The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradua...The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.展开更多
This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recogni...This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recognition,and natural language processing techniques,AI offers innovative solutions for enhancing transparency and integrity in research.This editorial discusses how AI can automatically detect COIs,integrate data from various sources,and streamline reporting processes,thereby maintaining the credibility of scientific findings.展开更多
Photothermoelectric(PTE)photodetectors with selfpowered and uncooled advantages have attracted much interest due to the wide application prospects in the military and civilian fields.However,traditional PTE photodetec...Photothermoelectric(PTE)photodetectors with selfpowered and uncooled advantages have attracted much interest due to the wide application prospects in the military and civilian fields.However,traditional PTE photodetectors lack of mechanical flexibility and cannot operate independently without the test instrument.Herein,we present a flexible PTE photodetector capable of dual-mode output,combining electrical and optical signal generation for enhanced functionality.Using solution processing,high-quality MXene thin films are assembled on asymmetric electrodes as the photosensitive layer.The geometrically asymmetric electrode design significantly enhances the responsivity,achieving 0.33 m A W^(-1)under infrared illumination,twice that of the symmetrical configuration.This improvement stems from optimized photothermal conversion and an expanded temperature gradient.The PTE device maintains stable performance after 300 bending cycles,demonstrating excellent flexibility.A new energy conversion pathway has been established by coupling the photothermal conversion of MXene with thermochromic composite materials,leading to a real-time visualization of invisible infrared radiation.Leveraging this functionality,we demonstrate the first human-machine collaborative infrared imaging system,wherein the dual-mode photodetector arrays synchronously generate human-readable pattern and machine-readable pattern.Our study not only provides a new solution for functional integration of flexible photodetectors,but also sets a new benchmark for human-machine collaborative optoelectronics.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The a...The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The age of three is a unique transitional period when young children begin attending kindergarten as their first social setting.The study was conducted in Hangzhou in China,using a case study methodology and involved 10 teachers from eight different kindergarten settings and 157 three-year-old children in eight classes.The 120 observed record identified 214 peer conflicts,54%of which were caused by object and space disputes;18%by physical collisions;16%by verbal disputes among young children;12%by violations of discipline and rules.Participating kindergarten teachers’approaches for resolving peer conflicts illustrated in the case study included(1)perfunctory response;(2)simple suppression;(3)authoritative determinations;(4)scientific guidance;and(5)objective factors influencing teachers’involvement(e.g.,teacher child ratio;child characteristics;teacher child relationship;parent understanding and support;classroom management;inspection;co-teacher cooperation).Class size,curriculum,teacher-child connections,parental support,and teacher collaboration are some of the objective elements that affect kindergarten teacher participation,as are the professional attributes of teachers and their perspectives on education and children.Practical recommendations for kindergarten teachers’involvement in peer conflict among young children were given based on the research findings.展开更多
In the parallel steering coordination control strategy for path tracking,it is difficult to match the current driver steering model using the fixed parameters with the actual driver,and the designed steering coordinat...In the parallel steering coordination control strategy for path tracking,it is difficult to match the current driver steering model using the fixed parameters with the actual driver,and the designed steering coordination control strategy under a single objective and simple conditions is difficult to adapt to the multi-dimensional state variables’input.In this paper,we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm-based multi-objective parallel human-machine steering coordination strategy for path tracking considering driver misoperation and external disturbance.Firstly,the driver steering mathematical model is constructed based on the driver preview characteristics and steering delay response,and the driver characteristic parameters are fitted after collecting the actual driver driving data.Secondly,considering that the vehicle is susceptible to the influence of external disturbances during the driving process,the Tube MPC(Tube Model Predictive Control)based path tracking steering controller is designed based on the vehicle system dynamics error model.After verifying that the driver steering model meets the driver steering operation characteristics,DQN(Deep Q-network),DDPG(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient)and TD3(Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient)deep reinforcement learning algorithms are utilized to design a multi-objective parallel steering coordination strategy which satisfies the multi-dimensional state variables’input of the vehicle.Finally,the tracking accuracy,lateral safety,human-machine conflict and driver steering load evaluation index are designed in different driver operation states and different road environments,and the performance of the parallel steering coordination control strategies with different deep reinforcement learning algorithms and fuzzy algorithms are compared by simulations and hardware in the loop experiments.The results show that the parallel steering collaborative strategy based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm can more effectively assist the driver in tracking the target path under lateral wind interference and driver misoperation,and the TD3-based coordination control strategy has better overall performance.展开更多
