This study introduces a method for modifying Al powder with Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF)to enhance the performance of Al-H_(2)O propellants by mitigating agglomeration during combustion.Experimental methodologies,including thermogravimetric analysis under ambient-pressure nitrogen atmosphere and laser ignition tests,were employed to investigate the influence of varying PVDF content on the combustion characteristics of the propellants.Furthermore,the effect of PVDF on motor performance was systematically evaluated through laboratoryscale Solid Rocket Motor(SRM)tests.The results demonstrate that the addition of 7.5%PVDF significantly enhances the burning rate from 1.12 mm/s to 3.78 mm/s and reduces the mean particle size of condensed combustion products from 699μm to 527μm.Combustion efficiency rises from88.57%to 94.51%,while injection efficiency improves significantly from 30.45%to 70.45%.SRM tests further demonstrate an increase in combustion chamber pressure from 0.17 MPa to 0.58 MPa.A dynamic agglomeration model explains these improvements,attributing reduced agglomeration to enhanced aerodynamic forces and a thinner melting layer,while increased gas yield improves injection performance.This study highlights PVDF's potential in advancing Al-H_(2)O propellants by improving combustion and injection efficiency.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals(Nos.6142909220102).
文摘The incorporation of Y significantly improves the fire resistance of the Mg-3Nd-2Gd-0.2Zr-0.2Zn(EV32)alloy.The findings indicate a significant increase in the ignition point of the alloy upon Y addition,notably reaching 813.9℃ for the EV32–3Y(wt.%)alloy.Additionally,the calculated residual stresses of the Y_(2)O_(3) and Gd_(2)O_(3) films were 2.732 GPa and 2.569 GPa respectively,showcasing a distinct correlation between Y concentration and improved fire resistance.This enhancement can be attributed to the formation of denser oxide films,especially Y_(2)O_(3) and Gd_(2)O_(3),effectively reducing the susceptibility of the oxide film to thermal stress-induced tearing.The study elucidates the vital role of Y addition in enhancing fire resistance,thoroughly investigating the mechanisms that impact both the formation of oxide films and ignition within the alloy structure.These findings not only contribute to a deeper comprehension of magnesium alloy performance under high-temperature conditions but also offer valuable theoretical guidance for enhancing its fire resistance through alloy design and application.
基金supported by the Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12202202 and 12202494)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3100700)。
文摘The internal and external flow fields during vented explosions of methane were characterized through numerical simulation,and the capability of numerical simulation thereof was validated by previous experimental data at three ignition positions.The venting mechanism was revealed by the simulated concentration distribution,temperature profile,and airflow velocity.The results show rear ignition results in the external methane mass distribution taking the form of"mushroom"and columnar flames in the external space,which can be expressed as a third-order polynomial relationship with distance;central ignition forms a relationship of the form y=AxB.Front ignition causes the temperature to show a tendency to repeated oscillations(rising,falling,and rising).Central ignition generates the maximum vented airflow velocity(V_(max)=320 m/s)upon vent opening.The results indicate that it is acceptable to apply numerical simulation of methane explosions in practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12272408 and 11925207)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province,China(No.2024J12057)。
文摘A numerical and experimental study was conducted to investigate the Laser Ablation(LA)ignition mode in an ethylene-fueled supersonic combustor with a cavity flameholder.Theexperiments were operated under a Mach number 2.92 supersonic inflow,with stagnation pressureof 2.4 MPa and stagnation temperature of 1600 K.Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulationswere conducted to characterize the mixing process and flow field structure.This study identifiedfour distinct LA ignition modes.Under the specified condition,laser ablation in zero and negativedefocusing states manifested two distinct ignition modes termed Laser Ablation Direct Ignition(LADI)mode and Laser Ablation Re-Ignition(LARI)mode,correspondingly.LA ignition in alocal small cavity,created by depressing the flow field regulator,could facilitate the ignition modetransforming from LARI mode to Laser Ablation Transition Ignition(LATI)mode.On the otherhand,the elevation of the flow field regulator effectively inhibited the forward propagation of theinitial flame kernel and reduced the dissipation of LA plasma,further enhancing the LADI mode.Based on these characteristics,the LADI mode was subdivided into strong(LADI-S)and weak(LADI-W)modes.Facilitating the transition of ignition modes through alterations in the local flowfield could contribute to attaining a more effective and stable LA ignition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52130411,52174219 and 52174220)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2024-11044).
