This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions,using survey data collected from low-income regions in China.Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cas...This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions,using survey data collected from low-income regions in China.Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cash crops,an endogenous treatment regression model that accounts for potential selection bias issue is used to analyze the data.The empirical results show that cash crop cultivation exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on household income,but it does not affect household migration decisions significantly.The disaggregated analyses reveal that cash crop cultivation significantly increases farm income but decreases off-farm income.展开更多
We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and D...We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.展开更多
Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to ...Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.展开更多
This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography aff...This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income （RHI）. The quantitative analysis indicates following results. I） The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases. 2） The landform does not affect the RHI significantly. The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area. And 3） the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI. But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages. Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time. The agricultural resources （such as per capita arable land） significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level. Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.展开更多
This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contex...This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to investigate the rela- tionships among rural-urban migration,rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China.The typical case study is done and 288 questionn...The objective of this paper is to investigate the rela- tionships among rural-urban migration,rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China.The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces,China.The migration and remittance status,household income and sustainable devel- opment of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas.And remittance is an important component in rural house- hold income.Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor,which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages.In total,the migration increases the rural household in- come and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.展开更多
Low socioeconomic conditions,including low education,low income,manual or unskilled work,and unemployment,have been associated with increased lung cancer risks[1,2].Although some studies have identified low household ...Low socioeconomic conditions,including low education,low income,manual or unskilled work,and unemployment,have been associated with increased lung cancer risks[1,2].Although some studies have identified low household status as a risk factor for lung cancer,they had some limitations in terms of their study design,including limited covariates in multivariate models,and cross-sectional assessment of income status,thereby failing to describe the association between income status change over time and lung cancer[1,2].Therefore,we investigated the association between longitudinal low household income status and lung cancer in the South Korean general population.We collected information on income status for 5 years to determine the change in household income status and income volatility.We also designed multivariate regression models with covariates including demographics,lifestyle behaviors,and comorbidities.Consequently,this study investigated the relationship between economic vulnerability,such as income volatility,and lung cancer risk.展开更多
Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,t...Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,there is still debate about how income works within Chinese households.Therefore,it is necessary to study how income influences the time spent on housework by Chinese couples.This paper uses data from The China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2022 and selected married two-income households aged 18-65 as our study population.Based on the results of the study and the Nash cooperative game‘divorce-threat’model,the hypotheses were then regressed using the Tobit model.Robustness tests were then conducted using the OLS regression model and the replacement variables method.Finally,the impact of income on the distribution of household work time of Chinese couples was analyzed,followed by conclusions.Firstly,the allocation of housework time during working days is influenced by income factors,while the distribution of housework time on rest days is not influenced by income.Secondly,individual income is negatively related to own time spent on housework,while the spouse’s income is positively associated with wife/husband time.Thirdly,the wife’s relative income is“U”shaped,and the relative gain of the husband is“inverted U”shaped.展开更多
One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore,the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of...One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore,the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of households at different income levels13 years after its implementation. Using survey data from 2012 on rural households＇ livelihoods in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Sichuan Province and using the non-participating households as a reference,the current impact of the SLCP on household income is calculated with a multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression model. The socio-geographic features of participating and non-participating households are also be compared. The results show no significant differences between the SLCP participating and non-participating households in many socio-demographic characteristics. Participating in the SLCP had no significant impact on household income at all income levels in the study area in 2012. This finding suggests that the SLCP is not currently increasing household income significantly in the study area,and that the implementation plan of the SLCP should be changed in this area in order to achieve its poverty reduction goal.展开更多