Rock discontinuities control rock mechanical behaviors and significantly influence the stability of rock masses.However,existing discontinuity mapping algorithms are susceptible to noise,and the calculation results ca...Rock discontinuities control rock mechanical behaviors and significantly influence the stability of rock masses.However,existing discontinuity mapping algorithms are susceptible to noise,and the calculation results cannot be fed back to users timely.To address this issue,we proposed a human-machine interaction(HMI)method for discontinuity mapping.Users can help the algorithm identify the noise and make real-time result judgments and parameter adjustments.For this,a regular cube was selected to illustrate the workflows:(1)point cloud was acquired using remote sensing;(2)the HMI method was employed to select reference points and angle thresholds to detect group discontinuity;(3)individual discontinuities were extracted from the group discontinuity using a density-based cluster algorithm;and(4)the orientation of each discontinuity was measured based on a plane fitting algorithm.The method was applied to a well-studied highway road cut and a complex natural slope.The consistency of the computational results with field measurements demonstrates its good accuracy,and the average error in the dip direction and dip angle for both cases was less than 3.Finally,the computational time of the proposed method was compared with two other popular algorithms,and the reduction in computational time by tens of times proves its high computational efficiency.This method provides geologists and geological engineers with a new idea to map rapidly and accurately rock structures under large amounts of noises or unclear features.展开更多
The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflict...The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.展开更多
Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of ex...Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance(anxiety,depression,and stress).Methods:Conducted in January 2025,the research recruited 4125 adolescents from multiple Chinese provinces through convenience sampling;after data cleaning,3957 valid participants(1959 males,1998 females)were included.Using a cross-sectional design,measures included parental marital conflict,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,stress,and short video dependence.Results:Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations among all variables.Mediation analysis using the SPSS PROCESS macro showed that parental marital conflict directly predicted short video dependence(β=0.269,p<0.001),and also significantly predicted experiential avoidance(β=0.519,p<0.001),anxiety(β=0.072,p<0.001),depression(β=0.067,p<0.001),and stress(β=0.048,p<0.05).Experiential avoidance further predicted anxiety(β=0.521,p<0.001),depression(β=0.489,p<0.001),stress(β=0.408,p<0.001),and short video dependence(β=0.244,p<0.001).While both anxiety(β=0.050,p<0.05)and depression(β=0.116,p<0.001)positively predicted short video dependence,stress did not(β=0.019,p=0.257).Overall,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,and stress significantly mediated the relationship between parental marital conflict and short video dependence.Conclusion:These findings confirm that parental marital conflict not only directly influences adolescent short video dependence but also operates through a chain mediation pathway involving experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance,highlighting central psychological mechanisms and providing theoretical support for integrated mental health and behavioral interventions.展开更多
Systematically analyzing the impact mechanisms of policy on Land Use Conflict(LUC)is crucial for constructing effective conflict mitigation strategies.However,previous research on how policy influences LUC remains rel...Systematically analyzing the impact mechanisms of policy on Land Use Conflict(LUC)is crucial for constructing effective conflict mitigation strategies.However,previous research on how policy influences LUC remains relatively limited.Focusing on the indirect driving role of policy on LUC,this study proposed County Development Level(CDL)under Major Function Oriented Zone Planning(MFOZP)guidance as an intermediary variable,bridging the implicit influence of MFOZP and the explicit changes in LUC.Using the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region in China as a case study,we analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of LUC and CDL for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2020,before and after MFOZP implementation.Panel models and Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR)were employed to explore the mechanism by which CDL influences LUC under MFOZP guidance.The results show that:1)MFOZP implementation effectively alleviates land use pressure from regional development,with LUC continuously declining at a rate of 2.41%,while CDL exhibits slight growth(3.84%),during 2010-2020.2)Under MFOZP guidance,CDL reduces pressure on Land Use Structure Conflict(LUSC)and Land Use Process Conflict(LUPC),enhances its inhibitory effect on Land Use Function Conflict(LUFC),and significantly contributes to LUC coordination,with notable spatial heterogeneity.3)The coupling relationship between CDL and LUC has improved post-implementation.Based on this,tailored LUC coordination strategies are proposed for different functional zones.This study confirms the effectiveness of MFOZP in coordinating LUC and provides a scientific reference for LUC research under policy frameworks and the governance of LUC in the BTH region.展开更多
Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The...Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".展开更多
This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest ami...This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest amidst silence,against human beings' self-destructive abuse of nuclear technology and craziness of arms races during the cold war.The paper,from the historical,cultural,and religious contexts,presents an analysis of the hero's death and of the message the reader can draw from the story.展开更多
