Hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA） has angiogenesis- regulating and neuro-protective effects, but its effects on vascular dementia （VaD） are unknown. In this study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were. randomly allocate...Hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA） has angiogenesis- regulating and neuro-protective effects, but its effects on vascular dementia （VaD） are unknown. In this study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were. randomly allocated to five groups： normal, sham-operation, VaD alone （bilateral carotid artery occlusion）, VaD plus saline （control）, and VaD plus HSYA. One week after operation, the HSYA group received one daily tail-vein injection of 0.6 mg/100 g HSYA for two weeks. Five weeks after operation, the spatial memory of all five groups was evaluated by the water maze task, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus was assessed by the long-term potentiation （LTP） method. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and N-methyi-D- aspartic acid receptor 1 （NR1） expression in the hippocampus was detected via Western blot. We found that, compared with the group with VaD alone, the group with HSYA had a reduced escape latency in the water maze （P 〈0.05）, and the LTP at CA3- CA1 synapses in the hippocampus was enhanced （P 〈0.05）. Western blot in the late-phase VaD group showed slight up-regulation of VEGF and down- regulation of NR1 in the hippocampus, while HSYA significantly up-regulated both VEGF and NRI. These results suggested that HSYA promotes angiogenesis and increases synaptic plasticity, thus improving spatial learning and memory in the rat model of VaD.展开更多
Osteosarcoma is a very serious primary bone cancer with a high death rate and a dismal prognosis.Since there is no permanent therapy for this condition,it is necessary to develop a cure.Therefore,this investigation wa...Osteosarcoma is a very serious primary bone cancer with a high death rate and a dismal prognosis.Since there is no permanent therapy for this condition,it is necessary to develop a cure.Therefore,this investigation was carried out to assess the impacts and biological functions of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HYSA)in osteosarcoma cell lines(MG63).In this investigational study,MG63 cells were utilized.Microarray experiments,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),immunofluorescent staining,extracellular acidification rate(ECAR),oxygen consumption rate(OCR),glucose consumption,lactate production,and ATP levels,proliferation assay,5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine(EDU)staining,and Western blot were performed.In MG63 cells,HYSA lowered cell proliferation and metastasis rates,suppressed EDU cell number,and enhanced caspase-3/9 activity levels.HYSA reduced the Warburg effect and induced ferroptosis(FPT)in MG63 cells.Inhibiting ferroptosis diminished HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.The stimulation of the HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway decreased HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.HIF-1αis one target spot for HYSA in a model of osteosarcoma cancer(OC).HYSA altered HIF-1α’s thermophoretic activity;following binding with HYSA,HIF-1α’s melting point increased from~55°C to~60°C.HYSA significantly enhanced the thermal stability of exogenous WT HIF-1αwhile not affecting Mut HIF-1α,suggesting that ARG-311,GLY-312,GLN-347,and GLN-387 may be involved in the interaction between HIF-1αand HYSA.Conclusively,our study revealed that HYSA induced FPT and reduced the Warburg effect of OC through mitochondrial damage by HIF-1α/HK2/SLC7A11 pathway.HYSA is a possible therapeutic option for OC or other cancers.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis.Methods:Thioacetamide was administered to rats intraperitoneally in doses of 200 mg/kg twice a week for 12 weeks...Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis.Methods:Thioacetamide was administered to rats intraperitoneally in doses of 200 mg/kg twice a week for 12 weeks.Thioacetamide-intoxicated rats were given silymarin(50 mg/kg)or HSYA(5 mg/kg)orally every day for 8 weeks.Liver enzymes,fibrosis markers,histological changes as well as immunohistochemistry of TNF-α,IL-6,p21,α-SMA,and caspase-3 were examined.The effect of HSYA on HSC-T6 activation/proliferation and apoptosis was also determined in vitro.Results:HSYA decreased liver enzymes,TNF-α,IL-6,and p21 expressions,hepatic PDGF-B,TIMP-1,TGF-β1,and hydroxyproline levels,as well as fibrosis score(S2 vs.S4)compared to the thioacetamide group.HSYA also downregulatedα-SMA while increasing caspase-3 expression.Surprisingly,at 500μg/mL,HSYA had only a slightly suppressive effect on HSC proliferation,with a 9.5%reduction.However,it significantly reduced TGF-β1,inhibitedα-SMA expression,induced caspase-3 expression,and promoted cell senescence.Conclusions:HSYA may be a potential therapeutic agent for delaying and reversing the progression of liver fibrosis.More research on HSYA at higher doses and for a longer period is warranted.展开更多
Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis an...Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis and molecular regulation of these compounds are still elusive due to the lack of a high-quality reference genome and scarce identification of key biosynthetic pathway genes in a medicinal safflower variety.Here we leveraged an integrative multi-omics strategy by combining genomic,comparative genomics,and tissue-specific transcriptome profiling with biochemical analysis to identify uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs)for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in safflower.We assembled and annotated a high-quality reference genome of a medicinal safflower variety,‘Yunhong3’.A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis indicated that an evolutionary whole-genome triplication event occurring in safflower contributed to gene amplification of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.By combining comparative transcriptome profiling with enzymatic reactions,we identified 11 novel UGTs that could catalyze the conversion of naringenin chalcone and phloretin to the corresponding O-glycosides.Moreover,we outlined the molecular pathway of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)biosynthesis featured by 17 newly identified UGTs with promising catalytic activity,laying the foundation for the synthetic production of HSYA.Our study reports systemic genome and gene expression information for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in medicinal safflower and provides insights into mechanisms regulating HSYA biosynthesis,which would facilitate the genetic improvement and synthetic bioengineering design for producing clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in safflower.