With the rapid development of urbanization, a large amount of construction spoil was stockpiled around cities and formed extensive dumps. Construction spoil is one of the main construction and demolition(C&D) wast...With the rapid development of urbanization, a large amount of construction spoil was stockpiled around cities and formed extensive dumps. Construction spoil is one of the main construction and demolition(C&D) waste and municipal solid waste(MSW). Once the construction spoil dump becomes unstable, it will bring great risks to the surrounding residents. A catastrophic dump failure occurred on 20 December 2015 in Guangming New Strict, Shenzhen, China. Approximately 2.51×10^(6) m^(3) of construction waste slid out from the dumpsite, destroying 33 houses and causing total 77 casualties. This paper attempts to analyze the failure probability of the construction spoil dump using Monte Carlo simulation considering the spatial variability of soil properties, and to quantify the dynamic human risk considering the increasing urbanization. Influence of urbanization on the human element at risk is analyzed by referring to multi-temporal remote sensing images. A quantitative human risk assessment model is employed to determine the landslide human risk referring an assessment criteria curve between frequency of number fatalities and number of fatalities(F-N curve). It is found that the societal risk at daytime was 0.078, 0.088, and 1.432 in 2002, 2014, and 2015, respectively. Meanwhile, the societal risk at night was 0.034, 0.037, and 0.611 in 2002, 2014, and 2015, respectively. The quantitative method was benchmarked by the other landfill failure. It implies that the human risk increased with the development of urbanization and its value at daytime was approximately twice as much as at night. The new approach for the human risk assessment provides guidance for modern MSW landfills and highlights the obvious influence of urbanization on the human risk in other areas.展开更多
Solid-phase extraction ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS)was used to evaluate the contamination of ochratoxin A(OTA)and assessed the human exposure risk of OTA in Ras...Solid-phase extraction ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS)was used to evaluate the contamination of ochratoxin A(OTA)and assessed the human exposure risk of OTA in Rasa roxburghii.A more suitable method for OTA extraction and purification of R.roxburghii was obtained.Treated 25 mL of R.roxburghii juice with enzymatic hydrolysis at a concentration of 0.06 mg/mL,filtered the resulting mixture and concentrated the filtrate to dry,then redissolved with 0.2 mL of methanol and diluted with 0.4 mL of ultra-pure water.Added sample solution to the activated hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB)column,washed with 6 mL of ultra-pure water and purified by eluting with 6 mL of methanol.The eluent was collected and dried using nitrogen at 40℃,then redissolved in 1 mL of methanol and filtered for detection.The hazard quotient(HQ)values of all R.roxburghii fruit and juice,which were storage at room temperature,4 and−20℃from 0 day to 63 days,ranged from 0.077%to 35.792%,which were within the allowable limits for human consumption.From the perspective of OTA contamination,the results indicated that the maximal storage time of R.roxburghii fruit were 14 days at room temperature,35 days at 4℃and 63 days at−20℃.And the maximal storage time of R.roxburghii juice were 7 days for sealed storage and the same day for open storage at room temperature,14 days for sealed storage and 7 days for open storage at 4℃,and 63 days for sealed storage and 56 days for open storage at−20℃during the experiment period.And all thirty samples randomly sampled from the market were OTA negative.The results of this study can lay a foundation for the formulation of OTA limit standards in fruits and juice in the future,and provide a reference for consumers to consume R.roxburghii more healthily.展开更多
Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the b...Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the behavior of legacy PFAS and emerging chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids(Cl-PFESAs)in lettuce grown under environment-related exposure levels and assessed the human exposure risks from consuming contaminated lettuce.Overall,PFAS in lettuce were concentration-dependent,with long-chain PFAS tending to accumulate in roots and short-chain PFAS accumulating more in shoots.The enrichment of PFAS in lettuce was jointly influenced by their chain length and polar functional groups.Specifically,the root concentration factors(RCFs)of PFAS generally increased with increasing chain length,and RCF values of most perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids(PFSAs)were significantly higher than those of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)with the same chain length(p<0.01),while the translocation factors(TFs)exhibited opposite trends.RCF values of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)and its alternatives,Cl-PFESAs,were ranked as follows:8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:139)>6:2 Cl-PFESA(28.6)>PFOS(25.7),which was attributed to the increased molecular size and hydrophobicity resulting from the insertion of ether bonds and additional CF2 in 8:2 Cl-PFESA.Notably,TF value of 8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:0.007)was the smallest among all PFAS,indicating 8:2 Cl-PFESA was difficult to transfer to nutritional compartments.Adults and children would exceed the most conservative health-based reference dose(RfD)by consuming approximately 15.9–148 g and 7.92–74.0 g of contaminated lettuce per day,implying high health risks.展开更多
As the ports play a prominent role in the national economy of the countries and a number of factors such as safety condition of the port and low rate or non-occurrence of accidents are greatly important for being sele...As the ports play a prominent role in the national economy of the countries and a number of factors such as safety condition of the port and low rate or non-occurrence of accidents are greatly important for being selected as a destination for cargo owners to bring their vessels and cargo therein, giving due care to safety related issues in ports and harbors is among jurisdictional and sensitive duties of the authorities in ports and maritime areas. Enjoying some 3000 km of marine coastlines and more than 10 commercial ports throughout the country, Iran is no exception where its ports are responsible for cargo import and export. In this respect, container terminals are one of the high-risk areas in ports requiring extensive care of the pertaining authorities to take appropriate measures to maintain safety standard there. One of the significant methods and techniques for the risk assessment is P&HRAM as to the containers terminals. This method has been employed in this research taking into account the operation attributes of the works in ports and harbors. This method provided appropriate answers to the research questions in that it was predicted that the great part of the activities in container terminal poses a higher risk from human perspective than expected requiring some measures to be taken to mitigate the risks to a tolerable level. This research was conducted and the results demonstrated that more than 75% of the risks in container terminals are higher than acceptable level about which some measures were taken and the risks were reduced to 100% lower than tolerable level.展开更多
Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in selected fish and food items which ...Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）. The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs）, hexachlorocyclohexanes （I-ICHs）, hexachlorobenzene （HCB） and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.展开更多
In this study, a risk-based management model is developed and applied to an industrial zone. The models proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Han Bing have been improved by adding a residua...In this study, a risk-based management model is developed and applied to an industrial zone. The models proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Han Bing have been improved by adding a residual ratio of volatile organic compounds （VOC） after boiling and deleting the related parameters in half-life. Using this improved model, an integrated process was used to assess human health risk level in the study area. Compared with water quality analysis, the results highlight the importance of applying an integrated approach for decision making on risk levels and water protection. The results of this study demonstrated that： （1） Compared with these permissible level standards in China （GB 3838-2002） and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the United States, the residents＇ daily life had not been affected by the groundwater in this area （except for relative bad water quality of HB3-4 and HB3-6）; （2） The typical detected organic contaminants of all groundwater samples were chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethene, and the pollution sources were mainly industrial sources by preliminary investigations; （3） As for groundwater, the non-carcinogenic risk values of all samples do not exceed the permissible level of 1.0 and the carcinogenic risk values are relatively lower than the permissible level of 1.00E-06 to 1.00E-04; （4） Drinking water pathway of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene mainly contribute to increasing the health risk of residents＇ in study areas; （5） In terms of non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk, the health risk order for drinking water pathway and dermal contact pathway was： drinking water pathway 〉 dermal contact pathway.展开更多