文摘Gas explosions in coal mine goafs are associated with the roof rock fracturing.An experimental system was established to investigate the potential for electrical ignition induced by sandstone fracturing.The electrical responses,luminescent emissions,and ignition characteristics during tensile and compressive failure of sandstones were analyzed in methane/air premixed gas environments.Results indicate that the application of mechanical loading induces the emergence of electrical signals on rock surfaces and in the surrounding atmosphere.This phenomenon is attributed to the generation,accumulation,and subsequent release of free charges during the deformation and fracture within the sandstone.Compressive failure proved to be more conducive to free charge generation than tensile failure,owing to more crack connections.Furthermore,a precipitous increase in surface and external voltages was observed during complete fracturing,a consequence of electron emission from crack tips within the rock structure.Moreover,the ionization induces luminous emissions owing to the collision of energetic electrons released from gas molecules in methane/air mixtures.A strong positive correlation(R2=0.9429)was identified between luminescence intensity and the magnitude of electrical discharge resulting from rock fracture.Notably,such discharge by rock fracturing can be capable of igniting the premixed gas,particularly when the quartz content exceeds 61%.Piezoelectric effects and crack propagation are crucial mechanisms in the causal chain of the charge generation,discharge,and ionization triggered by rock fractures.Based on the above laboratory results,electric ignition of the transient roof fracturing caused by stress mutations can serve as a new potential ignition source for gas explosions in the goaf.These results offer new insights into the prevention and control of gas explosions.
文摘ISPO stands as the premier global sports industry event-serving as a catalyst for inspiration,a hub for professional connections,and a strategic compass for the upcoming season's trends.It is driven by the mission to ignite the power of sport within every individual,creating impact so profound and far-reaching that its benefits are shared by all.On November 30,2025,the ISPO Award Gathering at ISPO Munich celebrated the innovation stars of the year.Under the direction of Christina Rabel,the Gold Winners were chosen-the products that stand out in terms of innovation,design and market relevance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.U2341288。
文摘In this study,the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,complemented by synchronized high-speed holography and direct shooting imaging techniques,was employed to investigate the impact-induced mechanical,ignition and reaction growth behavior of high-ductility composite energetic materials(CEMs).The experiments were performed over a large range of strain rate conditions of 3,000–6,000 s^(-1)for samples containing different components of solid explosive granules.The strainstress relationships,onset of ignition and reaction growth in impact-induced debris clouds were quantitatively studied.The results show that ignition was a result of compression and deformation,triggered significantly by the effects of shear extrusion friction.The critical strain rate of ignition was approximately 4,000–5,000 s^(-1).The average particle size inside the debris before and after ignition ranges from 41.3 to 49.5μm.The particle quantity and size produced by the impact of the CEM increase as the strain rate increases.The sustainability of the ignition,or its rapid quenching,was tightly correlated with the size and density of the impact-induced debris cloud.For high-strain rate impacts,denser debris clouds were produced,which effectively favors the sustaining and propagation of the initial ignition core.The results provide valuable insights for establishing the criteria of the impact induced reaction growth and enhancing the safety and reliability of high-ductility energetic materials used in aerospace and national defense applications.
文摘The utilization of graded Al powders offers the possibility to adjust the combustion performance of Al powders,while simultaneously safeguarding their energy properties.In this paper,a series of graded Al powder have been incorporated into the typical Al@AP composites through the spray drying technique.The thermal behavior,ignition and combustion characteristics were comprehensively evaluated and compared.The experimental results showed that with the varying inclusion of the graded Al,the heat of reaction exhibited a significant change,ranging from 9090 J·g^(-1) to 11036 J·g^(-1),which was strongly dependent on the particle size of Al.The combination of Al with diverse range of particle sizes in graded configuration serves to significantly enhance the decomposition of AP,resulting in the disappearance of the LTD stage and a conspicuous decrease of at least 11.7℃ in the peak temperature of the HTD.Furthermore,the maximum burning rate achieved by the Al-3@AP composite was 33.6 mm·s^(-1),which was exactly twice as high as that of the graded Al-1@AP composite with the lowest burning rate.Diffraction peaks corresponding to unburned Al were detected in the condensed combustion products of Al-1@AP,and the combustion images clearly indicated an incomplete combustion tendency for this sample.In contrast,a well-designed gradation of Al powders,such as a combination of fine Al powders with a particle size below 5μm,has proven to be the most conducive to enhancing the combustion efficiency of the composites.