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the attenuating effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on inflammatory injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups according to bo...Objective: To investigate the attenuating effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on inflammatory injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups according to body weight including normal control group, HSYA blank group(76.8 mg/kg), COPD group, COPD+HSYA(30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg) groups and COPD+dexamethasone(2 mg/kg), 10 in each group. Passive cigarette smoke and intratracheal instil ation of lipopolysaccharides were used to establish a COPD model in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of lung tissue sections was used, real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to assay m RNA levels of some cytokines in lung tissues, the cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), Western blot analysis was used to determine phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) levels in lung tissues, and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65 protein levels in lung tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Lung alveolar septa destruction, alveolus fusion, inflammatory cel infiltration, and bronchiole exudation were observed. These pathological changes were al eviated in the COPD+HSYA group. The m RNA expression of inflammatory factors were significantly increased in lung tissues from COPD rats(all P<0.01) and were inhibited by HSYA. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF of COPD rats were significantly increased(all P<0.01) which were inhibited by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). The levels of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and p65 in lung tissues of COPD rats were significantly increased(al P<0.01) and were suppressed by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). Conclusions: HSYA could alleviate inflammatory cell infiltration and other pathological changes in the lungs of COPD rats. HSYA could inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression, and increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 in the lungs of COPD rats. The protective mechanism of HSYA to inhibit COPD inflammation might be by attenuating NF-κB and p38 MAPK signal transduction.展开更多
Objective： This study observed attenuating effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an effective ingredient of aqueous extract of Carthamus tinctorius L, on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced endothelium inflammat...Objective： This study observed attenuating effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an effective ingredient of aqueous extract of Carthamus tinctorius L, on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced endothelium inflammatory injury. Methods： Eahy926 human endothelium cell （EC） line was used; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide （MTT） test was assayed to observe the viability of EC; Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to measure nuclear factor- κB （NF- κ B） p65 subunit nuclear binding activity in EC; Western blot technology was used to monitor mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPKs） and NF- κ B activation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method was applied to observe intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and E-selectin mRNA level; EC surface ICAM-1 expression was measured with flow cytometry and leukocyte adhesion to EC was assayed with Rose Bengal spectrophotometry technology. Results： HSYA protected EC viability against LPS-induced injury （P〈0.05）. LPS-induced NF- κ B p65 subunit DNA binding （P〈0.01） and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α （I κ B α） phosphorylation was inhibited by HSYA. HSYA attenuated LPS triggered ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels elevation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK. HSYA also inhibited LPS-induced cell surface ICAM-1 protein expression （P〈0.01） and leukocyte adhesion to EC （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA is effective to protect LPS-induced high expression of endothelium adhesive molecule and inflammatory signal transduction.展开更多
Objective： To observe the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an active ingredient of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., on lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleo...Objective： To observe the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an active ingredient of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., on lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin （BLM） in rats. Methods： Animals were divided into 6 groups including normal group, model group, three HSYA groups and dexamethasone （DXM） group. Three doses of HSYA （35.6, 53.3, and 80.0 mg？kg–1？day–1） were intraperitoneally （i.p.） injected in rats for 3 weeks after BLM administration and DXM was used as the positive control （n=8 or 12）. Arterial blood gas was assayed and morphological changes were observed. Lung mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α, interleukin （IL）-1β, IL-6 and some cytokines in lung tissue were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nuclear factor-κB p65 or α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） protein distribution in rat lung tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry. Results： On the 7th day after BLM administration, lung tissue showed serious inflammation. Treatment with HSYA or DXM ameliorated lung inflammation. After treatment with HSYA or DXM, oxygen partial pressure （PaO2） increased （HSYA 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01） and CO2 partial pressure （PaCO2） decreased （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; and the number of NF-κB p65 positive cells was lower in HSYA 53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1 groups than those in the model group （all P〈0.05）. Twenty-one days after BLM administration, HSYA or DXM treatment ameliorated fibrosis, increased PaO2 （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01）, and decreased PaCO2 （53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Further, the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and collagen Ⅰ as well as the number of α-SMA positive cells increased in the model group and HSYA can attenuate these changes （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson＇s trichrome staining indicated that the fibrosis and collagen deposition were ameliorated in HSYA groups （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA could alleviate acute lung inflammation and chronic pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM in rats.展开更多