China managed to eliminate all extreme poverty in rural areas in 2020.Poor households,however,may risk falling back into poverty due to the COVID-19.This paper examines the impacts of the pandemic on wages and househo...China managed to eliminate all extreme poverty in rural areas in 2020.Poor households,however,may risk falling back into poverty due to the COVID-19.This paper examines the impacts of the pandemic on wages and household incomes among different groups in poor areas of rural China.Using a unique dataset from five poverty-stricken counties,we found that the pandemic has had large negative effects on wage income for migrant workers and workers in manufacturing,the private sector,and small enterprises.Compared with households relying on wage income,households relying on small businesses have suffered much more from the pandemic,whereas households depending on farming or transfer payments have been less affected.Although poor and ethnic minority households lost significant amounts of wage income due to the pandemic,they did not lose more household income than nonpoor and nonminority households.We conclude that support from the government has kept vulnerable households from suffering more than other households from the effects of COVID-19.Our findings suggest that the government can play a strong role in alleviating the negative impacts of the COVID-19.展开更多
This study examines the implication of household income composition on infrastructure maintenance in the residential core of Akure,Nigeria with a view to providing suggestive recommendations that will remedy identifie...This study examines the implication of household income composition on infrastructure maintenance in the residential core of Akure,Nigeria with a view to providing suggestive recommendations that will remedy identified problems in the research locale.With regards to this,an estimated of 1%research population,amounting to 425,were served with questionnaires using systematic random sampling technique with replacement.Findings revealed that residents in the study area are low income earners with larger population influenced by market proximity,low prices of staple food items and affordable but tumbledown housing.Likewise,essential facilities are in poor state owing to poor maintenance.Besides,household income induced variables considered in the study,which accounted for 75.6%of the challenges limiting routine facilities maintenance in the study area.The study recommends skill acquisition training,resource collaborative efforts and soft loans scheme to boost the income generation of residents in this locale.展开更多
Based on the survey and research on rural households in Changshu City and Jiangdu City of Jiangsu Province,this paper researches the microeconomic subject-commercial decision-making and production behaviours of the ru...Based on the survey and research on rural households in Changshu City and Jiangdu City of Jiangsu Province,this paper researches the microeconomic subject-commercial decision-making and production behaviours of the rural households,under the circumstance of development of agricultural product market in different regions.We conduct random sampling questionnaire survey on the rural households in 7 villages of Changshu City and Jiangdu City,Jiangsu Province,and obtain data,in order to judge and verify the theory,explore the relationship between market development of agricultural products,behaviours of rural households and income of rural households,and establish the econometric model of impact of market of agricultural products on income per capita of rural households.The research shows that there is difference in the level of socio-economic development in different regions of Jiangsu Province,and the effect of the same factors in different regions is not quite similar;the income structure of rural households and marketization development have great impact on total income per capita of rural households;the planting structure has significant impact on agricultural income per capita.Then the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward as follows:strengthen rural marketization building and broaden sales channel;reinforce information-based building and promote transparency and openness of rural market information;adjust the production structure of rural households rationally,coordinate agricultural production activities and non-agricultural activities of rural households,and balance the planting of cash crops and grain crops.展开更多
Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences＇ （CASS） Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages...Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences＇ （CASS） Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages of Baoding Prefecture, Hebei province, over the 1930-1997periods. According to the surveys, per capita net income level of the villages maintained consistent growth, as indicated by survey data on the years of 1930, 1936, 1957, 1986 and 1997, except for 1946 which saw decline, and enjoyed rapid growth particularly in the years of reform and opening-up after 1986. The changes reflect the national trendsustained decline of the proportion of net income from household operations versus eontinuous growth of the proportion wages income takes of the whole income.展开更多
With the rapid development of China’s economy,the coordinated development of resident income and GDP has become an important indicator to measure local economic development.How to realize the synergistic growth of th...With the rapid development of China’s economy,the coordinated development of resident income and GDP has become an important indicator to measure local economic development.How to realize the synergistic growth of the two in the new era is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of the local economy.Based on the theory of the coordinated development of resident income and GDP,this paper will take Shandong Province as an example to analyze the interaction between resident income growth and GDP,find out the influencing factors that restrict the coordinated development of resident income and GDP,and explore the impact of the coordinated development of resident income and GDP on local economic development.Finally,relevant policies will be studied.How to effectively increase residents’income,promote the sustainable and healthy development of the local economy,and put forward relevant suggestions to promote the coordinated development of residents’income and GDP.展开更多
In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and ...In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.展开更多