This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God...This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.展开更多
Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and c...Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.展开更多
Mark Twain is a very great American writer.And The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is his masterpiece. This paper makes a simple analysis of the conflicts between ideals and reality in Mark Twain's novel The Advent...Mark Twain is a very great American writer.And The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is his masterpiece. This paper makes a simple analysis of the conflicts between ideals and reality in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The conflicts are embodied in two aspects:racial relationship,belief.展开更多
With the rapid growth of flight flow,the workload of controllers is increasing daily,and handling flight conflicts is the main workload.Therefore,it is necessary to provide more efficient conflict resolution decision-...With the rapid growth of flight flow,the workload of controllers is increasing daily,and handling flight conflicts is the main workload.Therefore,it is necessary to provide more efficient conflict resolution decision-making support for controllers.Due to the limitations of existing methods,they have not been widely used.In this paper,a Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)algorithm is proposed to resolve multi-aircraft flight conflict with high solving efficiency.First,the characteristics of multi-aircraft flight conflict problem are analyzed and the problem is modeled based on Markov decision process.Thus,the Independent Deep Q Network(IDQN)algorithm is used to solve the model.Simultaneously,a’downward-compatible’framework that supports dynamic expansion of the number of conflicting aircraft is designed.The model ultimately shows convergence through adequate training.Finally,the test conflict scenarios and indicators were used to verify the validity.In 700 scenarios,85.71%of conflicts were successfully resolved,and 71.51%of aircraft can reach destinations within 150 s around original arrival times.By contrast,conflict resolution algorithm based on DRL has great advantages in solution speed.The method proposed offers the possibility of decision-making support for controllers and reduce workload of controllers in future high-density airspace environment.展开更多
Electromyography(EMG)has already been broadly used in human-machine interaction(HMI)applications.Determining how to decode the information inside EMG signals robustly and accurately is a key problem for which we urgen...Electromyography(EMG)has already been broadly used in human-machine interaction(HMI)applications.Determining how to decode the information inside EMG signals robustly and accurately is a key problem for which we urgently need a solution.Recently,many EMG pattern recognition tasks have been addressed using deep learning methods.In this paper,we analyze recent papers and present a literature review describing the role that deep learning plays in EMG-based HMI.An overview of typical network structures and processing schemes will be provided.Recent progress in typical tasks such as movement classification,joint angle prediction,and force/torque estimation will be introduced.New issues,including multimodal sensing,inter-subject/inter-session,and robustness toward disturbances will be discussed.We attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of current research by discussing the advantages,challenges,and opportunities brought by deep learning.We hope that deep learning can aid in eliminating factors that hinder the development of EMG-based HMI systems.Furthermore,possible future directions will be presented to pave the way for future research.展开更多
Hydrogel-based triboelectric nanoge nerator(TENG)has a promising applied prospect in wearable electronic devices.However,its low performance,poor stability,insufficient recyclability and inferior self-healing seriousl...Hydrogel-based triboelectric nanoge nerator(TENG)has a promising applied prospect in wearable electronic devices.However,its low performance,poor stability,insufficient recyclability and inferior self-healing seriously hinder its development.Herein,we report a robust route to a liquid metal(LM)/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)hydrogel-based TENG(LP-TENG).Owing to the intrinsically liquid feature of conductive LM within the flexible PVA hydrogel,the as-prepared LP-TENG exhibited comprehensiye advantages of adaptability,biocompatibility,outstanding electrical performance,superior stability,recyclability and diverse applications,which were unattainable by traditional systems.Concretely,the LP-TENG delivered appealing open circuit voltage of 250 V,short circuit current of 4μA and transferred charge of 120 nC with high stability,outperforming most advanced TENG systems.The LP-TENG was successfully employed for versatile applications with multifunctionality,including human motion detection,handwriting recognition,energy collection,message transmission and human-machine interaction.This work presents significant prospects for crafting advanced materials and devices in the fields of wearable electronics,flexible skin and smart robots.展开更多
Combination flexible and stretchable textiles with self-powered sensors bring a novel insight into wearable functional electronics and cyber security in the era of Internet of Things.This work presents a highly flexib...Combination flexible and stretchable textiles with self-powered sensors bring a novel insight into wearable functional electronics and cyber security in the era of Internet of Things.This work presents a highly flexible and self-powered fully fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator(F-TENG)with sandwiched structure for biomechanical energy harvesting and real-time biometric authentication.The prepared F-TENG can power a digital watch by low-frequency motion and respond to the pressure change by the fall of leaves.A self-powered wearable keyboard(SPWK)is also fabricated by integrating large-area F-TENG sensor arrays,which not only can trace and record electrophysiological signals,but also can identify individuals’typing characteristics by means of the Haar wavelet.Based on these merits,the SPWK has promising applications in the realm of wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,cyber security,and artificial intelligences.展开更多