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recen...Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recent years.In this study,the occurrence,distribution,source,and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry,normal,and flood seasons of 2018.The PAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the NPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected(ND)to 212 ng/L.Among the target analytes,2-nitrofluorene(2-n Flu)was the predominant NPAH,with a detection frequency ranging from 85%to 90%and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L.The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds.In terms of seasonal variation,the highest levels of the NPAHs and PAHs were in the dry season and flood season,respectively.Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion,whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion.The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model.The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09×10^(-7)to 5.75×10^(-5)and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.展开更多
To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemi...To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO3-,SO42-,Na+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO3-,Mg2+and K+,among which the NO3-concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L.In total,167 out of 489 samples(34%)exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China.The high NO3-concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units.As revealed by statistical analysis,the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources.Moreover,human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model,the results showed that about 60%,50%,32%and 26%of the area exceeded the acceptable level(total health index>1)for infants,children,adult males and females,respectively.The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly,ranked:infants>children>adult males>adult females,suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination,while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males.To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas,proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau,China.By taking Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China as an example,this study obtains the followi...This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau,China.By taking Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China as an example,this study obtains the following results through field investigation and the analyses of water,soil,and crop samples.(1)The groundwater can be divided into two major types,namely the Quaternary pore-fissure water and Karst water.The Karst area and sandy area have high-quality groundwater and serve as the target areas for optional water supply.The groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and highly saline.Meanwhile,high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed in the loess and river alluvial plains in the depression area of the Guanzhong Basin and the discharge areas of the groundwater,with the highest fluoride concentration exceeding seven times the national standard.(2)Fluoride in groundwater mainly originates from a natural source and human activities.The natural source refers to the fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks and soil,and the fluoride from this source is mainly controlled by natural factors such as climate,geologic setting,pH,specific hydrochemical environment,ion exchange,and mineral saturation.Human activities in modern life can be further divided into industrial and agricultural sources primarily.(3)The health risks of fluoride contamination are very high in the Loess Plateau,especially for children compared to adults.Meanwhile,the risks of fluoride exposure through food intake are higher than those through drinking water intake.The authors suggest selecting target areas to improve water supply and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area.Besides,it is necessary to plant crops with low fluoride content or cash crops and to conduct groundwater treatment to reduce the fluoride concentration in drinking water.These results will provide a theoretical basis for safe water supply in the faulted basin areas in the Loess Plateau.展开更多
Chifeng is a concentrated mining area for non-ferrous metal minerals,as well as a key prevention and control area for heavyduty enterprises.This situation necessitates an efective ecological and human health risk asse...Chifeng is a concentrated mining area for non-ferrous metal minerals,as well as a key prevention and control area for heavyduty enterprises.This situation necessitates an efective ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s driven by the wide distribution of metal ore processing,mining,and smelting factories in Hexigten Banner and Bairin Left Banner.We conducted surveys to assess the levels of heavy metal(loid)s(Cr,As,Pb,Cd,and Hg)in the topsoil and groundwater of the areas.The results indicated that the concentrations of As,Cd,and Pb in partial soil samples exceeded the environmental quality standards of Grade II.Based on contamination assessments,such as geoaccumulation indices and pollution indices,we inferred that Cd,Pb,and As were primary pollutants in topsoil.Potential ecological risks when considered as part of the average risk indices(RI)are up to 1626.40 and 2818.76,respectively,in the two areas.Comparative analysis revealed that Cd posed a very high potential ecological risk,followed by As.Moreover,the evaluation showed that the three exposure pathways of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk followed a descending order:inhalation>ingestion>dermal contact,except for Pb.Arsenic in topsoil posed a potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health,while there were no adverse efects of As in groundwater.In addition,the average total carcinogenic risk for As in the two areas,as well as the risk of Pb in the topsoil of Bairin Left Banner and all the fve heavy metal(loid)s in groundwater,exceeded human tolerance.Pb–Zn mines caused higher human health risks.In addition,the tandem contamination of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and groundwater was not obvious.This research study provides a basis for pollution remediation to control heavy industry-induced ecological and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s.展开更多
This study aims to reveal the occurrence and origin of typical groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area of the Guanzhong Basin—a Neogene faulted basin.Key findings are as follows:(1...This study aims to reveal the occurrence and origin of typical groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area of the Guanzhong Basin—a Neogene faulted basin.Key findings are as follows:(1)Groundwater samples with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations collected from the loess area and the terraces of the Weihe River accounted for 26%and 30%,respectively,of the total samples,with primary hydrochemical type identified as HCO_(3)-Na.The karst and sand areas exhibit relatively high groundwater quality,serving as preferred sources for water supply.It is recommended that local governments fully harness groundwater in these areas;(2)groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area and the alluvial plain of rivers in Dali County is primarily distributed within the Guanzhong Basin,which represents the drainage zone of groundwater;(3)arsenic and fluoride in groundwater originate principally from natural and anthropogenic sources;(4)the human health risk assessments reveal that long-term intake of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations pose cancer or non-cancer risks,which are more serious to kids compared to adults.This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in loess areas.展开更多