The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individu...The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individuals or groups facing vulnerabilities or unexpected hardships,such as those with lower incomes.Poverty poses a significant obstacle to the progress of social development,and its impacts are worsened by various factors including insecurity,frequent flooding,and droughts in Somalia.A total of 342 households in the Banadir region of Somalia were interviewed for the social safety nets(SSN)study.Data collection in the study was facilitated through the utilization of Kobo Toolbox,while the data analysis was conducted using EViews v.12.The results obtained from the ADP and PP tests indicated that all variables exhibited stationarity at the level.The Impact Assessment(IA)reveals a positive correlation with Household Income and Poverty Indices(HIPI),suggesting a risk of dependency without a strategic exit strategy,potentially leading to a 26%increase in poverty levels.A well-executed Program Implementation and Design(PID)can result in a 33%increase in income and poverty indices.Recipients perceive the Social Safety Net(PSSN)as reducing poverty and increasing income by 11%.Therefore,the study recommends integrating beneficiaries into the urban economy through sustainable livelihood options.Finally,the Somali government should prioritize the implementation of sustainable livelihood programs to mitigate dependency and alleviate poverty among SSN beneficiaries.展开更多
This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by a...This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System（QUAIDS） for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.展开更多
From 1985, an increasing gap has emerged between the official statistical measures of meat production and meat consumption in China, which has raised concerns from many researchers using such data. In this paper we re...From 1985, an increasing gap has emerged between the official statistical measures of meat production and meat consumption in China, which has raised concerns from many researchers using such data. In this paper we report the results of 428 observations（survey of 107 urban and rural households×4 quarters） from 7 provinces conducted in 2010, and compare them with the official statistical data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China（NBSC）. We conclude that the main reason for the discrepancy is due to the underreporting of consumption, which is due mainly to the omission of consumption away from home.展开更多
基金Supported by the Humanities and Social Science Research Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(19YJC790063)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian,China(2017J05112)the Social Science Foundation of Fujian,China(FJ2017C076).
文摘This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions,using survey data collected from low-income regions in China.Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cash crops,an endogenous treatment regression model that accounts for potential selection bias issue is used to analyze the data.The empirical results show that cash crop cultivation exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on household income,but it does not affect household migration decisions significantly.The disaggregated analyses reveal that cash crop cultivation significantly increases farm income but decreases off-farm income.
基金supported by Rural Capacity Building Project(RCBP)
文摘We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71661147001)the National Social Science Fund of China(16ZDA021)the Guangzhou Social Science Fund,China(2018GZYB45)。
文摘Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40535025)Ministry of Education Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities (07JJD790124)
文摘This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income （RHI）. The quantitative analysis indicates following results. I） The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases. 2） The landform does not affect the RHI significantly. The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area. And 3） the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI. But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages. Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time. The agricultural resources （such as per capita arable land） significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level. Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.
基金Under the auspices of the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40635029)"985" Proje- ct of Central University for Nationalities (No. 985-2-103-1)
文摘This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.
基金Found and Improvement of Market Economy Institution in Minority Region, ＂985＂ Project of Central University for Nationalities, 2006-2007 The Key project of National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40635029）.
文摘The objective of this paper is to investigate the rela- tionships among rural-urban migration,rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China.The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces,China.The migration and remittance status,household income and sustainable devel- opment of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas.And remittance is an important component in rural house- hold income.Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor,which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages.In total,the migration increases the rural household in- come and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-NR077159)the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2022-NR067421 and No.RS-2023-00222687)+2 种基金the“National Institute of Health”(NIH)research project(No.2024ER080600)a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI)funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(No.HI23C0679).
文摘Low socioeconomic conditions,including low education,low income,manual or unskilled work,and unemployment,have been associated with increased lung cancer risks[1,2].Although some studies have identified low household status as a risk factor for lung cancer,they had some limitations in terms of their study design,including limited covariates in multivariate models,and cross-sectional assessment of income status,thereby failing to describe the association between income status change over time and lung cancer[1,2].Therefore,we investigated the association between longitudinal low household income status and lung cancer in the South Korean general population.We collected information on income status for 5 years to determine the change in household income status and income volatility.We also designed multivariate regression models with covariates including demographics,lifestyle behaviors,and comorbidities.Consequently,this study investigated the relationship between economic vulnerability,such as income volatility,and lung cancer risk.