We outline problems and potential solutions for feasible human-machine interfaces using cable-based parallel manipulators for physiotherapy applications.From an engineering perspective,we discuss the design constraint...We outline problems and potential solutions for feasible human-machine interfaces using cable-based parallel manipulators for physiotherapy applications.From an engineering perspective,we discuss the design constraints related to acceptance by patients and physiotherapist users.To date,most designs have focused on mobile platforms that are designed to be operated as an end-effector connected to human limbs for direct patient interaction.Some specific examples are illustrated from the authors' experience with prototypes available at Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM),Italy.展开更多
To reduce the complexity of the configuration and control strategy for shoulder rehabilitation exoskeleton,a 2R1R1P2R serial of shoulder exoskeleton based on gravity balance is proposed.Based on three basic rotatory s...To reduce the complexity of the configuration and control strategy for shoulder rehabilitation exoskeleton,a 2R1R1P2R serial of shoulder exoskeleton based on gravity balance is proposed.Based on three basic rotatory shoulder joints,an exact kinematic constraint system can be formed between the exoskeleton and the upper arm by introducing a passive sliding pair and a center of glenohumeral(CGH)unpowered compensation mechanism,which realizes the human-machine kinematic compatibility.Gravity balance is used in the CGH compensation mechanism to provide shoulder joint support.Meanwhile,the motion of the compensation mechanism is pulled by doing reverse leading through the arm to realize the kinematic self-adaptive,which decreases control complexity.Besides,a simple and intuitive spring adjustment strategy is proposed to ensure the gravity balance of any prescribed quality.Furthermore,according to the influencing factors analysis of the scapulohumeral rhythm,the kinematic analysis of CGH mechanism is performed,which shows that the mechanism can fit the trajectory of CGH under various conditions.Finally,the dynamic simulation of the mechanism is carried out.Results indicate that the compensation torques are reduced to below 0.22 N·m,and the feasibility of the mechanism is also verified.展开更多
文摘The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.
文摘This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recognition,and natural language processing techniques,AI offers innovative solutions for enhancing transparency and integrity in research.This editorial discusses how AI can automatically detect COIs,integrate data from various sources,and streamline reporting processes,thereby maintaining the credibility of scientific findings.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(xxj022019009)。
文摘Photothermoelectric(PTE)photodetectors with selfpowered and uncooled advantages have attracted much interest due to the wide application prospects in the military and civilian fields.However,traditional PTE photodetectors lack of mechanical flexibility and cannot operate independently without the test instrument.Herein,we present a flexible PTE photodetector capable of dual-mode output,combining electrical and optical signal generation for enhanced functionality.Using solution processing,high-quality MXene thin films are assembled on asymmetric electrodes as the photosensitive layer.The geometrically asymmetric electrode design significantly enhances the responsivity,achieving 0.33 m A W^(-1)under infrared illumination,twice that of the symmetrical configuration.This improvement stems from optimized photothermal conversion and an expanded temperature gradient.The PTE device maintains stable performance after 300 bending cycles,demonstrating excellent flexibility.A new energy conversion pathway has been established by coupling the photothermal conversion of MXene with thermochromic composite materials,leading to a real-time visualization of invisible infrared radiation.Leveraging this functionality,we demonstrate the first human-machine collaborative infrared imaging system,wherein the dual-mode photodetector arrays synchronously generate human-readable pattern and machine-readable pattern.Our study not only provides a new solution for functional integration of flexible photodetectors,but also sets a new benchmark for human-machine collaborative optoelectronics.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The age of three is a unique transitional period when young children begin attending kindergarten as their first social setting.The study was conducted in Hangzhou in China,using a case study methodology and involved 10 teachers from eight different kindergarten settings and 157 three-year-old children in eight classes.The 120 observed record identified 214 peer conflicts,54%of which were caused by object and space disputes;18%by physical collisions;16%by verbal disputes among young children;12%by violations of discipline and rules.Participating kindergarten teachers’approaches for resolving peer conflicts illustrated in the case study included(1)perfunctory response;(2)simple suppression;(3)authoritative determinations;(4)scientific guidance;and(5)objective factors influencing teachers’involvement(e.g.,teacher child ratio;child characteristics;teacher child relationship;parent understanding and support;classroom management;inspection;co-teacher cooperation).Class size,curriculum,teacher-child connections,parental support,and teacher collaboration are some of the objective elements that affect kindergarten teacher participation,as are the professional attributes of teachers and their perspectives on education and children.Practical recommendations for kindergarten teachers’involvement in peer conflict among young children were given based on the research findings.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22A20246,52372382)Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2022008)+1 种基金the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures(Grant No.KF2023-06)S&T Program of Hebei(Grant No.225676162GH).