The study assessed the levels of some toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) with their potential ecological and human health risks in water, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Tilapia (Oreochromis spilur...The study assessed the levels of some toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) with their potential ecological and human health risks in water, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Tilapia (Oreochromis spilurus niger) and sediment samples from the Lower Usuma dam FCT, Nigeria during two major seasons in a year (rainy and dry seasons). Toxic metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (for As and Hg), and the results obtained were compared with national and international standards. The ecological and human health risk indices of the toxic metals present in the samples from the Dam were evaluated and interpreted. Tilapia from the dam posed the highest but medium ecological and human health risk due to Pb concentration of up to 7.11 mg/kg;ecological risk index of 35.55 and hazard quotient of 50.78. Overall ecological and human health risks were low due to the low concentrations of other toxic metals determined. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn concentrations were all below WHO limits in the LUD water;Ni and Pb were above limits in the African Catfish and Tilapia samples. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. There was no statistical difference in the concentrations of toxic metals in water but there was significant difference between the concentrations of toxic metals in the fish and sediment samples. Correlation was found to exist between toxic metals in the water, fish and sediment analyzed from the dam. The ecological and human health risks of toxic metals in Lower Usuma dam require regular checks and monitoring hence, it was recommended by the researcher, that this and similar research work be carried out annually by NESREA and also, as research work by other students of Environmental and Analytical chemistry.展开更多
AIM:To document the epidemiologic patterns and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections in Mali in order to develop prevention means for both diseases.METHODS:Two prospecti...AIM:To document the epidemiologic patterns and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections in Mali in order to develop prevention means for both diseases.METHODS:Two prospective studies were conducted in Bamako in 2009 among 1000 pregnant women(i.e.,young women)who consulted six reference health centers,and in 2010,among 231 older women who attended general practice in two hospitals.Antibody tests and molecular analysis(performed only for HCV)were used to quantify the frequencies of both infections.The data were collected from patients recruited through a questionnaire.Transmission risk factors of both diseases were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:HCV seroprevalence was 0.2% for young and 6.5% for older women.HIV prevalence was similar in both populations(4.1% vs 6.1%).In older women,the analysis of risk factors highlighted an association between HCV infection and episodes of hospitalization(P < 0.01).The study did not show an association between HIV infection and the variables such as hospitalization,transfusion,tattoo,dental care,and endoscopy.A significant decrease of HIV seroprevalence was detected in young women who used condoms for contraception more than for other purposes(P < 0.01).By contrast,HIV seroprevalence was significantly increased in young women using condoms mainly to prevent sexual infections rather than for contraception(P < 0.01).No HCV/HIV coinfection was detected in our study.CONCLUSION:Risk factors and epidemiologic data of HIV and HCV as well as the absence of co-infection strongly suggest epidemiological disparities between these diseases.展开更多
Information on rare earth elements(REEs)in soils and plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very limited.Therefore,in this study,we performed field sampling to explore the geochemical signatures and human health risk ...Information on rare earth elements(REEs)in soils and plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very limited.Therefore,in this study,we performed field sampling to explore the geochemical signatures and human health risk of REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.A total of 127 soil samples and 127 plant samples were collected from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to acquire the geochemical signatures and related human health risks of REEs.The mean total concentrations of REEs in soils and plants of the study area reached 178.55 and 10.06 mg/kg,respectively.The light REEs in soils and plants accounted for 76%and 77%of the total REEs,respectively.REEs showed significantly homogenous distribution in soils but inhomogeneous distribution in plants of the study area.Characteristic parameters indicated that light REEs were enriched and fractionated significantly,while heavy REEs were moderately fractionated in soils and plants.REEs in soils and plants showed significantly negative Europium anomaly.Cerium showed slightly positive anomaly in plants and slight anomaly in soils.The normalized distribution patterns of REEs were generally similar in the analyzed soils and the corresponding plants of the study area.The average bio-concentration factor of REEs ranged from 0.0478(Scandium)to 0.0604(Europium),confirming a small accumulation of REEs by plants.Health risks caused by REEs in soils and plants were negligible,while risks for adults were lower than those for children.This study provides important information on REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Substantial data have been generated during the past 5 years in both experimental systems and human populations which shed light on the potential role of carcinogen-macromolecular adducts in human cancer risk assessme...Substantial data have been generated during the past 5 years in both experimental systems and human populations which shed light on the potential role of carcinogen-macromolecular adducts in human cancer risk assessment. The use of DNA and protein adducts is based on the fundamental concept in chemical carcinogenesis that most genotoxins are metabolized to electrophilic 'ultimate' carcinogens that are capable of forming covalent adducts with cellular macromolecules. This report examines the relative usefulness and limitations of using DNA and protein adducts and related techniques for assessing human exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. Data discussed in this report clearly demonstrate that these biomarkers not only allow early detection of potential cancer hazard in humans, but they can also significantly increase the power of conventional cancer epidemiological studies in determining true causal relationships. In addition, such biomarkers can improve extrapolation of cancer risks from laboratory animals to humans or from one human population to another.展开更多
Aiming to ascertain the groundwater pollution status in a southern city of China,shallow groundwater samples were collected,and 9 heavy metals Zn,Mn,Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Ba,Be and Hg were tested to determine the contents and e...Aiming to ascertain the groundwater pollution status in a southern city of China,shallow groundwater samples were collected,and 9 heavy metals Zn,Mn,Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Ba,Be and Hg were tested to determine the contents and environmental controlling factors,and U. S. EPA assessment method was used to evaluate the human health risk through different exposure pathways. The results indicated that the contents of heavy metals in the groundwater of the study area were relatively low,Zn,Mn,Be,Cd and Pb were frequently detected in local groundwater and the rates of exceeding the groundwater quality standard of Mn and Be were larger than 5%,and most of the heavy metals showed negative correlation with groundwater p H. The average values of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of heavy metals were lower than the threshold values,and ingestion was the major pathway that the residents were exposed to the risk. Mn,Pb and Cd were the most important heavy metals in local groundwater that should be well concerned.展开更多