文摘Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,there is still debate about how income works within Chinese households.Therefore,it is necessary to study how income influences the time spent on housework by Chinese couples.This paper uses data from The China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2022 and selected married two-income households aged 18-65 as our study population.Based on the results of the study and the Nash cooperative game‘divorce-threat’model,the hypotheses were then regressed using the Tobit model.Robustness tests were then conducted using the OLS regression model and the replacement variables method.Finally,the impact of income on the distribution of household work time of Chinese couples was analyzed,followed by conclusions.Firstly,the allocation of housework time during working days is influenced by income factors,while the distribution of housework time on rest days is not influenced by income.Secondly,individual income is negatively related to own time spent on housework,while the spouse’s income is positively associated with wife/husband time.Thirdly,the wife’s relative income is“U”shaped,and the relative gain of the husband is“inverted U”shaped.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201603)
文摘One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore,the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of households at different income levels13 years after its implementation. Using survey data from 2012 on rural households＇ livelihoods in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Sichuan Province and using the non-participating households as a reference,the current impact of the SLCP on household income is calculated with a multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression model. The socio-geographic features of participating and non-participating households are also be compared. The results show no significant differences between the SLCP participating and non-participating households in many socio-demographic characteristics. Participating in the SLCP had no significant impact on household income at all income levels in the study area in 2012. This finding suggests that the SLCP is not currently increasing household income significantly in the study area,and that the implementation plan of the SLCP should be changed in this area in order to achieve its poverty reduction goal.
基金supported by the China International Center for Economic and Technical Exchanges(CICETE)and the United Nations Development Programme.
文摘China managed to eliminate all extreme poverty in rural areas in 2020.Poor households,however,may risk falling back into poverty due to the COVID-19.This paper examines the impacts of the pandemic on wages and household incomes among different groups in poor areas of rural China.Using a unique dataset from five poverty-stricken counties,we found that the pandemic has had large negative effects on wage income for migrant workers and workers in manufacturing,the private sector,and small enterprises.Compared with households relying on wage income,households relying on small businesses have suffered much more from the pandemic,whereas households depending on farming or transfer payments have been less affected.Although poor and ethnic minority households lost significant amounts of wage income due to the pandemic,they did not lose more household income than nonpoor and nonminority households.We conclude that support from the government has kept vulnerable households from suffering more than other households from the effects of COVID-19.Our findings suggest that the government can play a strong role in alleviating the negative impacts of the COVID-19.
文摘This study examines the implication of household income composition on infrastructure maintenance in the residential core of Akure,Nigeria with a view to providing suggestive recommendations that will remedy identified problems in the research locale.With regards to this,an estimated of 1%research population,amounting to 425,were served with questionnaires using systematic random sampling technique with replacement.Findings revealed that residents in the study area are low income earners with larger population influenced by market proximity,low prices of staple food items and affordable but tumbledown housing.Likewise,essential facilities are in poor state owing to poor maintenance.Besides,household income induced variables considered in the study,which accounted for 75.6%of the challenges limiting routine facilities maintenance in the study area.The study recommends skill acquisition training,resource collaborative efforts and soft loans scheme to boost the income generation of residents in this locale.
基金Supported by The National Technology Support Project(2008BAJ08B02)
文摘Based on the survey and research on rural households in Changshu City and Jiangdu City of Jiangsu Province,this paper researches the microeconomic subject-commercial decision-making and production behaviours of the rural households,under the circumstance of development of agricultural product market in different regions.We conduct random sampling questionnaire survey on the rural households in 7 villages of Changshu City and Jiangdu City,Jiangsu Province,and obtain data,in order to judge and verify the theory,explore the relationship between market development of agricultural products,behaviours of rural households and income of rural households,and establish the econometric model of impact of market of agricultural products on income per capita of rural households.The research shows that there is difference in the level of socio-economic development in different regions of Jiangsu Province,and the effect of the same factors in different regions is not quite similar;the income structure of rural households and marketization development have great impact on total income per capita of rural households;the planting structure has significant impact on agricultural income per capita.Then the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward as follows:strengthen rural marketization building and broaden sales channel;reinforce information-based building and promote transparency and openness of rural market information;adjust the production structure of rural households rationally,coordinate agricultural production activities and non-agricultural activities of rural households,and balance the planting of cash crops and grain crops.
