High mountain areas provide water resources for a large share of the world＇s population. The ongoing deglaciation of these areas is resulting in great instability of mountainous headwater regions, which could signifi...High mountain areas provide water resources for a large share of the world＇s population. The ongoing deglaciation of these areas is resulting in great instability of mountainous headwater regions, which could significantly affect water supply and intensify dangerous hydrological processes. The hydrological processes in mountains are still poorly understood due to the complexity of the natural conditions, great spatial variation and a lack of observation. A knowledge of flow-forming processes in alpine areas is essential to predict future possible trends in hydrological conditions and to calculate river runoff characteristics. The goal of this study is to gain detailed field data on various components of natural hydrological processes in the alpine areas of the North Caucasus and Central Tien Shan, and to investigate the possibility that the isotopic method can reveal important regularities of river flow formation in these regions. The study is based on field observations in representative alpine river basins in the North Caucasus （the Dzhankuat river basin） and the Central Tien Shan （the Chon-Kyzyl-Suu river basin） during 2013-2015. A mixing-model approach was used to conduct river hydrograph separation. Isotope methods were used to estimate the contribution of different nourishment sources in total runoff and its regime. ~80, ~D and mineralization were used as indicators. Two equation systems for the study sites were derived： in terms of water routing and runoff genesis. The Dzhankuat and Chon-Kyzyl-Suu river hydrographs were separated into 4 components： liquid precipitation/meltwaters, surface routed/subsurface routed waters.展开更多
考虑了工程中存在的油液可压缩性,基于功率键合图(Power Bond Graph),对主动油气悬架系统的主要环节进行了分析建模,并推导了液压泵的容性场和液阻耦合场模型。通过主动油气悬架系统的键合图对系统元件进行综合,建立了系统的非线性状态...考虑了工程中存在的油液可压缩性,基于功率键合图(Power Bond Graph),对主动油气悬架系统的主要环节进行了分析建模,并推导了液压泵的容性场和液阻耦合场模型。通过主动油气悬架系统的键合图对系统元件进行综合,建立了系统的非线性状态方程,并针对油气悬架的被动特性和驱动特性进行了仿真研究,结果表明:建立的非线性状态方程模型能够很好地反映系统动态响应的实际情况和充放油过程中重要的动态耦合特性。展开更多
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research （project No. 16-35-60042 methodology of the study, equipment and calculations, project No. 15-05-00599a field observations, equipment）, Russian Science Foundation （project No. 14-17-00155 hydrochemical analysis and sensitivity tests）.
文摘High mountain areas provide water resources for a large share of the world＇s population. The ongoing deglaciation of these areas is resulting in great instability of mountainous headwater regions, which could significantly affect water supply and intensify dangerous hydrological processes. The hydrological processes in mountains are still poorly understood due to the complexity of the natural conditions, great spatial variation and a lack of observation. A knowledge of flow-forming processes in alpine areas is essential to predict future possible trends in hydrological conditions and to calculate river runoff characteristics. The goal of this study is to gain detailed field data on various components of natural hydrological processes in the alpine areas of the North Caucasus and Central Tien Shan, and to investigate the possibility that the isotopic method can reveal important regularities of river flow formation in these regions. The study is based on field observations in representative alpine river basins in the North Caucasus （the Dzhankuat river basin） and the Central Tien Shan （the Chon-Kyzyl-Suu river basin） during 2013-2015. A mixing-model approach was used to conduct river hydrograph separation. Isotope methods were used to estimate the contribution of different nourishment sources in total runoff and its regime. ~80, ~D and mineralization were used as indicators. Two equation systems for the study sites were derived： in terms of water routing and runoff genesis. The Dzhankuat and Chon-Kyzyl-Suu river hydrographs were separated into 4 components： liquid precipitation/meltwaters, surface routed/subsurface routed waters.
文摘考虑了工程中存在的油液可压缩性,基于功率键合图(Power Bond Graph),对主动油气悬架系统的主要环节进行了分析建模,并推导了液压泵的容性场和液阻耦合场模型。通过主动油气悬架系统的键合图对系统元件进行综合,建立了系统的非线性状态方程,并针对油气悬架的被动特性和驱动特性进行了仿真研究,结果表明:建立的非线性状态方程模型能够很好地反映系统动态响应的实际情况和充放油过程中重要的动态耦合特性。