AIM: To study the prevalence and risk factors of significant hepatic fibrosis in Moroccan human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) monoinfected patients.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV monoinfected pa...AIM: To study the prevalence and risk factors of significant hepatic fibrosis in Moroccan human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) monoinfected patients.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV monoinfected patients(negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody). Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the data base of the Infectious Diseases Unit in Ibn Rochd Hospital Center [age, gender, duration of HIV infection, CD4 T lymphocyte count, HIV viral load, glycemia and current or prior use of antiretroviral and antiretroviral therapy(ART) duration]. The primary outcome was a FIB4score > 1.45. Multivariable logistic regression identifiedindependent risk factors for FIB4 > 1.45.RESULTS: A FIB4 score > 1.45 was identified in 96among 619(15.5%). HIV monoinfected patients followed up between September 1990 and September2012. Multivariate analysis showed that only a viral load > 75(OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.36-3.67), CD4 > 200cells/mm3(OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.21-0.72) and age at FIB4 index calculation(OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.07-1.13)were independently associated with the occurrence of FIB4 index(> 1.45). Gender, duration of HIV infection,glycemia, use of antiretroviral therapy and ART duration were not associated with significant fibrosis by FIB4.CONCLUSION: FIB4 score > 1.45 was found in 15.5%of Moroccan HIV monoinfected patients. Age, HIV viremia > 75 copies/mL and CD4 count > 200 cells/mm3are associated with liver fibrosis. Further studies are needed to explore mechanisms for fibrosis in HIV monoinfected patients.展开更多
Pollution of different elements (air, water, soil and subsoil) resulting both from accidental events and from ordinary industrial and civil activities causes negative effects on the human health and on the environment...Pollution of different elements (air, water, soil and subsoil) resulting both from accidental events and from ordinary industrial and civil activities causes negative effects on the human health and on the environment. The present paper examines the analysis of a contaminated site, focusing the attention on the negative effects for receptors exposed to soil and groundwater contamination caused by industrial activities. The case study investigated is a contaminated area located in the industrial district of Trento North once occupied by the Italian Carbochimica plant. Pollution in that area is mainly due to contamination of soil and groundwater with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The methodology applied is the risk evaluation for human health, in terms of individual cancer risk and hazard index. In particular the attention has been focused on a specific migration way: if pollutants in the soil or in the groundwater undergo a phase change, they spread and get to the soil surface, causing a dispersion of vapors in the atmosphere. In this case risk assessment calls for the evaluation of volatilization factor. Among the different models dealing with the estimation of volatilization factor, those mostly known and used in the national and international field of Human Health Risk Assessment were chosen: Jury’s and Farmer’s models. A sensitivity analysis of models was performed, in order to identify the most significant parameters to estimate the volatilization factors among the wide range of input parameters for the application of models. Performing an accurate selection and data processing of the contaminated site, models for the volatilization factors calculation are applied, thus evaluating air concentrations and Human Health Risk. The analysis of the resulting estimates is an excellent aid to draw interesting conclusions and to verify if the soil and groundwater pollutants volatilization affects the human health considerably.展开更多
Background: Since 2021, high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV) testing has been the recommended screening test for cervical cancer for all settings;either used alone in a “test and treat” strategy, or with a triag...Background: Since 2021, high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV) testing has been the recommended screening test for cervical cancer for all settings;either used alone in a “test and treat” strategy, or with a triage test, with or without biopsy, before treatment. Cameroon has rolled out immunization against HPV 16 and 18, but studies show a higher prevalence of non-16/18 HR-HPV types. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of precancerous lesions, in women with HR-HPV infection and evaluate association of digital cervicography (DC) VIA/VILI positivity with HPV serotype, as a measure of their contribution to precancer and cancer incidence. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytic. It took place at the Etoug-Ebe and Ekoudoum Baptist Hospitals in Yaoundé, during the period April-September 2022. We reviewed the records of women screened for cervical cancer between February 2020 and December 2021 and evaluated the prevalence of lesions on digital cervicography (DC) with VIA/VILI for women positive for HR-HPV serotypes. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. P values Results: We identified 315 cases with a positive HR-HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) test, 224 (71.1%) had a DC VIA/VILI triage test done. Of these, 30 (13.4%) women had a positive DC VIA/VILI, with five women (2.2%) having lesions suggestive of cancer. Out of 11 cases positive for HPV 16 alone, 05 (45.5%) had a positive DC VIA/VILI test. Of the 14 cases positive for HPV 18 alone, 03 (21.4%) had a positive VIA/VILI, meanwhile only 19 (10.7%) of the 177 cases positive for non-16/18 HPV had a positive VIA/VILI test. Conclusion: A high proportion of women (13.4%) with HR HPV had a positive DC VIA/VILI, with a significant proportion (2.2%) having lesions suggestive of invasive cervical cancer HR-HPV serotype was associated with DC VIA/VILI positivity;HPV 16 had the strongest association (45.5%), followed by HPV 18 (21.4%), and non-16/18 HR-HPV (10.7%), suggesting a decreasing order of oncogenicity.展开更多
This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 emp...This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 employees across 78 SMEs, qualitative interviews, and case studies, the research examines how psychological factors influence cybersecurity behaviors and policy effectiveness. Key findings reveal significant correlations between psychological factors and security outcomes, including the relationship between self-efficacy and policy compliance (r = 0.42, p β = 0.37, p < 0.001). The study identifies critical challenges in risk perception, policy complexity, and organizational culture affecting SME cybersecurity implementation. Results demonstrate that successful cybersecurity initiatives require the integration of psychological principles with technical solutions. The research provides a framework for developing human-centric security policies that address both behavioral and technical aspects of cybersecurity in resource-constrained environments.展开更多
基金This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFC1806001,2018YFC1802301)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41907243)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.UGC/FDS25/E11/17)。
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization, a large amount of construction spoil was stockpiled around cities and formed extensive dumps. Construction spoil is one of the main construction and demolition(C&D) waste and municipal solid waste(MSW). Once the construction spoil dump becomes unstable, it will bring great risks to the surrounding residents. A catastrophic dump failure occurred on 20 December 2015 in Guangming New Strict, Shenzhen, China. Approximately 2.51×10^(6) m^(3) of construction waste slid out from the dumpsite, destroying 33 houses and causing total 77 casualties. This paper attempts to analyze the failure probability of the construction spoil dump using Monte Carlo simulation considering the spatial variability of soil properties, and to quantify the dynamic human risk considering the increasing urbanization. Influence of urbanization on the human element at risk is analyzed by referring to multi-temporal remote sensing images. A quantitative human risk assessment model is employed to determine the landslide human risk referring an assessment criteria curve between frequency of number fatalities and number of fatalities(F-N curve). It is found that the societal risk at daytime was 0.078, 0.088, and 1.432 in 2002, 2014, and 2015, respectively. Meanwhile, the societal risk at night was 0.034, 0.037, and 0.611 in 2002, 2014, and 2015, respectively. The quantitative method was benchmarked by the other landfill failure. It implies that the human risk increased with the development of urbanization and its value at daytime was approximately twice as much as at night. The new approach for the human risk assessment provides guidance for modern MSW landfills and highlights the obvious influence of urbanization on the human risk in other areas.