Objective:To assess the effect and safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection(HSYAI)in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)and blood stasis syndrome(BSS).Methods:A multicenter,randomized,double-blind...Objective:To assess the effect and safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection(HSYAI)in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)and blood stasis syndrome(BSS).Methods:A multicenter,randomized,double-blind,multiple-dose,active-controlled phaseⅡtrial was conducted at 9 centers in China from July 2013 to September 2015.Patients with moderate or severe AIS and BSS were randomly assigned to low-,medium-,high-dose HSYAI groups(25,50 and 70 mg/d HSYAI by intravenous infusion,respectively),and a control group(Dengzhan Xixin Injection(灯盏细辛注射液,DZXXI)30 mL/d by intravenous infusion),for 14 consecutive days.The primary outcome was the Modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score 1 at days 90 after treatment.The secondary outcomes included the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score 1,Barthel Index(BI)score 95,and BSS score reduced 30%from baseline at days 14,30,60,and 90 after treatment.The safety outcomes included any adverse events during 90 days after treatment.Results:Of the 266 patients included in the effectiveness analysis,66,67,65 and 68 cases were in the low-,medium-,and high-dose HSYAI and control groups,respectively.The proportions of patients in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups with mRS score 1 at days 90 after treatment were significantly larger than the control group(P<0.05).The incidences of favorable outcomes of NIHSS and BI at days 90 after treatment as well as satisfactory improvement of BSS at days 30 and 60 after treatment in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups were all significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was reported among the 4 groups in any specific adverse events(P>0.05).Conclusions:HSYAI was safe and well-tolerated at all doses for treating AIS patients with BSS.The medium(50 mg/d)or high dose(75 mg/d)might be the optimal dose for a phaseⅢtrial.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on human immortalized keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration.Methods:HaCaT cells were treated with HSYA.Cell prolifera...Objective:To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on human immortalized keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration.Methods:HaCaT cells were treated with HSYA.Cell proliferation was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay,and cell migration was measured using wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay.The mRNA and protein expression levels of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor(EGF)-like growth factor(HBEGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and Western blot,respectively.Circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells and empty plasmid HaCaT cells were constructed using the lentiviral stable transfection and treated with HSYA.The expression of circ_0084443 was detected by qRT-PCR.Results:HSYA(800 μmol/L) significantly promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration(P<0.05or P<0.01).It also increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α,and increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Furthermore,HSYA promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration via the HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathways(P<0.01).Circ_0084443 attenuated the mRNA expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α(P<0.05).HSYA inhibited the circ_0084443 expression,further antagonized the inhibition of circ_0084443on HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,m TOR and HIF-1α,and promoted the proliferation of circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells(P<0.05 or P<0.01).However,HSYA could not influence the inhibitory effect of circ_0084443 on HaCaT cell migration(P>0.05).Conclusion:HSYA played an accelerative role in HaCaT cell proliferation and migration,which may be attributable to activating HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways,and had a particular inhibitory effect on the keratinocyte negative regulator circ_0084443.展开更多
Objective:To observe the protective effect and mechanism of hydroxyl safflower yellow A(HsYA)from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Methods:HUVECs were treated wi...Objective:To observe the protective effect and mechanism of hydroxyl safflower yellow A(HsYA)from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Methods:HUVECs were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion(OGD/R)to simulate the ischemia reperfusion model,and cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the protective effect of different concentrations(1.25-160μmol/L)of HSYA on HUVECs after OGD/R.HSYA 80μmol/L was used for follow-up experiments.The contents of inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-18,IL-1β,monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and IL-6 before and after administration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expressions of toll-like receptor,NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3(NLRP3),gasdermin D(GSDMD)and GSDMD-N-terminal domain(GSDMD-N)before and after administration were detected by Western blot.NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor cytokine release inhibitory drug 3 sodium salt(CRID3 sodium salt,also known as MCC950)and agonist were added,and the changes of NLRP3,cysteine-aspartic acid protease 1(Caspase-1),GSDMD and GSDMD-N protein expressions were detected by Western blot.Results:HSYA inhibited OGD/R-induced inflammation and significantly decreased the contents of inflammatory cytokines IL-18,IL-1β,MCP-1,TNF-αandIL-6(P<0.01or P<0.05).At the same time,by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway,HSYA can reduce the occurrence of pyroptosis after OGD/R and reduce the expression of NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD and GSDMD-N proteins(P<0.01).Conclusions:The protective effect of HSYA on HUVECs after OGD/R is related to down-regulating the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting pyroptosis.展开更多