基金For the purposes of this study, the eleven villages of Baoding refer to： Liluohou, Hejiaqiao, Dongguzhuang, Nandeng, Caijiaying, Xuezhuang, Gushang, Xiezhuang, Mengzhuang, Dazhuze, Dayang. However, the data in the 1986 survey only covers six villages. This study was sponsored by National Social Science Foundation （10 CJL008） and the innovation project of CASS＇s Institute of Economics, ＂Rural household economic transition of Wuxi and Baoding during the process of a hundred years of industrialization and urbanization.＂ The authors appreciate support from various scholars.
文摘Using the rural survey data preserved by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences＇ （CASS） Institute of Economics, this paper analyzes changes in the level and structure of per capita net income in the eleven villages of Baoding Prefecture, Hebei province, over the 1930-1997periods. According to the surveys, per capita net income level of the villages maintained consistent growth, as indicated by survey data on the years of 1930, 1936, 1957, 1986 and 1997, except for 1946 which saw decline, and enjoyed rapid growth particularly in the years of reform and opening-up after 1986. The changes reflect the national trendsustained decline of the proportion of net income from household operations versus eontinuous growth of the proportion wages income takes of the whole income.
文摘With the rapid development of China’s economy,the coordinated development of resident income and GDP has become an important indicator to measure local economic development.How to realize the synergistic growth of the two in the new era is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of the local economy.Based on the theory of the coordinated development of resident income and GDP,this paper will take Shandong Province as an example to analyze the interaction between resident income growth and GDP,find out the influencing factors that restrict the coordinated development of resident income and GDP,and explore the impact of the coordinated development of resident income and GDP on local economic development.Finally,relevant policies will be studied.How to effectively increase residents’income,promote the sustainable and healthy development of the local economy,and put forward relevant suggestions to promote the coordinated development of residents’income and GDP.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Youth Project“Research on Household Debt Behavior and Its Impact on Economic Inequality in the Context of Common Prosperity”(Grant No.72203136),the Youth Project of the Guangdong Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(GDPOPSS)“E-commerce Development and Consumption Disparity of Rural Households:Theoretical Mechanism,Empirical Test and Policy Optimization”(Grant No.GD24YYJ27).
文摘In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.
文摘The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individuals or groups facing vulnerabilities or unexpected hardships,such as those with lower incomes.Poverty poses a significant obstacle to the progress of social development,and its impacts are worsened by various factors including insecurity,frequent flooding,and droughts in Somalia.A total of 342 households in the Banadir region of Somalia were interviewed for the social safety nets(SSN)study.Data collection in the study was facilitated through the utilization of Kobo Toolbox,while the data analysis was conducted using EViews v.12.The results obtained from the ADP and PP tests indicated that all variables exhibited stationarity at the level.The Impact Assessment(IA)reveals a positive correlation with Household Income and Poverty Indices(HIPI),suggesting a risk of dependency without a strategic exit strategy,potentially leading to a 26%increase in poverty levels.A well-executed Program Implementation and Design(PID)can result in a 33%increase in income and poverty indices.Recipients perceive the Social Safety Net(PSSN)as reducing poverty and increasing income by 11%.Therefore,the study recommends integrating beneficiaries into the urban economy through sustainable livelihood options.Finally,the Somali government should prioritize the implementation of sustainable livelihood programs to mitigate dependency and alleviate poverty among SSN beneficiaries.
文摘This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System（QUAIDS） for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.
基金supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(CARS-42-G24)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(ASTIP-IAED-2015-01)+1 种基金the Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality,China(IDHT20140510)the Project of Strategy of Ensuring China’s Animal Products Eatable Safety(13BGL098)
文摘From 1985, an increasing gap has emerged between the official statistical measures of meat production and meat consumption in China, which has raised concerns from many researchers using such data. In this paper we report the results of 428 observations（survey of 107 urban and rural households×4 quarters） from 7 provinces conducted in 2010, and compare them with the official statistical data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China（NBSC）. We conclude that the main reason for the discrepancy is due to the underreporting of consumption, which is due mainly to the omission of consumption away from home.