基金supported by the Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talent Project(Qiankehe Platform Talent-GCC[2022]027-1)the Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province(Qiankehe Platform Support-[2021]193).
文摘Solid-phase extraction ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS)was used to evaluate the contamination of ochratoxin A(OTA)and assessed the human exposure risk of OTA in Rasa roxburghii.A more suitable method for OTA extraction and purification of R.roxburghii was obtained.Treated 25 mL of R.roxburghii juice with enzymatic hydrolysis at a concentration of 0.06 mg/mL,filtered the resulting mixture and concentrated the filtrate to dry,then redissolved with 0.2 mL of methanol and diluted with 0.4 mL of ultra-pure water.Added sample solution to the activated hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB)column,washed with 6 mL of ultra-pure water and purified by eluting with 6 mL of methanol.The eluent was collected and dried using nitrogen at 40℃,then redissolved in 1 mL of methanol and filtered for detection.The hazard quotient(HQ)values of all R.roxburghii fruit and juice,which were storage at room temperature,4 and−20℃from 0 day to 63 days,ranged from 0.077%to 35.792%,which were within the allowable limits for human consumption.From the perspective of OTA contamination,the results indicated that the maximal storage time of R.roxburghii fruit were 14 days at room temperature,35 days at 4℃and 63 days at−20℃.And the maximal storage time of R.roxburghii juice were 7 days for sealed storage and the same day for open storage at room temperature,14 days for sealed storage and 7 days for open storage at 4℃,and 63 days for sealed storage and 56 days for open storage at−20℃during the experiment period.And all thirty samples randomly sampled from the market were OTA negative.The results of this study can lay a foundation for the formulation of OTA limit standards in fruits and juice in the future,and provide a reference for consumers to consume R.roxburghii more healthily.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(No.1610132022015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176198).
文摘Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)to enter the human food chain.This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the behavior of legacy PFAS and emerging chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids(Cl-PFESAs)in lettuce grown under environment-related exposure levels and assessed the human exposure risks from consuming contaminated lettuce.Overall,PFAS in lettuce were concentration-dependent,with long-chain PFAS tending to accumulate in roots and short-chain PFAS accumulating more in shoots.The enrichment of PFAS in lettuce was jointly influenced by their chain length and polar functional groups.Specifically,the root concentration factors(RCFs)of PFAS generally increased with increasing chain length,and RCF values of most perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids(PFSAs)were significantly higher than those of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)with the same chain length(p<0.01),while the translocation factors(TFs)exhibited opposite trends.RCF values of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)and its alternatives,Cl-PFESAs,were ranked as follows:8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:139)>6:2 Cl-PFESA(28.6)>PFOS(25.7),which was attributed to the increased molecular size and hydrophobicity resulting from the insertion of ether bonds and additional CF2 in 8:2 Cl-PFESA.Notably,TF value of 8:2 Cl-PFESA(mean:0.007)was the smallest among all PFAS,indicating 8:2 Cl-PFESA was difficult to transfer to nutritional compartments.Adults and children would exceed the most conservative health-based reference dose(RfD)by consuming approximately 15.9–148 g and 7.92–74.0 g of contaminated lettuce per day,implying high health risks.
文摘As the ports play a prominent role in the national economy of the countries and a number of factors such as safety condition of the port and low rate or non-occurrence of accidents are greatly important for being selected as a destination for cargo owners to bring their vessels and cargo therein, giving due care to safety related issues in ports and harbors is among jurisdictional and sensitive duties of the authorities in ports and maritime areas. Enjoying some 3000 km of marine coastlines and more than 10 commercial ports throughout the country, Iran is no exception where its ports are responsible for cargo import and export. In this respect, container terminals are one of the high-risk areas in ports requiring extensive care of the pertaining authorities to take appropriate measures to maintain safety standard there. One of the significant methods and techniques for the risk assessment is P&HRAM as to the containers terminals. This method has been employed in this research taking into account the operation attributes of the works in ports and harbors. This method provided appropriate answers to the research questions in that it was predicted that the great part of the activities in container terminal poses a higher risk from human perspective than expected requiring some measures to be taken to mitigate the risks to a tolerable level. This research was conducted and the results demonstrated that more than 75% of the risks in container terminals are higher than acceptable level about which some measures were taken and the risks were reduced to 100% lower than tolerable level.