Objective: To examine the protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) against the senescence of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) induced by D-galactose(D-gal) in vitro, and investigate the potential mechanism invo...Objective: To examine the protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) against the senescence of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) induced by D-galactose(D-gal) in vitro, and investigate the potential mechanism involved.Methods: Grouping experiment, Normal control(NC) group: conventional culture with complete medium;Senescence group: MSCs were cultured for 48 h with complete medium containing 10 g/L D-gal;HSYA group: on the basis of senescence induction, HSYA with the suitable concentration was used to protect MSCs. The key experimental indices associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cell senescence, proliferation and apoptosis were measured through chemical colorimetry, β-galactosidase staining, Ed U incorporation and flow cytometry, respectively. The relative quantity(RQ) of proteins related closely to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling were measured by Western blotting.Results: As compared with Senescence group, treatment with HSYA(120 mg/L) effectively ameliorated the adverse situation of MSCs. Oxidation stress and inflammation along with D-Gal induction was dramatically alleviated in MSCs;The β-Gal-positive staining indicated that MSC senescence was significantly mitigated;The proliferative capability of MSCs was significantly increased by up-regulating PCNA and inhibiting p16 expression;The anti-apoptotic effect on MSCs was exerted by down-regulating the RQ of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax;The activity of NF-κB signaling in MSCs was notably suppressed through inhibiting phosphorylation of IKKβ and p65.Conclusion: HSYA(120 mg/L) significantly delayed the D-Gal-induced senescence process in MSCs through attenuating inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, and suppressing the activity of NF-κB signaling.展开更多
Objective:Unlike for drug-drug interactions,rigorous guidelines for assessing herb-drug interactions are nonexistent.GuHong is an intravenous herbal formulation used as adjunct therapy for the management of ischemic s...Objective:Unlike for drug-drug interactions,rigorous guidelines for assessing herb-drug interactions are nonexistent.GuHong is an intravenous herbal formulation used as adjunct therapy for the management of ischemic stroke.This investigation aimed to evaluate its potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions.To facilitate the potential assessment,a human multi-compound pharmacokinetic study,along with associated supportive studies,was conducted to pinpoint GuHong compounds for testing.Methods:After analyzing the chemical composition of GuHong,a pharmacokinetic study was conducted in healthy subjects who received GuHong intravenously to identify its significantly exposed compounds and their pharmacokinetics.In addition,supportive rat and in vitro studies were conducted to assess the hepatic and renal disposition of these compounds,including their metabolism and transport.The potential of GuHong to precipitate drug interactions was evaluated in vitro using significantly exposed compounds,which were tested for their effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters listed in the ICH M12 Guideline(2024),with a focus on inhibition and induction.Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:A total of 54 constituents(0.01-27.18μmol/day)derived from Carthamus tinctorius flowers(Honghua)and N-acetyl-L-glutamine(3,090μmol/day)were detected in GuHong.Following intravenous administration of GuHong,hydroxysafflor yellow A emerged as the principal circulating compound from Honghua.Saffloquinoside D,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside,8-hydroxycinnamic acid-8-O-glucoside,coumaric acid-4-O-glucoside,and chlorogenic acid,also from Honghua,were detected but at low plasma levels.Hydroxysafflor yellow A,primarily eliminated via glomerular filtration-based renal excretion,exhibited the characteristics of an intravenous“hard drug.”N-Acetyl-L-glutamine was another major circulating compound of GuHong and was eliminated through renal excretion and hydrolysis to L-glutamine.GuHong had a low potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions.Conclusions:The low drug interaction potential of GuHong is advantageous for its use in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the context of polypharmacy.The methodology developed here can be applied to the study of other complex herbal medicines for their pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential.展开更多
Coronary heart disease is an ischemic condition characterized by vascular stenosis or obstruction caused by coronary atherosclerosis,resulting in myocardial ischemia,hypoxia,or necrosis.It is one of the leading causes...Coronary heart disease is an ischemic condition characterized by vascular stenosis or obstruction caused by coronary atherosclerosis,resulting in myocardial ischemia,hypoxia,or necrosis.It is one of the leading causes of death in both urban and rural populations in China.Safflower yellow pigments,the main active components of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine safflower,are primarily composed of quinochalcone compounds,including hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflor yellow B—of which hydroxysafflor yellow A is the principal component.Studies have demonstrated that these pigments can improve myocardial ischemia,reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury,alleviate atherosclerotic damage,and address risk factors associated with coronary heart disease.This review aimed to systematically and comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of action of safflower yellow pigments and their active components in the context of coronary heart disease and its related risk factors.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Project of Colleges and Universities of Tianjin Municipality, China (20110116)
文摘Hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA） has angiogenesis- regulating and neuro-protective effects, but its effects on vascular dementia （VaD） are unknown. In this study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were. randomly allocated to five groups： normal, sham-operation, VaD alone （bilateral carotid artery occlusion）, VaD plus saline （control）, and VaD plus HSYA. One week after operation, the HSYA group received one daily tail-vein injection of 0.6 mg/100 g HSYA for two weeks. Five weeks after operation, the spatial memory of all five groups was evaluated by the water maze task, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus was assessed by the long-term potentiation （LTP） method. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and N-methyi-D- aspartic acid receptor 1 （NR1） expression in the hippocampus was detected via Western blot. We found that, compared with the group with VaD alone, the group with HSYA had a reduced escape latency in the water maze （P 〈0.05）, and the LTP at CA3- CA1 synapses in the hippocampus was enhanced （P 〈0.05）. Western blot in the late-phase VaD group showed slight up-regulation of VEGF and down- regulation of NR1 in the hippocampus, while HSYA significantly up-regulated both VEGF and NRI. These results suggested that HSYA promotes angiogenesis and increases synaptic plasticity, thus improving spatial learning and memory in the rat model of VaD.
