Within Karakoram Himalaya, Hunza River Basin(study area) is unique for a number of reasons: 1) potential impacts of highly concentrated highpitched mountains and glacial ice; 2) the glaciated portions have higher mean...Within Karakoram Himalaya, Hunza River Basin(study area) is unique for a number of reasons: 1) potential impacts of highly concentrated highpitched mountains and glacial ice; 2) the glaciated portions have higher mean altitude as compared to other glaciated landscapes in the Karakoram; 3) this basin occupies varieties of both clean and debriscovered glaciers and/or ice. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the stability of topographic surface and potential implications of fluctuating glacial-ice causing variations in the movement of material from higher to lower elevations. This paper advocates landscape-level hypsometric investigations of glaciated landscape lies between 2280–7850 m elevation above sea level and non-glaciated landscape between 1461–7570 m. An attempt is made to understand intermediate elevations, which disguise the characteristics of glaciated hypsometries that are highly correlated with the Equilibrium Line Altitude(ELA). However, due to data scarcity for high altitude regions especially above 5000 m elevation, literature values for climatic conditions are used to create a relationship between hypsometry and variations in climate and ELA. The largest glaciated area(29.22%) between 5047 to 5555 m lies in the vertical regime of direct snow-accumulation zone and in the horizontal regime of net-accumulation zone(low velocity, net freezing, and no-sliding). In both landscapes, the hypsometric curves are ‘slow beginning' followed by ‘steep progress' and finally reaching a ‘plateau', reflecting the rapid altitudinal changes and the dominance of fluvial transport resulting in the denudation of land-dwelling and the transport of rock/debris from higher to lower altitudes. Reported slight differences in the average normalized bin altitudes against the cumulative normalized area between glaciated and non-glaciated landscapes are an indicator of slightly different land-forms and landform changes.展开更多
The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1...The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1(IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model(DEM).The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats,was inferred through hypsometric analysis.Several parameters like Hypsometric integral(HI),maximum concavity(Eh),coordinates of slope inflection point(I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve(h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses.From the hypsometric curves,the landform evolution processes were inferred.Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood.Basins with lesser area(<100 km^2) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area,whereas for large basins no such correlation exists.Based on the study,river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.展开更多
Research on the differential uplifting in the Palongzangbu region is crucial to understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism and establishing the model of the faulted blocks in the region of the east structural kn...Research on the differential uplifting in the Palongzangbu region is crucial to understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism and establishing the model of the faulted blocks in the region of the east structural knot.In this paper,based on the ASTER-30m DEM,we calculate the hypsometry index(HI)of 19 watersheds in the Palongzangbu region,and study the differential uplifting in this region combining with seismic data,the ground deposition and erosion process.The result shows that the spatial distribution of the HI value can reflect the differential uplifting in the study area.Differential uplifting exists within different zones,and there are 2 relative strong uplifting centers.One center is near the east structural knot,and the other lies between the Lhari fault and Nujiang fault at their converging segment.Also,the watershed evolution,seismic activity,and ground deposition and erosion process are closely related to each other,and they constitute a chain of evidence which reveals the whole process from the tectonic movement underground to the landform evolution on the surface.展开更多