基金supported by the 2008 Commonwealand Environmental protection Project of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China (MEP) (No. 200809102)"333 High-level Talent Cultivation Project" research funding of Jiangsu Province-"Research on human health risk assessment of pesticides"
文摘Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）. The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs）, hexachlorocyclohexanes （I-ICHs）, hexachlorobenzene （HCB） and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(No2009 ZX 05039-003,2009 ZX 05039-004,2011ZX05060-005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No 2010CB428801-1)state-owned land resources investigation(1212010430351)
文摘In this study, a risk-based management model is developed and applied to an industrial zone. The models proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Han Bing have been improved by adding a residual ratio of volatile organic compounds （VOC） after boiling and deleting the related parameters in half-life. Using this improved model, an integrated process was used to assess human health risk level in the study area. Compared with water quality analysis, the results highlight the importance of applying an integrated approach for decision making on risk levels and water protection. The results of this study demonstrated that： （1） Compared with these permissible level standards in China （GB 3838-2002） and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the United States, the residents＇ daily life had not been affected by the groundwater in this area （except for relative bad water quality of HB3-4 and HB3-6）; （2） The typical detected organic contaminants of all groundwater samples were chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethene, and the pollution sources were mainly industrial sources by preliminary investigations; （3） As for groundwater, the non-carcinogenic risk values of all samples do not exceed the permissible level of 1.0 and the carcinogenic risk values are relatively lower than the permissible level of 1.00E-06 to 1.00E-04; （4） Drinking water pathway of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene mainly contribute to increasing the health risk of residents＇ in study areas; （5） In terms of non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk, the health risk order for drinking water pathway and dermal contact pathway was： drinking water pathway 〉 dermal contact pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41671493)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF17030)the National Major Project of the Science and Technology Ministry of China(No.2017ZX07202-004 and 2017X07301002-3)。
文摘Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recent years.In this study,the occurrence,distribution,source,and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry,normal,and flood seasons of 2018.The PAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the NPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected(ND)to 212 ng/L.Among the target analytes,2-nitrofluorene(2-n Flu)was the predominant NPAH,with a detection frequency ranging from 85%to 90%and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L.The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds.In terms of seasonal variation,the highest levels of the NPAHs and PAHs were in the dry season and flood season,respectively.Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion,whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion.The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model.The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09×10^(-7)to 5.75×10^(-5)and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.
基金supported by the National Key R and D Program of China(No.2018YFE0204100)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M680698)+1 种基金the Survey of backup groundwater sources in Zhangjiakou region(No.2013995431)。
文摘To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO3-,SO42-,Na+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO3-,Mg2+and K+,among which the NO3-concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L.In total,167 out of 489 samples(34%)exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China.The high NO3-concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units.As revealed by statistical analysis,the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources.Moreover,human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model,the results showed that about 60%,50%,32%and 26%of the area exceeded the acceptable level(total health index>1)for infants,children,adult males and females,respectively.The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly,ranked:infants>children>adult males>adult females,suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination,while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males.To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas,proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.
基金This study was funded by the survey projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20189220,DD20211317,and 1212010634713).
文摘This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau,China.By taking Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China as an example,this study obtains the following results through field investigation and the analyses of water,soil,and crop samples.(1)The groundwater can be divided into two major types,namely the Quaternary pore-fissure water and Karst water.The Karst area and sandy area have high-quality groundwater and serve as the target areas for optional water supply.The groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and highly saline.Meanwhile,high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed in the loess and river alluvial plains in the depression area of the Guanzhong Basin and the discharge areas of the groundwater,with the highest fluoride concentration exceeding seven times the national standard.(2)Fluoride in groundwater mainly originates from a natural source and human activities.The natural source refers to the fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks and soil,and the fluoride from this source is mainly controlled by natural factors such as climate,geologic setting,pH,specific hydrochemical environment,ion exchange,and mineral saturation.Human activities in modern life can be further divided into industrial and agricultural sources primarily.(3)The health risks of fluoride contamination are very high in the Loess Plateau,especially for children compared to adults.Meanwhile,the risks of fluoride exposure through food intake are higher than those through drinking water intake.The authors suggest selecting target areas to improve water supply and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area.Besides,it is necessary to plant crops with low fluoride content or cash crops and to conduct groundwater treatment to reduce the fluoride concentration in drinking water.These results will provide a theoretical basis for safe water supply in the faulted basin areas in the Loess Plateau.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42072284,No.42027801,No.41877186)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2902004)+1 种基金the Major Science and Technology Projects of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020ZD0020-4)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022YQSH01,2020YJSSH01,2021YJSSH01)。
文摘Chifeng is a concentrated mining area for non-ferrous metal minerals,as well as a key prevention and control area for heavyduty enterprises.This situation necessitates an efective ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s driven by the wide distribution of metal ore processing,mining,and smelting factories in Hexigten Banner and Bairin Left Banner.We conducted surveys to assess the levels of heavy metal(loid)s(Cr,As,Pb,Cd,and Hg)in the topsoil and groundwater of the areas.The results indicated that the concentrations of As,Cd,and Pb in partial soil samples exceeded the environmental quality standards of Grade II.Based on contamination assessments,such as geoaccumulation indices and pollution indices,we inferred that Cd,Pb,and As were primary pollutants in topsoil.Potential ecological risks when considered as part of the average risk indices(RI)are up to 1626.40 and 2818.76,respectively,in the two areas.Comparative analysis revealed that Cd posed a very high potential ecological risk,followed by As.Moreover,the evaluation showed that the three exposure pathways of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk followed a descending order:inhalation>ingestion>dermal contact,except for Pb.Arsenic in topsoil posed a potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health,while there were no adverse efects of As in groundwater.In addition,the average total carcinogenic risk for As in the two areas,as well as the risk of Pb in the topsoil of Bairin Left Banner and all the fve heavy metal(loid)s in groundwater,exceeded human tolerance.Pb–Zn mines caused higher human health risks.In addition,the tandem contamination of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and groundwater was not obvious.This research study provides a basis for pollution remediation to control heavy industry-induced ecological and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s.