文摘Osteosarcoma is a very serious primary bone cancer with a high death rate and a dismal prognosis.Since there is no permanent therapy for this condition,it is necessary to develop a cure.Therefore,this investigation was carried out to assess the impacts and biological functions of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HYSA)in osteosarcoma cell lines(MG63).In this investigational study,MG63 cells were utilized.Microarray experiments,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),immunofluorescent staining,extracellular acidification rate(ECAR),oxygen consumption rate(OCR),glucose consumption,lactate production,and ATP levels,proliferation assay,5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine(EDU)staining,and Western blot were performed.In MG63 cells,HYSA lowered cell proliferation and metastasis rates,suppressed EDU cell number,and enhanced caspase-3/9 activity levels.HYSA reduced the Warburg effect and induced ferroptosis(FPT)in MG63 cells.Inhibiting ferroptosis diminished HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.The stimulation of the HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway decreased HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.HIF-1αis one target spot for HYSA in a model of osteosarcoma cancer(OC).HYSA altered HIF-1α’s thermophoretic activity;following binding with HYSA,HIF-1α’s melting point increased from~55°C to~60°C.HYSA significantly enhanced the thermal stability of exogenous WT HIF-1αwhile not affecting Mut HIF-1α,suggesting that ARG-311,GLY-312,GLN-347,and GLN-387 may be involved in the interaction between HIF-1αand HYSA.Conclusively,our study revealed that HYSA induced FPT and reduced the Warburg effect of OC through mitochondrial damage by HIF-1α/HK2/SLC7A11 pathway.HYSA is a possible therapeutic option for OC or other cancers.
基金funded by Theodore Bilharz Research Institute (grant number:ID-MS-99/A,Principal investigator:Naglaa M.El-Lakkany).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis.Methods:Thioacetamide was administered to rats intraperitoneally in doses of 200 mg/kg twice a week for 12 weeks.Thioacetamide-intoxicated rats were given silymarin(50 mg/kg)or HSYA(5 mg/kg)orally every day for 8 weeks.Liver enzymes,fibrosis markers,histological changes as well as immunohistochemistry of TNF-α,IL-6,p21,α-SMA,and caspase-3 were examined.The effect of HSYA on HSC-T6 activation/proliferation and apoptosis was also determined in vitro.Results:HSYA decreased liver enzymes,TNF-α,IL-6,and p21 expressions,hepatic PDGF-B,TIMP-1,TGF-β1,and hydroxyproline levels,as well as fibrosis score(S2 vs.S4)compared to the thioacetamide group.HSYA also downregulatedα-SMA while increasing caspase-3 expression.Surprisingly,at 500μg/mL,HSYA had only a slightly suppressive effect on HSC proliferation,with a 9.5%reduction.However,it significantly reduced TGF-β1,inhibitedα-SMA expression,induced caspase-3 expression,and promoted cell senescence.Conclusions:HSYA may be a potential therapeutic agent for delaying and reversing the progression of liver fibrosis.More research on HSYA at higher doses and for a longer period is warranted.
基金supported by the ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant No.2060302)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0900603)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0908000)the crosswise task based on DEYUANTANG pharmacy Co.,Ltd.Shanxi,China(Grant No.DYTKY180725).