The analysis and quantification of hydro-morphometric characteristics are essential for better management of water resources and more effective planning of hydroelectric projects in the Tshopo basin.Unfortunately,few ...The analysis and quantification of hydro-morphometric characteristics are essential for better management of water resources and more effective planning of hydroelectric projects in the Tshopo basin.Unfortunately,few studies have been carried out to assess these characteristics at the scale of this basin.Our methodological approach consists of using Geographic Information System(GIS)software analysis tools applied to the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS)World 3D-30m image.This enabled us to automatically extract the hydrographic network and generate the Tshopo sub-watersheds.The results of this analysis show that the Tshopo catchment area is of the order of magnitude 7.A total of 8 sub-watersheds were identified,covering an area of around 19,335 km2.They are elongated in shape,with a coefficient of compactness(KG)of between 1.84 and 2.52.Average slopes are low,ranging from 0.84%to 3.58%.Run-off velocity is generally low,with a velocity range(Ve)of 2.3 to 4.79 km/h.The duration of run-off concentration(Tc)varies between 30.2 and 70.2 h in the tributaries of the Tshopo.The hydrographic network is dense,with drainage densities(Dd)ranging from 0.91 to 1.72 km/km2.The watercourses form a homogeneous dendritic network,but with local variations.In some places,the network can take on a parallel or rectangular shape.展开更多
Modern Earth is the only known planet with plate tectonics,felsic continental crust,and life.Plate tectonics has resulted in a Goldilocks environment for long-term habitability via chemical cycling across the Earth sy...Modern Earth is the only known planet with plate tectonics,felsic continental crust,and life.Plate tectonics has resulted in a Goldilocks environment for long-term habitability via chemical cycling across the Earth system,regulating temperature through the carbonate-silicate cycle,sustaining oceans at the surface,and developing bimodal hypsometry with emergent felsic crust releasing bio-essential minerals through weathering and erosion(Kasting,2019;Cawood et al.,2022;Chowdhury et al.,2025).展开更多
A full global geodynamical model over 600 million years （Ma） has been de- veloped at the University of Lausanne during the past 20 years. We show herein how the 2D maps were converted into 3D （i.e., full hypsometry...A full global geodynamical model over 600 million years （Ma） has been de- veloped at the University of Lausanne during the past 20 years. We show herein how the 2D maps were converted into 3D （i.e., full hypsometry and bathymetry）, using a heuristic-based approach. Although the synthetic topography may be viewed as relatively crude, it has the advantage of being applicable anywhere on the globe and at any geological time. The model allows estimating the sea-level changes throughout the Phanerozoic, with the possibility, for the first time, to flood accordingly continental areas. One of the most striking results is the good correlation with ＂measured＂ sea-level changes, implying that long-term variations are predominantly tectonically-driven. Volumes of mountain relief are also estimated through time and compared with strontium isotopic ratio （Sr-ratio）, commonly thought to reflect mountain belt erosion. The tectonic impact upon the general Sr-retio trend is shown herein for the first time, although such influence was long been inferred.展开更多
文摘Within Karakoram Himalaya, Hunza River Basin(study area) is unique for a number of reasons: 1) potential impacts of highly concentrated highpitched mountains and glacial ice; 2) the glaciated portions have higher mean altitude as compared to other glaciated landscapes in the Karakoram; 3) this basin occupies varieties of both clean and debriscovered glaciers and/or ice. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the stability of topographic surface and potential implications of fluctuating glacial-ice causing variations in the movement of material from higher to lower elevations. This paper advocates landscape-level hypsometric investigations of glaciated landscape lies between 2280–7850 m elevation above sea level and non-glaciated landscape between 1461–7570 m. An attempt is made to understand intermediate elevations, which disguise the characteristics of glaciated hypsometries that are highly correlated with the Equilibrium Line Altitude(ELA). However, due to data scarcity for high altitude regions especially above 5000 m elevation, literature values for climatic conditions are used to create a relationship between hypsometry and variations in climate and ELA. The largest glaciated area(29.22%) between 5047 to 5555 m lies in the vertical regime of direct snow-accumulation zone and in the horizontal regime of net-accumulation zone(low velocity, net freezing, and no-sliding). In both landscapes, the hypsometric curves are ‘slow beginning' followed by ‘steep progress' and finally reaching a ‘plateau', reflecting the rapid altitudinal changes and the dominance of fluvial transport resulting in the denudation of land-dwelling and the transport of rock/debris from higher to lower altitudes. Reported slight differences in the average normalized bin altitudes against the cumulative normalized area between glaciated and non-glaciated landscapes are an indicator of slightly different land-forms and landform changes.