文摘In the parallel steering coordination control strategy for path tracking,it is difficult to match the current driver steering model using the fixed parameters with the actual driver,and the designed steering coordination control strategy under a single objective and simple conditions is difficult to adapt to the multi-dimensional state variables’input.In this paper,we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm-based multi-objective parallel human-machine steering coordination strategy for path tracking considering driver misoperation and external disturbance.Firstly,the driver steering mathematical model is constructed based on the driver preview characteristics and steering delay response,and the driver characteristic parameters are fitted after collecting the actual driver driving data.Secondly,considering that the vehicle is susceptible to the influence of external disturbances during the driving process,the Tube MPC(Tube Model Predictive Control)based path tracking steering controller is designed based on the vehicle system dynamics error model.After verifying that the driver steering model meets the driver steering operation characteristics,DQN(Deep Q-network),DDPG(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient)and TD3(Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient)deep reinforcement learning algorithms are utilized to design a multi-objective parallel steering coordination strategy which satisfies the multi-dimensional state variables’input of the vehicle.Finally,the tracking accuracy,lateral safety,human-machine conflict and driver steering load evaluation index are designed in different driver operation states and different road environments,and the performance of the parallel steering coordination control strategies with different deep reinforcement learning algorithms and fuzzy algorithms are compared by simulations and hardware in the loop experiments.The results show that the parallel steering collaborative strategy based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm can more effectively assist the driver in tracking the target path under lateral wind interference and driver misoperation,and the TD3-based coordination control strategy has better overall performance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3081200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077264)the Scientific Research Project of PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited(HDEC-2022-0301).
文摘Rock discontinuities control rock mechanical behaviors and significantly influence the stability of rock masses.However,existing discontinuity mapping algorithms are susceptible to noise,and the calculation results cannot be fed back to users timely.To address this issue,we proposed a human-machine interaction(HMI)method for discontinuity mapping.Users can help the algorithm identify the noise and make real-time result judgments and parameter adjustments.For this,a regular cube was selected to illustrate the workflows:(1)point cloud was acquired using remote sensing;(2)the HMI method was employed to select reference points and angle thresholds to detect group discontinuity;(3)individual discontinuities were extracted from the group discontinuity using a density-based cluster algorithm;and(4)the orientation of each discontinuity was measured based on a plane fitting algorithm.The method was applied to a well-studied highway road cut and a complex natural slope.The consistency of the computational results with field measurements demonstrates its good accuracy,and the average error in the dip direction and dip angle for both cases was less than 3.Finally,the computational time of the proposed method was compared with two other popular algorithms,and the reduction in computational time by tens of times proves its high computational efficiency.This method provides geologists and geological engineers with a new idea to map rapidly and accurately rock structures under large amounts of noises or unclear features.
文摘The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.