文摘Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis and molecular regulation of these compounds are still elusive due to the lack of a high-quality reference genome and scarce identification of key biosynthetic pathway genes in a medicinal safflower variety.Here we leveraged an integrative multi-omics strategy by combining genomic,comparative genomics,and tissue-specific transcriptome profiling with biochemical analysis to identify uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs)for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in safflower.We assembled and annotated a high-quality reference genome of a medicinal safflower variety,‘Yunhong3’.A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis indicated that an evolutionary whole-genome triplication event occurring in safflower contributed to gene amplification of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.By combining comparative transcriptome profiling with enzymatic reactions,we identified 11 novel UGTs that could catalyze the conversion of naringenin chalcone and phloretin to the corresponding O-glycosides.Moreover,we outlined the molecular pathway of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)biosynthesis featured by 17 newly identified UGTs with promising catalytic activity,laying the foundation for the synthetic production of HSYA.Our study reports systemic genome and gene expression information for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in medicinal safflower and provides insights into mechanisms regulating HSYA biosynthesis,which would facilitate the genetic improvement and synthetic bioengineering design for producing clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in safflower.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81270103)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.7132047)the Project of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine-Western Medicine Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases
文摘Objective: To investigate the attenuating effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on inflammatory injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups according to body weight including normal control group, HSYA blank group(76.8 mg/kg), COPD group, COPD+HSYA(30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg) groups and COPD+dexamethasone(2 mg/kg), 10 in each group. Passive cigarette smoke and intratracheal instil ation of lipopolysaccharides were used to establish a COPD model in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of lung tissue sections was used, real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to assay m RNA levels of some cytokines in lung tissues, the cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), Western blot analysis was used to determine phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) levels in lung tissues, and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65 protein levels in lung tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Lung alveolar septa destruction, alveolus fusion, inflammatory cel infiltration, and bronchiole exudation were observed. These pathological changes were al eviated in the COPD+HSYA group. The m RNA expression of inflammatory factors were significantly increased in lung tissues from COPD rats(all P<0.01) and were inhibited by HSYA. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF of COPD rats were significantly increased(all P<0.01) which were inhibited by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). The levels of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and p65 in lung tissues of COPD rats were significantly increased(al P<0.01) and were suppressed by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). Conclusions: HSYA could alleviate inflammatory cell infiltration and other pathological changes in the lungs of COPD rats. HSYA could inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression, and increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 in the lungs of COPD rats. The protective mechanism of HSYA to inhibit COPD inflammation might be by attenuating NF-κB and p38 MAPK signal transduction.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81270103)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.7102025)
文摘Objective： This study observed attenuating effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an effective ingredient of aqueous extract of Carthamus tinctorius L, on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced endothelium inflammatory injury. Methods： Eahy926 human endothelium cell （EC） line was used; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide （MTT） test was assayed to observe the viability of EC; Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to measure nuclear factor- κB （NF- κ B） p65 subunit nuclear binding activity in EC; Western blot technology was used to monitor mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPKs） and NF- κ B activation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method was applied to observe intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and E-selectin mRNA level; EC surface ICAM-1 expression was measured with flow cytometry and leukocyte adhesion to EC was assayed with Rose Bengal spectrophotometry technology. Results： HSYA protected EC viability against LPS-induced injury （P〈0.05）. LPS-induced NF- κ B p65 subunit DNA binding （P〈0.01） and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α （I κ B α） phosphorylation was inhibited by HSYA. HSYA attenuated LPS triggered ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels elevation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK. HSYA also inhibited LPS-induced cell surface ICAM-1 protein expression （P〈0.01） and leukocyte adhesion to EC （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA is effective to protect LPS-induced high expression of endothelium adhesive molecule and inflammatory signal transduction.
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine Development Foundation of Beijing(No.JJ-2009-22)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.7132047)
文摘Objective： To observe the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an active ingredient of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., on lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin （BLM） in rats. Methods： Animals were divided into 6 groups including normal group, model group, three HSYA groups and dexamethasone （DXM） group. Three doses of HSYA （35.6, 53.3, and 80.0 mg？kg–1？day–1） were intraperitoneally （i.p.） injected in rats for 3 weeks after BLM administration and DXM was used as the positive control （n=8 or 12）. Arterial blood gas was assayed and morphological changes were observed. Lung mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α, interleukin （IL）-1β, IL-6 and some cytokines in lung tissue were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nuclear factor-κB p65 or α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） protein distribution in rat lung tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry. Results： On the 7th day after BLM administration, lung tissue showed serious inflammation. Treatment with HSYA or DXM ameliorated lung inflammation. After treatment with HSYA or DXM, oxygen partial pressure （PaO2） increased （HSYA 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01） and CO2 partial pressure （PaCO2） decreased （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; and the number of NF-κB p65 positive cells was lower in HSYA 53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1 groups than those in the model group （all P〈0.05）. Twenty-one days after BLM administration, HSYA or DXM treatment ameliorated fibrosis, increased PaO2 （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01）, and decreased PaCO2 （53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Further, the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and collagen Ⅰ as well as the number of α-SMA positive cells increased in the model group and HSYA can attenuate these changes （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson＇s trichrome staining indicated that the fibrosis and collagen deposition were ameliorated in HSYA groups （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA could alleviate acute lung inflammation and chronic pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM in rats.