基金supported by Innovation Research Project for the training of high-level scientific and technological talents(Technical expert talents)of the Armed Police Force ZZKY20222415Research and Innovation Team in Marine Propulsion Technology,China Coast Guard Academy.
文摘Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the operational behavior of RP-5 aviation kerosene/diesel blended fuels in marine diesel engines.A spray visualization platform based on Mie scattering technology was developed to comparatively analyze the spray characteristics,ignition behavior,and soot emissions of RP-5 aviation kerosene,conventional-35#diesel,and their blends at varying mixing ratios(D100H0,D90H10,D70H30,D50H50,D30H70,D0H100).The findings demonstrate that,under constant injection pressure,aviation kerosene combustion results in a more uniform temperature field,characterized by lower core flame temperatures,broader high-temperature regions,and reduced soot concentrations with spatially homogeneous distribution and no pronounced peaks.In terms of spray dynamics,increasing the proportion of aviation kerosene leads to a marked widening of the spray cone angle.Meanwhile,spray penetration length exhibits a non-monotonic trend—initially decreasing and subsequently increasing—as the kerosene blending ratio rises.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51576129).
文摘During the highly transient process of the direct-start in a four-cylinder GDI engine,each cylinder exhibits specific characteristics in terms of in-cylinder conditions and energy demands,necessitating different control for each cylinder.However,recent studies have paid insufficient attention to cylinders other than the first starting cylinder.This paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy based on experimental data from the direct-start process of the second,third,and fourth cylinders,aiming to enhance the characteristics of combustion and emission performance through the optimization of injection timing,equivalence ratio,and ignition timing.The research findings indicate that the second cylinder should inject fuel approximately 10 ms after the first cylinder ignites to mix thoroughly the fuel with air.The ignition timing of the second cylinder should be close to the highest point of the piston movement to minimize hindrance to the piston compression process.The third and fourth cylinders should adopt a delayed injection timing strategy to prevent the escape of injected fuel caused by low engine speed.The optimal ignition timing for the third cylinder is 20℃A BTDC,while the fourth cylinder should be ignited earlier due to its stronger airflow and faster formation of a mixture that can be ignited.As the fuel injection quantity increases,the power output of the three cylinders enhances,but at the same time,emissions also increase.Therefore,their optimal equivalence ratios are determined as 1.2,1.4,and 1.2,respectively,striking a balance between combustion and emission performances.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0209000)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(Grant Nos.22170712600,24120742400,and 24120750400)Science and Technology Revitalization Mongolia Action Plan of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Wuxi Carbon-Neutrality Power Technology Research Institute.
文摘Ammonia,as a zero-carbon fuel,has great potential for meeting decarbonization targets in the internal combustion engine sector.This paper summarizes recent studies in which ammonia is used as a fuel for compressionignition engines.Due to its low combustion reactivity,ammonia must be used in conjunction with a high reactivity fuel,such as diesel,to ensure stable engine operation.Currently,two main approaches are used to supply ammonia to the engine combustion chamber:ammonia port injection and in-cylinder direct injection.In the two routes,ammonia-diesel engines commonly face challenges such as low ammonia energy rate(AER),limited thermal efficiency,and high emissions of nitrogen-containing pollutants,especially under high ammonia substitution conditions.To address these challenges,this study reviews combustion technologies capable of achieving relatively high AER,such as premixed charge compression ignition(PCCI)and reaction-controlled compression ignition(RCCI),and analyzes their impact on combustion and emissions characteristics.This paper also examines combustion technologies under ultra-high AER conditions and finds that technologies such as diesel pilot injection and ammonia-diesel stratified injection can support stable engine operation.This review provides insights into current progress,remaining challenges,and future directions in ammonia-diesel engine combustion technologies.