文摘The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1(IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model(DEM).The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats,was inferred through hypsometric analysis.Several parameters like Hypsometric integral(HI),maximum concavity(Eh),coordinates of slope inflection point(I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve(h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses.From the hypsometric curves,the landform evolution processes were inferred.Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood.Basins with lesser area(<100 km^2) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area,whereas for large basins no such correlation exists.Based on the study,river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.
基金sponsored by the Study on Regional Tectonically Quiet of Lower Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River(A04-2015-003)
文摘Research on the differential uplifting in the Palongzangbu region is crucial to understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism and establishing the model of the faulted blocks in the region of the east structural knot.In this paper,based on the ASTER-30m DEM,we calculate the hypsometry index(HI)of 19 watersheds in the Palongzangbu region,and study the differential uplifting in this region combining with seismic data,the ground deposition and erosion process.The result shows that the spatial distribution of the HI value can reflect the differential uplifting in the study area.Differential uplifting exists within different zones,and there are 2 relative strong uplifting centers.One center is near the east structural knot,and the other lies between the Lhari fault and Nujiang fault at their converging segment.Also,the watershed evolution,seismic activity,and ground deposition and erosion process are closely related to each other,and they constitute a chain of evidence which reveals the whole process from the tectonic movement underground to the landform evolution on the surface.
文摘The analysis and quantification of hydro-morphometric characteristics are essential for better management of water resources and more effective planning of hydroelectric projects in the Tshopo basin.Unfortunately,few studies have been carried out to assess these characteristics at the scale of this basin.Our methodological approach consists of using Geographic Information System(GIS)software analysis tools applied to the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS)World 3D-30m image.This enabled us to automatically extract the hydrographic network and generate the Tshopo sub-watersheds.The results of this analysis show that the Tshopo catchment area is of the order of magnitude 7.A total of 8 sub-watersheds were identified,covering an area of around 19,335 km2.They are elongated in shape,with a coefficient of compactness(KG)of between 1.84 and 2.52.Average slopes are low,ranging from 0.84%to 3.58%.Run-off velocity is generally low,with a velocity range(Ve)of 2.3 to 4.79 km/h.The duration of run-off concentration(Tc)varies between 30.2 and 70.2 h in the tributaries of the Tshopo.The hydrographic network is dense,with drainage densities(Dd)ranging from 0.91 to 1.72 km/km2.The watercourses form a homogeneous dendritic network,but with local variations.In some places,the network can take on a parallel or rectangular shape.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(Grant No.FL160100168)。
文摘Modern Earth is the only known planet with plate tectonics,felsic continental crust,and life.Plate tectonics has resulted in a Goldilocks environment for long-term habitability via chemical cycling across the Earth system,regulating temperature through the carbonate-silicate cycle,sustaining oceans at the surface,and developing bimodal hypsometry with emergent felsic crust releasing bio-essential minerals through weathering and erosion(Kasting,2019;Cawood et al.,2022;Chowdhury et al.,2025).
文摘A full global geodynamical model over 600 million years （Ma） has been de- veloped at the University of Lausanne during the past 20 years. We show herein how the 2D maps were converted into 3D （i.e., full hypsometry and bathymetry）, using a heuristic-based approach. Although the synthetic topography may be viewed as relatively crude, it has the advantage of being applicable anywhere on the globe and at any geological time. The model allows estimating the sea-level changes throughout the Phanerozoic, with the possibility, for the first time, to flood accordingly continental areas. One of the most striking results is the good correlation with ＂measured＂ sea-level changes, implying that long-term variations are predominantly tectonically-driven. Volumes of mountain relief are also estimated through time and compared with strontium isotopic ratio （Sr-ratio）, commonly thought to reflect mountain belt erosion. The tectonic impact upon the general Sr-retio trend is shown herein for the first time, although such influence was long been inferred.