文摘Objective:To assess the effect and safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection(HSYAI)in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)and blood stasis syndrome(BSS).Methods:A multicenter,randomized,double-blind,multiple-dose,active-controlled phaseⅡtrial was conducted at 9 centers in China from July 2013 to September 2015.Patients with moderate or severe AIS and BSS were randomly assigned to low-,medium-,high-dose HSYAI groups(25,50 and 70 mg/d HSYAI by intravenous infusion,respectively),and a control group(Dengzhan Xixin Injection(灯盏细辛注射液,DZXXI)30 mL/d by intravenous infusion),for 14 consecutive days.The primary outcome was the Modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score 1 at days 90 after treatment.The secondary outcomes included the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score 1,Barthel Index(BI)score 95,and BSS score reduced 30%from baseline at days 14,30,60,and 90 after treatment.The safety outcomes included any adverse events during 90 days after treatment.Results:Of the 266 patients included in the effectiveness analysis,66,67,65 and 68 cases were in the low-,medium-,and high-dose HSYAI and control groups,respectively.The proportions of patients in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups with mRS score 1 at days 90 after treatment were significantly larger than the control group(P<0.05).The incidences of favorable outcomes of NIHSS and BI at days 90 after treatment as well as satisfactory improvement of BSS at days 30 and 60 after treatment in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups were all significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was reported among the 4 groups in any specific adverse events(P>0.05).Conclusions:HSYAI was safe and well-tolerated at all doses for treating AIS patients with BSS.The medium(50 mg/d)or high dose(75 mg/d)might be the optimal dose for a phaseⅢtrial.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fund of Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Department (No.20180530070)Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian (No.2020JJ27SN073)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on human immortalized keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration.Methods:HaCaT cells were treated with HSYA.Cell proliferation was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay,and cell migration was measured using wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay.The mRNA and protein expression levels of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor(EGF)-like growth factor(HBEGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and Western blot,respectively.Circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells and empty plasmid HaCaT cells were constructed using the lentiviral stable transfection and treated with HSYA.The expression of circ_0084443 was detected by qRT-PCR.Results:HSYA(800 μmol/L) significantly promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration(P<0.05or P<0.01).It also increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α,and increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Furthermore,HSYA promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration via the HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathways(P<0.01).Circ_0084443 attenuated the mRNA expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α(P<0.05).HSYA inhibited the circ_0084443 expression,further antagonized the inhibition of circ_0084443on HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,m TOR and HIF-1α,and promoted the proliferation of circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells(P<0.05 or P<0.01).However,HSYA could not influence the inhibitory effect of circ_0084443 on HaCaT cell migration(P>0.05).Conclusion:HSYA played an accelerative role in HaCaT cell proliferation and migration,which may be attributable to activating HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways,and had a particular inhibitory effect on the keratinocyte negative regulator circ_0084443.
基金Supported by the Youth Planning Project of Beijing Scienceand Technology Development Fund for Chinese Medicine(No.QN-2020-14)innovation Fund of China Academy of ChineseMedical Sciences(No.CI2021A00912)Scientific Fund ofNational Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology(No.CMC2022005)。
文摘Objective:To observe the protective effect and mechanism of hydroxyl safflower yellow A(HsYA)from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Methods:HUVECs were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion(OGD/R)to simulate the ischemia reperfusion model,and cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the protective effect of different concentrations(1.25-160μmol/L)of HSYA on HUVECs after OGD/R.HSYA 80μmol/L was used for follow-up experiments.The contents of inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-18,IL-1β,monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and IL-6 before and after administration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expressions of toll-like receptor,NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3(NLRP3),gasdermin D(GSDMD)and GSDMD-N-terminal domain(GSDMD-N)before and after administration were detected by Western blot.NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor cytokine release inhibitory drug 3 sodium salt(CRID3 sodium salt,also known as MCC950)and agonist were added,and the changes of NLRP3,cysteine-aspartic acid protease 1(Caspase-1),GSDMD and GSDMD-N protein expressions were detected by Western blot.Results:HSYA inhibited OGD/R-induced inflammation and significantly decreased the contents of inflammatory cytokines IL-18,IL-1β,MCP-1,TNF-αandIL-6(P<0.01or P<0.05).At the same time,by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway,HSYA can reduce the occurrence of pyroptosis after OGD/R and reduce the expression of NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD and GSDMD-N proteins(P<0.01).Conclusions:The protective effect of HSYA on HUVECs after OGD/R is related to down-regulating the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting pyroptosis.