基金funded by the ministry-province cooperation-based pilot project entitled A Technological System for Ecological Remediation Evaluation of Open-Pit Mines initiated by the Ministry of Natural Resources in 2023(2023-03)survey projects of the Land and Resources Investigation Program([2023]06-03-04,1212010634713)a key R&D projects of Shaanxi Province in 2023(2023ZDLSF-63)。
文摘This study aims to reveal the occurrence and origin of typical groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area of the Guanzhong Basin—a Neogene faulted basin.Key findings are as follows:(1)Groundwater samples with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations collected from the loess area and the terraces of the Weihe River accounted for 26%and 30%,respectively,of the total samples,with primary hydrochemical type identified as HCO_(3)-Na.The karst and sand areas exhibit relatively high groundwater quality,serving as preferred sources for water supply.It is recommended that local governments fully harness groundwater in these areas;(2)groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area and the alluvial plain of rivers in Dali County is primarily distributed within the Guanzhong Basin,which represents the drainage zone of groundwater;(3)arsenic and fluoride in groundwater originate principally from natural and anthropogenic sources;(4)the human health risk assessments reveal that long-term intake of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations pose cancer or non-cancer risks,which are more serious to kids compared to adults.This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in loess areas.
文摘The study assessed the levels of some toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) with their potential ecological and human health risks in water, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Tilapia (Oreochromis spilurus niger) and sediment samples from the Lower Usuma dam FCT, Nigeria during two major seasons in a year (rainy and dry seasons). Toxic metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (for As and Hg), and the results obtained were compared with national and international standards. The ecological and human health risk indices of the toxic metals present in the samples from the Dam were evaluated and interpreted. Tilapia from the dam posed the highest but medium ecological and human health risk due to Pb concentration of up to 7.11 mg/kg;ecological risk index of 35.55 and hazard quotient of 50.78. Overall ecological and human health risks were low due to the low concentrations of other toxic metals determined. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn concentrations were all below WHO limits in the LUD water;Ni and Pb were above limits in the African Catfish and Tilapia samples. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. There was no statistical difference in the concentrations of toxic metals in water but there was significant difference between the concentrations of toxic metals in the fish and sediment samples. Correlation was found to exist between toxic metals in the water, fish and sediment analyzed from the dam. The ecological and human health risks of toxic metals in Lower Usuma dam require regular checks and monitoring hence, it was recommended by the researcher, that this and similar research work be carried out annually by NESREA and also, as research work by other students of Environmental and Analytical chemistry.
文摘AIM:To document the epidemiologic patterns and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections in Mali in order to develop prevention means for both diseases.METHODS:Two prospective studies were conducted in Bamako in 2009 among 1000 pregnant women(i.e.,young women)who consulted six reference health centers,and in 2010,among 231 older women who attended general practice in two hospitals.Antibody tests and molecular analysis(performed only for HCV)were used to quantify the frequencies of both infections.The data were collected from patients recruited through a questionnaire.Transmission risk factors of both diseases were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:HCV seroprevalence was 0.2% for young and 6.5% for older women.HIV prevalence was similar in both populations(4.1% vs 6.1%).In older women,the analysis of risk factors highlighted an association between HCV infection and episodes of hospitalization(P < 0.01).The study did not show an association between HIV infection and the variables such as hospitalization,transfusion,tattoo,dental care,and endoscopy.A significant decrease of HIV seroprevalence was detected in young women who used condoms for contraception more than for other purposes(P < 0.01).By contrast,HIV seroprevalence was significantly increased in young women using condoms mainly to prevent sexual infections rather than for contraception(P < 0.01).No HCV/HIV coinfection was detected in our study.CONCLUSION:Risk factors and epidemiologic data of HIV and HCV as well as the absence of co-infection strongly suggest epidemiological disparities between these diseases.
基金the One Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y610061033)the Kunlun Talent Action Plan of Qinghai Province,China(E140WX42)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan Protect of Qinghai Province,China(2021-ZJ-T07)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province,China(tsqn201812116)the Two-Hundred Talents Plan of Yantai City of Shandong Province,China。
文摘Information on rare earth elements(REEs)in soils and plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very limited.Therefore,in this study,we performed field sampling to explore the geochemical signatures and human health risk of REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.A total of 127 soil samples and 127 plant samples were collected from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to acquire the geochemical signatures and related human health risks of REEs.The mean total concentrations of REEs in soils and plants of the study area reached 178.55 and 10.06 mg/kg,respectively.The light REEs in soils and plants accounted for 76%and 77%of the total REEs,respectively.REEs showed significantly homogenous distribution in soils but inhomogeneous distribution in plants of the study area.Characteristic parameters indicated that light REEs were enriched and fractionated significantly,while heavy REEs were moderately fractionated in soils and plants.REEs in soils and plants showed significantly negative Europium anomaly.Cerium showed slightly positive anomaly in plants and slight anomaly in soils.The normalized distribution patterns of REEs were generally similar in the analyzed soils and the corresponding plants of the study area.The average bio-concentration factor of REEs ranged from 0.0478(Scandium)to 0.0604(Europium),confirming a small accumulation of REEs by plants.Health risks caused by REEs in soils and plants were negligible,while risks for adults were lower than those for children.This study provides important information on REEs in soils and plants of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
文摘Substantial data have been generated during the past 5 years in both experimental systems and human populations which shed light on the potential role of carcinogen-macromolecular adducts in human cancer risk assessment. The use of DNA and protein adducts is based on the fundamental concept in chemical carcinogenesis that most genotoxins are metabolized to electrophilic 'ultimate' carcinogens that are capable of forming covalent adducts with cellular macromolecules. This report examines the relative usefulness and limitations of using DNA and protein adducts and related techniques for assessing human exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. Data discussed in this report clearly demonstrate that these biomarkers not only allow early detection of potential cancer hazard in humans, but they can also significantly increase the power of conventional cancer epidemiological studies in determining true causal relationships. In addition, such biomarkers can improve extrapolation of cancer risks from laboratory animals to humans or from one human population to another.