文摘Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance(anxiety,depression,and stress).Methods:Conducted in January 2025,the research recruited 4125 adolescents from multiple Chinese provinces through convenience sampling;after data cleaning,3957 valid participants(1959 males,1998 females)were included.Using a cross-sectional design,measures included parental marital conflict,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,stress,and short video dependence.Results:Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations among all variables.Mediation analysis using the SPSS PROCESS macro showed that parental marital conflict directly predicted short video dependence(β=0.269,p<0.001),and also significantly predicted experiential avoidance(β=0.519,p<0.001),anxiety(β=0.072,p<0.001),depression(β=0.067,p<0.001),and stress(β=0.048,p<0.05).Experiential avoidance further predicted anxiety(β=0.521,p<0.001),depression(β=0.489,p<0.001),stress(β=0.408,p<0.001),and short video dependence(β=0.244,p<0.001).While both anxiety(β=0.050,p<0.05)and depression(β=0.116,p<0.001)positively predicted short video dependence,stress did not(β=0.019,p=0.257).Overall,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,and stress significantly mediated the relationship between parental marital conflict and short video dependence.Conclusion:These findings confirm that parental marital conflict not only directly influences adolescent short video dependence but also operates through a chain mediation pathway involving experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance,highlighting central psychological mechanisms and providing theoretical support for integrated mental health and behavioral interventions.
基金Under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD1100803)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(Ph.D.Top Innovative Talents Fund of CUMTB)(No.BBJ2024029)。
文摘Systematically analyzing the impact mechanisms of policy on Land Use Conflict(LUC)is crucial for constructing effective conflict mitigation strategies.However,previous research on how policy influences LUC remains relatively limited.Focusing on the indirect driving role of policy on LUC,this study proposed County Development Level(CDL)under Major Function Oriented Zone Planning(MFOZP)guidance as an intermediary variable,bridging the implicit influence of MFOZP and the explicit changes in LUC.Using the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region in China as a case study,we analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of LUC and CDL for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2020,before and after MFOZP implementation.Panel models and Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR)were employed to explore the mechanism by which CDL influences LUC under MFOZP guidance.The results show that:1)MFOZP implementation effectively alleviates land use pressure from regional development,with LUC continuously declining at a rate of 2.41%,while CDL exhibits slight growth(3.84%),during 2010-2020.2)Under MFOZP guidance,CDL reduces pressure on Land Use Structure Conflict(LUSC)and Land Use Process Conflict(LUPC),enhances its inhibitory effect on Land Use Function Conflict(LUFC),and significantly contributes to LUC coordination,with notable spatial heterogeneity.3)The coupling relationship between CDL and LUC has improved post-implementation.Based on this,tailored LUC coordination strategies are proposed for different functional zones.This study confirms the effectiveness of MFOZP in coordinating LUC and provides a scientific reference for LUC research under policy frameworks and the governance of LUC in the BTH region.
基金Supported by the Program of China Huaneng Group: Comprehensive Scientific Research on the Haba Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province~~
文摘Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".
文摘This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest amidst silence,against human beings' self-destructive abuse of nuclear technology and craziness of arms races during the cold war.The paper,from the historical,cultural,and religious contexts,presents an analysis of the hero's death and of the message the reader can draw from the story.
文摘This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.
文摘Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.
文摘Mark Twain is a very great American writer.And The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is his masterpiece. This paper makes a simple analysis of the conflicts between ideals and reality in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The conflicts are embodied in two aspects:racial relationship,belief.
基金supported by Safety Ability Project of Civil Aviation Administration of China(No.TM 2018-5-1/2)the Open Foundation project of The Graduate Student Innovation Base,China(Laboratory)of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,China(No.kfjj20190720)。
文摘With the rapid growth of flight flow,the workload of controllers is increasing daily,and handling flight conflicts is the main workload.Therefore,it is necessary to provide more efficient conflict resolution decision-making support for controllers.Due to the limitations of existing methods,they have not been widely used.In this paper,a Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)algorithm is proposed to resolve multi-aircraft flight conflict with high solving efficiency.First,the characteristics of multi-aircraft flight conflict problem are analyzed and the problem is modeled based on Markov decision process.Thus,the Independent Deep Q Network(IDQN)algorithm is used to solve the model.Simultaneously,a’downward-compatible’framework that supports dynamic expansion of the number of conflicting aircraft is designed.The model ultimately shows convergence through adequate training.Finally,the test conflict scenarios and indicators were used to verify the validity.In 700 scenarios,85.71%of conflicts were successfully resolved,and 71.51%of aircraft can reach destinations within 150 s around original arrival times.By contrast,conflict resolution algorithm based on DRL has great advantages in solution speed.The method proposed offers the possibility of decision-making support for controllers and reduce workload of controllers in future high-density airspace environment.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U181321461773369+2 种基金61903360)the Selfplanned Project of the State Key Laboratory of Robotics(2020-Z12)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2019M661155)。