基金supported by Applied Basic Research Project of Zhangjiakou Science and Technology Bureau (No. 1911020D)General Project of Hebei North University (No. YB2018034)+1 种基金Morphology Experimental Teaching Center of Hebei Province (No. XTZX201901)College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. S202110092005)。
文摘Objective: To examine the protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) against the senescence of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) induced by D-galactose(D-gal) in vitro, and investigate the potential mechanism involved.Methods: Grouping experiment, Normal control(NC) group: conventional culture with complete medium;Senescence group: MSCs were cultured for 48 h with complete medium containing 10 g/L D-gal;HSYA group: on the basis of senescence induction, HSYA with the suitable concentration was used to protect MSCs. The key experimental indices associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cell senescence, proliferation and apoptosis were measured through chemical colorimetry, β-galactosidase staining, Ed U incorporation and flow cytometry, respectively. The relative quantity(RQ) of proteins related closely to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling were measured by Western blotting.Results: As compared with Senescence group, treatment with HSYA(120 mg/L) effectively ameliorated the adverse situation of MSCs. Oxidation stress and inflammation along with D-Gal induction was dramatically alleviated in MSCs;The β-Gal-positive staining indicated that MSC senescence was significantly mitigated;The proliferative capability of MSCs was significantly increased by up-regulating PCNA and inhibiting p16 expression;The anti-apoptotic effect on MSCs was exerted by down-regulating the RQ of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax;The activity of NF-κB signaling in MSCs was notably suppressed through inhibiting phosphorylation of IKKβ and p65.Conclusion: HSYA(120 mg/L) significantly delayed the D-Gal-induced senescence process in MSCs through attenuating inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, and suppressing the activity of NF-κB signaling.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants(82192912 and 82074273)by the National Key R&D Program(“Strategic Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation”)Key Project(2022YFE0203600)released by the Ministry of Science and Technology。
文摘Objective:Unlike for drug-drug interactions,rigorous guidelines for assessing herb-drug interactions are nonexistent.GuHong is an intravenous herbal formulation used as adjunct therapy for the management of ischemic stroke.This investigation aimed to evaluate its potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions.To facilitate the potential assessment,a human multi-compound pharmacokinetic study,along with associated supportive studies,was conducted to pinpoint GuHong compounds for testing.Methods:After analyzing the chemical composition of GuHong,a pharmacokinetic study was conducted in healthy subjects who received GuHong intravenously to identify its significantly exposed compounds and their pharmacokinetics.In addition,supportive rat and in vitro studies were conducted to assess the hepatic and renal disposition of these compounds,including their metabolism and transport.The potential of GuHong to precipitate drug interactions was evaluated in vitro using significantly exposed compounds,which were tested for their effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters listed in the ICH M12 Guideline(2024),with a focus on inhibition and induction.Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:A total of 54 constituents(0.01-27.18μmol/day)derived from Carthamus tinctorius flowers(Honghua)and N-acetyl-L-glutamine(3,090μmol/day)were detected in GuHong.Following intravenous administration of GuHong,hydroxysafflor yellow A emerged as the principal circulating compound from Honghua.Saffloquinoside D,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside,8-hydroxycinnamic acid-8-O-glucoside,coumaric acid-4-O-glucoside,and chlorogenic acid,also from Honghua,were detected but at low plasma levels.Hydroxysafflor yellow A,primarily eliminated via glomerular filtration-based renal excretion,exhibited the characteristics of an intravenous“hard drug.”N-Acetyl-L-glutamine was another major circulating compound of GuHong and was eliminated through renal excretion and hydrolysis to L-glutamine.GuHong had a low potential to precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions.Conclusions:The low drug interaction potential of GuHong is advantageous for its use in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the context of polypharmacy.The methodology developed here can be applied to the study of other complex herbal medicines for their pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential.
基金financially supported by the Key Research Project of Yan-Zhao Medical Studies(YZZZ2024016)Scientific Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province(QN2025158).
文摘Coronary heart disease is an ischemic condition characterized by vascular stenosis or obstruction caused by coronary atherosclerosis,resulting in myocardial ischemia,hypoxia,or necrosis.It is one of the leading causes of death in both urban and rural populations in China.Safflower yellow pigments,the main active components of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine safflower,are primarily composed of quinochalcone compounds,including hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflor yellow B—of which hydroxysafflor yellow A is the principal component.Studies have demonstrated that these pigments can improve myocardial ischemia,reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury,alleviate atherosclerotic damage,and address risk factors associated with coronary heart disease.This review aimed to systematically and comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of action of safflower yellow pigments and their active components in the context of coronary heart disease and its related risk factors.