基金Supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Item(JCYJ20160429191638556)
文摘Aiming to ascertain the groundwater pollution status in a southern city of China,shallow groundwater samples were collected,and 9 heavy metals Zn,Mn,Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Ba,Be and Hg were tested to determine the contents and environmental controlling factors,and U. S. EPA assessment method was used to evaluate the human health risk through different exposure pathways. The results indicated that the contents of heavy metals in the groundwater of the study area were relatively low,Zn,Mn,Be,Cd and Pb were frequently detected in local groundwater and the rates of exceeding the groundwater quality standard of Mn and Be were larger than 5%,and most of the heavy metals showed negative correlation with groundwater p H. The average values of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of heavy metals were lower than the threshold values,and ingestion was the major pathway that the residents were exposed to the risk. Mn,Pb and Cd were the most important heavy metals in local groundwater that should be well concerned.
文摘AIM: To study the prevalence and risk factors of significant hepatic fibrosis in Moroccan human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) monoinfected patients.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV monoinfected patients(negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody). Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the data base of the Infectious Diseases Unit in Ibn Rochd Hospital Center [age, gender, duration of HIV infection, CD4 T lymphocyte count, HIV viral load, glycemia and current or prior use of antiretroviral and antiretroviral therapy(ART) duration]. The primary outcome was a FIB4score > 1.45. Multivariable logistic regression identifiedindependent risk factors for FIB4 > 1.45.RESULTS: A FIB4 score > 1.45 was identified in 96among 619(15.5%). HIV monoinfected patients followed up between September 1990 and September2012. Multivariate analysis showed that only a viral load > 75(OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.36-3.67), CD4 > 200cells/mm3(OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.21-0.72) and age at FIB4 index calculation(OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.07-1.13)were independently associated with the occurrence of FIB4 index(> 1.45). Gender, duration of HIV infection,glycemia, use of antiretroviral therapy and ART duration were not associated with significant fibrosis by FIB4.CONCLUSION: FIB4 score > 1.45 was found in 15.5%of Moroccan HIV monoinfected patients. Age, HIV viremia > 75 copies/mL and CD4 count > 200 cells/mm3are associated with liver fibrosis. Further studies are needed to explore mechanisms for fibrosis in HIV monoinfected patients.
文摘Pollution of different elements (air, water, soil and subsoil) resulting both from accidental events and from ordinary industrial and civil activities causes negative effects on the human health and on the environment. The present paper examines the analysis of a contaminated site, focusing the attention on the negative effects for receptors exposed to soil and groundwater contamination caused by industrial activities. The case study investigated is a contaminated area located in the industrial district of Trento North once occupied by the Italian Carbochimica plant. Pollution in that area is mainly due to contamination of soil and groundwater with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The methodology applied is the risk evaluation for human health, in terms of individual cancer risk and hazard index. In particular the attention has been focused on a specific migration way: if pollutants in the soil or in the groundwater undergo a phase change, they spread and get to the soil surface, causing a dispersion of vapors in the atmosphere. In this case risk assessment calls for the evaluation of volatilization factor. Among the different models dealing with the estimation of volatilization factor, those mostly known and used in the national and international field of Human Health Risk Assessment were chosen: Jury’s and Farmer’s models. A sensitivity analysis of models was performed, in order to identify the most significant parameters to estimate the volatilization factors among the wide range of input parameters for the application of models. Performing an accurate selection and data processing of the contaminated site, models for the volatilization factors calculation are applied, thus evaluating air concentrations and Human Health Risk. The analysis of the resulting estimates is an excellent aid to draw interesting conclusions and to verify if the soil and groundwater pollutants volatilization affects the human health considerably.
文摘Background: Since 2021, high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV) testing has been the recommended screening test for cervical cancer for all settings;either used alone in a “test and treat” strategy, or with a triage test, with or without biopsy, before treatment. Cameroon has rolled out immunization against HPV 16 and 18, but studies show a higher prevalence of non-16/18 HR-HPV types. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of precancerous lesions, in women with HR-HPV infection and evaluate association of digital cervicography (DC) VIA/VILI positivity with HPV serotype, as a measure of their contribution to precancer and cancer incidence. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytic. It took place at the Etoug-Ebe and Ekoudoum Baptist Hospitals in Yaoundé, during the period April-September 2022. We reviewed the records of women screened for cervical cancer between February 2020 and December 2021 and evaluated the prevalence of lesions on digital cervicography (DC) with VIA/VILI for women positive for HR-HPV serotypes. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. P values Results: We identified 315 cases with a positive HR-HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) test, 224 (71.1%) had a DC VIA/VILI triage test done. Of these, 30 (13.4%) women had a positive DC VIA/VILI, with five women (2.2%) having lesions suggestive of cancer. Out of 11 cases positive for HPV 16 alone, 05 (45.5%) had a positive DC VIA/VILI test. Of the 14 cases positive for HPV 18 alone, 03 (21.4%) had a positive VIA/VILI, meanwhile only 19 (10.7%) of the 177 cases positive for non-16/18 HPV had a positive VIA/VILI test. Conclusion: A high proportion of women (13.4%) with HR HPV had a positive DC VIA/VILI, with a significant proportion (2.2%) having lesions suggestive of invasive cervical cancer HR-HPV serotype was associated with DC VIA/VILI positivity;HPV 16 had the strongest association (45.5%), followed by HPV 18 (21.4%), and non-16/18 HR-HPV (10.7%), suggesting a decreasing order of oncogenicity.
文摘This study investigates the critical intersection of cyberpsychology and cybersecurity policy development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through a mixed-methods approach incorporating surveys of 523 employees across 78 SMEs, qualitative interviews, and case studies, the research examines how psychological factors influence cybersecurity behaviors and policy effectiveness. Key findings reveal significant correlations between psychological factors and security outcomes, including the relationship between self-efficacy and policy compliance (r = 0.42, p β = 0.37, p < 0.001). The study identifies critical challenges in risk perception, policy complexity, and organizational culture affecting SME cybersecurity implementation. Results demonstrate that successful cybersecurity initiatives require the integration of psychological principles with technical solutions. The research provides a framework for developing human-centric security policies that address both behavioral and technical aspects of cybersecurity in resource-constrained environments.