文摘Electromyography(EMG)has already been broadly used in human-machine interaction(HMI)applications.Determining how to decode the information inside EMG signals robustly and accurately is a key problem for which we urgently need a solution.Recently,many EMG pattern recognition tasks have been addressed using deep learning methods.In this paper,we analyze recent papers and present a literature review describing the role that deep learning plays in EMG-based HMI.An overview of typical network structures and processing schemes will be provided.Recent progress in typical tasks such as movement classification,joint angle prediction,and force/torque estimation will be introduced.New issues,including multimodal sensing,inter-subject/inter-session,and robustness toward disturbances will be discussed.We attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of current research by discussing the advantages,challenges,and opportunities brought by deep learning.We hope that deep learning can aid in eliminating factors that hinder the development of EMG-based HMI systems.Furthermore,possible future directions will be presented to pave the way for future research.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22109120,62104170 and 82202757)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.LQ21B030002 and LY23F040001)。
文摘Hydrogel-based triboelectric nanoge nerator(TENG)has a promising applied prospect in wearable electronic devices.However,its low performance,poor stability,insufficient recyclability and inferior self-healing seriously hinder its development.Herein,we report a robust route to a liquid metal(LM)/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)hydrogel-based TENG(LP-TENG).Owing to the intrinsically liquid feature of conductive LM within the flexible PVA hydrogel,the as-prepared LP-TENG exhibited comprehensiye advantages of adaptability,biocompatibility,outstanding electrical performance,superior stability,recyclability and diverse applications,which were unattainable by traditional systems.Concretely,the LP-TENG delivered appealing open circuit voltage of 250 V,short circuit current of 4μA and transferred charge of 120 nC with high stability,outperforming most advanced TENG systems.The LP-TENG was successfully employed for versatile applications with multifunctionality,including human motion detection,handwriting recognition,energy collection,message transmission and human-machine interaction.This work presents significant prospects for crafting advanced materials and devices in the fields of wearable electronics,flexible skin and smart robots.
基金the National Key R&D Project from Minister of Science and Technology(Grant No.2016YFA0202704)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2212052)+1 种基金the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.19S28101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.19D128102).
文摘Combination flexible and stretchable textiles with self-powered sensors bring a novel insight into wearable functional electronics and cyber security in the era of Internet of Things.This work presents a highly flexible and self-powered fully fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator(F-TENG)with sandwiched structure for biomechanical energy harvesting and real-time biometric authentication.The prepared F-TENG can power a digital watch by low-frequency motion and respond to the pressure change by the fall of leaves.A self-powered wearable keyboard(SPWK)is also fabricated by integrating large-area F-TENG sensor arrays,which not only can trace and record electrophysiological signals,but also can identify individuals’typing characteristics by means of the Haar wavelet.Based on these merits,the SPWK has promising applications in the realm of wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,cyber security,and artificial intelligences.
基金supported by the research project RORAS 2 of the Mediterranean Program funded by INRIA,France
文摘We outline problems and potential solutions for feasible human-machine interfaces using cable-based parallel manipulators for physiotherapy applications.From an engineering perspective,we discuss the design constraints related to acceptance by patients and physiotherapist users.To date,most designs have focused on mobile platforms that are designed to be operated as an end-effector connected to human limbs for direct patient interaction.Some specific examples are illustrated from the authors' experience with prototypes available at Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM),Italy.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51675098)。
文摘To reduce the complexity of the configuration and control strategy for shoulder rehabilitation exoskeleton,a 2R1R1P2R serial of shoulder exoskeleton based on gravity balance is proposed.Based on three basic rotatory shoulder joints,an exact kinematic constraint system can be formed between the exoskeleton and the upper arm by introducing a passive sliding pair and a center of glenohumeral(CGH)unpowered compensation mechanism,which realizes the human-machine kinematic compatibility.Gravity balance is used in the CGH compensation mechanism to provide shoulder joint support.Meanwhile,the motion of the compensation mechanism is pulled by doing reverse leading through the arm to realize the kinematic self-adaptive,which decreases control complexity.Besides,a simple and intuitive spring adjustment strategy is proposed to ensure the gravity balance of any prescribed quality.Furthermore,according to the influencing factors analysis of the scapulohumeral rhythm,the kinematic analysis of CGH mechanism is performed,which shows that the mechanism can fit the trajectory of CGH under various conditions.Finally,the dynamic simulation of the mechanism is carried out.Results indicate that the compensation torques are reduced to below 0.22 N·m,and the feasibility of the mechanism is also verified.
